Search

Background: The aims of this study were to evaluate the association between mandibular divergence and FSTT measured at different profile levels, and the gender difference in FSTT. Materials and methods: Lateral cephalograms were used to examine nine linear distances: the glabella area (G-G1), nasal (N-N1) and subnasal area (A-Sn), upper (Sd-Ls) and lower lip thickness (Id-Li), mentolabial sulcus (B-Sm), chin area (Pg-Pg1), gnathion area (Gn-Gn1) and menton area (Me-Me1) in 155 adult Caucasian subjects (79 male and 76 female) from the central Balkan area. Subjects were divided into three groups according to the ANB angle, Wit`s appraisal and SN/GoGn angle into normodivergent (28 male, 27 female subjects), hypodivergent (26 male, 25 female) and hyperdivergent (25 male, 24 female). Results: Progressive decreasing of the soft tissue thickness from hypo towards hyperdivergent group was established in N-N1, A-Sn, Gn-Gn1, Me-Me1. There are significant differences in Gn-Gn1 and Me-Me1 (p˂0.02). Progressive increasing of FSTT happens only at the level of mentolabial sulcus and these differences are significant. Significant gender differences were established for the following distances: N-N1 in hyperdivergent, A-Sn in all three examined groups,the upper lip thickness in normal and hyperdivergent, the lower lip thickness in hypodivergent, the thickness of mentolabial sulcus in hypo and normaldivergent, Pg-Pg1 in hyperdivergent and Me-Me1 in normaldivergent subjects (p˂ 0.05). Conclusions: Facial soft tissue thickness showed a various degree of dependence on vertical developmental pattern at different levels of measurement. The areas whose thickness is significantly conditioned by this pattern were established: the chin area at level Gn-Gn1, Me-Me1 and the region of the mentolabial sulcus (B-Sm). At most levels, male subjects have thicker soft tissues and these differences are significant for all three groups in the subnasal area.

Dans le présent article nous procédons à l’analyse des noms alternatifs de lʼorgane sexuel féminin en français et en serbe afin de montrer toutes les similitudes et les différences qui se produisent au niveau lexico-sémantique. En partant des postulats de lʼanalyse sémique et conceptuelle (Ullmann, 1951 ; Touratier, 2010 ; Lakoff et Johnson, 1980) ainsi que de la classification de Guiraud (1995) des unités lexicales obscènes, notre corpus est répertorié selon les formes de polysémie induisant la signification des noms alternatifs (relations métaphoriques basées sur la forme, la fonction, la couleur et les sèmes de l’expression collective) et selon les types de métaphore conceptuelle à partir desquels lʼorgane sexuel féminin est conceptualisé comme un bâtiment, un lieu, un animal, une plante ou un espace géographique. Le corpus de notre recherche se compose des dictionnaires obscènes français et serbe de Pierre Guiraud (1995), Alfred Delvau (1997), Robert Édouard (2004), Danko Šipka (2011), Petrit Imami (2007), ainsi que des dictionnaires dʼargot dʼAbdelkarim Tengour (2013), Dragoslav Andrić (1976) et Borivoje Gerzić (2010).

Background/Aim. Immune checkpoint therapy is a well-established therapeutic approach in the treatment of malignant diseases and is thought to be mostly based on facilitating the adaptive immune response. However, the cells of the innate immune response, such as natural killer T (NKT) cells, might also be important for a successful anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (anti-PD-1) therapy, as they initiate the antitumor immune response. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of anti-PD-1 therapy on the immune response against tumors. Methods. For tumor induction, 4T1 cells synergic to BALB/c back-ground were used, after which mice underwent anti-PD-1 treatment. After the mice were sacrificed, NKT cells, dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages derived from spleen and primary tumor tissue were analyzed using flow cytometry. Results. Anti-PD-1 therapy enhanced the expression of activating molecules CD69, NKp46, and NKG2D in NKT cells of the tumor and spleen. This therapy activated NKT cells directly and indirectly via DCs. Activated NKT cells acquired tumoricidic properties directly, by secreting perforin, and indirectly by stimulating M1 macrophages polarization. Conclusion. Anti-PD-1 therapy activates changes in DCs and macrophages of primary tumor tissue towards protumoricidic activity. Since anti-PD-1 therapy induces significant changes in NKT cells, DCs, and macrophages, the efficacy of the overall antitumor response is increased and has significantly decelerated tumor growth.

The paper uses a cognitive linguistic approach to analyse slang lexemes derogatively denoting and qualifying women in two languages neither genealogically close nor in direct contact. Starting from the conceptual metaphor theory and the linguocultural approach, our aim is to determine the similarities and differences related to the cultural knowledge about the concept of women in French and Serbian culture. Our research corpus encompasses examples excerpted from French and Serbian slang and standard dictionaries. The analysis shows that most of the slang expressions that derisively qualify women emphasise physical appearance, intellectual characteristics, and forms of behaviour that the sociolinguistic community assesses as unacceptable and undesirable. The results confirm the deeply rooted and widespread prevalence of collective prejudice, generalisations, stereotypes, and the tendency to marginalise women.

Le manuel, intitulé Lexicologie de la langue française pour les apprenants allophones, est élaboré sur la base du contenu du programme de deux matières enseignées au Département de langue et littérature françaises de la Faculté de Philosophie de l’Université de Niš – Morphologie lexicale et Sémantique lexicale – que suivent les étudiants serbes de la deuxième et troisième année des études de licence. Le manuel, qui est au croisement des approches traditionnelles et contemporaines des phénomènes linguistiques décrits, est subdivisé en cinq parties : a) Notions de base, b) Origine du lexique français, c) Morphologie lexicale, d) Sémantique lexicale, e) Phraséologie. L’objectif du manuel est de sensibiliser non seulement les étudiants de langue et littérature françaises mais tous les apprenants allophones à l’étude théorique et pratique des principes de la lexicologie de la langue française, de développer la capacité de construire spontanément des formes grammaticales et lexicales des mots dans le cadre de l’expression écrite et orale, d’être aptes à utiliser le lexique dans les différentes situations de communication et de contextes appropriés. Les résultats attendus du manuel portent sur la connaissance des principes théoriques et pratiques de la lexicologie de la langue française, de la formation des mots, des relations lexicales et de la phraséologie.

The soil properties are studied in mechanics, that is, the important properties according to which the soil can be classified. Based on mechanics, the information is being obtained on how the tested soil can be used. For example: which soil is favorable for the construction of various types of structures, which soil is favorable for the construction of embankments, etc. There are several ways to determine the elements of internal soil resistance, cohesion and angle of internal friction, using the laboratory tests, among which the most famous are the direct shear test, triaxial compression test and uniaxial compressive strength test. This paper will describe the "CU" triaxial test results.

Recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy (RPON) is a headache disorder classified as a cranial neuropathy. It is characterized by episodes of unilateral headache followed by ipsilateral ophthalmoplegia due to ocular cranial nerve palsy. Symptoms usually subside spontaneously within weeks to months. RPON commonly occurs in childhood, though it is overlooked at times as a possible differential diagnosis. The pathophysiology of RPON is not entirely clear. Typical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in children include nerve thickening and gadolinium enhancement. However, these findings are not specific to this condition. Nerve thickening in RPON can resemble schwannomas, thereby causing a diagnostic dilemma. Here, we present a 13-year-old boy with a history of unilateral headaches associated with ipsilateral ptosis and diplopia. The first MRI indicated thickening and gadolinium enhancement of the right oculomotor nerve, which was interpreted as a schwannoma. However, his symptoms resolved after a few weeks and the follow-up MRI showed resolution of nerve changes. This clinical presentation was consistent with RPON. This case demonstrates the need for a careful follow-up of RPON patients.

The objective of this study is the comparison of the size and shape of the sella turcica in subjects with different vertical patterns in the skeletal class I in adults, as well as to determine sex differences within examined groups. Lateral cephalograms were used to examine parametars: shape of sella, angulation, length, diameter, index of the depth and cross-sectional area of the sella turcica in 155 adult Caucasian subjects (79 male and 76 female) from the central Balkan area. Subjects were divided into three groups according to the ANB angle, Wit's appraisal and SN/GoGn angle into normodivergent (angle value between 26° and 38° in 28 male, 27 female subjects), hypodivergent (angle value less than 26° in 26 male, 25 female subjects) and hyperdivergent (angle value higher than 38° in 25 male, 24 female subjects). A normal shape of the sella was established in 40% of the overall number of subjects. Significant sex differences were found for angulation angle and sella depth index (p < 0.05). Significant differences between groups were found only for sella depth (p < 0.02). The area of sella turcica appears to be saved from significant changes in morphology, as well as in measurable dimensions and the obtained results justify the use of sella turcica as an important landmark in different cephalometric analyses.

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the influence of sagittal dentoskeletal pattern on the value of profile nasal soft tissue angles and estimate the significance of examined differences for each angle. Materials and methods: Lateral cephalograms were used to examine the nasofrontal angle, nasofacial angle, nasal tip angle, and nasolabial angle of 120 adult Caucasian subjects (60 male and 60 female) from the central Balkan area. Subjects were divided into four groups according to the ANB angle and incisors inclination: class I as the control group, class II division 1, class II division 2 and class III. Results: By evaluating the influence of sagittal dentoskeletal relationships on the values of examined angles, significant differences were found among subjects with class I and class II/2 (p = 0.028), so as class III (p = 0.002) for nasal tip angle. The nasofacial angle was found to differ among subjects with class I and class II/1 (p = 0.002), so as class III (p = 0.001). Conclusions: Different dentoskeletal patterns have significant influence on values of the nasal tip angle and nasofacial angle, and don’t have influence on the values of the nasofrontal and nasolabial angle.

Aim: To report on the outcomes of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (sDAVFs) treatment in a single-center retrospective cohort. ----- Methods: Data were retrieved on sDAVF cases treated surgically and endovascularly between January 2009 and January 2020. Sociodemographic, clinical, imaging data, and outcomes were analyzed. ----- Results: Thirty-four patients were identified: 11 female, mean age 64.1 ± 11.5 years; mean time of symptom duration 12 (range 1-149) months. The sDAVF locations were the following: 18 (62.1%) thoracic, 4 (13.8%) lumbar, 4 (13.8%) sacral, and 3 (10%) with multiple location feeders. All patients had a motor deficit and affected walking, and the majority had a sensory deficit, bowel, and bladder dysfunction. Fifteen (44.1%) patients underwent surgical treatment, 7 (20.6%) underwent endovascular treatment, and 12 (35.3%) underwent both (crossover). Radiological myelopathy showed regression in 19 (55.9%) patients. Overall, clinical improvement (decrease in modified Rankin score) following treatment was observed in 14 patients (41.2%), worsening in 1 (2.9%), while other had unchanged status. The proportion of patients with initial treatment failure markedly differed between the before-2014 and after-2014 period. Patients who failed to improve had more extensive myelopathy. ----- Conclusion: Patients who underwent surgery or endovascular treatment had on average significant clinical recovery, while those who underwent treatment crossover had negligible improvement. The extent of myelopathy seems to be associated with clinical improvement.

Both oxidative and psychological (mental) stress are the likely culprits for several acute and chronic health disturbances, and adequate tests mimicking that are needed. Herein, in controlled laboratory surroundings, a PEBL (Psychology Experiment Building Language) test battery was used to evoke stress-related biological responses followed by tracking changes in saliva parameters. The study objectives were to determine the impact of psychological stress on selected salivatory parameters and to assess the correlation between the determined oxidative and stress parameters. The study was conducted on 36 healthy young subjects, mainly females ( n = 24 ). Before and following the completion of a battery of four PEBL tests, subjects’ saliva samples were collected. Stress-evoking changes in total antioxidant capacity and nitrite/nitrate levels, as oxidative stress parameters, and cortisol and immunoglobulin A (IgA), as parameters of psychological stress, were established and mutually correlated by comparing the values of the evaluated parameters pre- and post-PEBL test. The results showed that there is no change in the total salivary antioxidant capacity ( p > 0.05 ); however, there was a significant increase in nitrites/nitrates levels after the PEBL test ( p = 0.007 ). On the other hand, the determined cortisol levels after the test battery were found to be statistically significantly increased ( p = 0.025 ) when compared to the values obtained before the test, while the levels of IgA were found to be statistically significantly decreased ( p < 0.001 ). The only statistically significant correlation between the changes in the studied parameters was found to be the one between cortisol and IgA levels (Spearman’s Rö = -0.4). These results suggest that the short-term stress induced by the PEBL test does evoke changes in the salivary mental stress-related parameters (an increase in cortisol and nitrite/nitrate levels, and a decrease in IgA), but not in the total antioxidant capacity. They also indicate that the constructed PEBL four-test battery might represent an adequate laboratory stress-inducing paradigm.

Posterior circulation perforator aneurysms (PCPAs) are a rare type of intracranial aneurysms whose natural history and optimal clinical management are still largely unexplored. This study aims to report our experience with treating ruptured PCPAs and to provide a systematic review of the literature to compare the two most established treatment options, endovascular stenting, and conservative management including administration of antifibrinolytic drugs and watchful waiting. We performed a systematic review of the literature following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Major databases were searched for case reports and case report series written in the English language between 1995 and 2020. Additionally, we retrospectively reviewed our stroke center database for cases of ruptured PCPAs between January 2014 and July 2020. Endovascular stenting and conservative treatment were compared using endpoints, including favorable outcome rate (mRS 0-2), occlusion rate, mortality rate, periinterventional complication rate, and re-hemorrhage rate. We identified 31 patients treated endovascularly using stents and 33 patients treated conservatively, with the administration of antifibrinolytic drugs in 3 of them. Our analysis showed no statistically significant difference between the groups, except for the occlusion rate. The optimal management strategy of PCPAs is still unknown, but stenting can be considered as an effective occlusion method with an acceptable complication rate. Preventive ventricular drainage may be necessary due to the high hydrocephalus rate encountered in ruptured PCPAs.

Introduction/Objective. Olecranon aperture is a variable opening in the septum between the olecranon and coronoid fossae. Its frequency varies largely in different populations and knowledge of its presence may have clinical implications. The objective of our study was to determine its prevalence in a sample of Serbian population and to investigate its morphology and morphometrical features, as well as its relation to the distal end of humerus. Methods. A material used were 70 dry human humeri from the bone collection of the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis. We analyzed the presence, shape, transverse and vertical diameter of the aperture, its distance to the tips of the epicondyles from medial border (MB) and lateral border (LB), as well as the distance between epicondyles (EW) and translucency of the septum in the bones with no aperture. Vernier caliper was used for measurements of the diameters and distances. Results. Eight olecranon aperatures were observed in seven bones (10%), seven on the left and one on the right side. Half of them were oval-shaped, while round, triangular, and irregular shape were found. Translucent septum in humeri with no aperture was present in 67.1% of the sample. There were no significant differences between MB and LB, neither between EW in bones with aperture and with septum. Conclusion. Our study presented the rare data about the frequency of olecranon aperture in Serbian population, suggesting that robusticity of the humerus is not related to the presence of the olecranon aperture.

The paper provides insight into the behavior of non-ferrous metal prices on the London Stock Exchange during the health crisis caused by the spread of coronavirus in the period January 22 - October 30, 2020. The aim of this paper is to determine a statistically significant relationship between the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 and non-ferrous metals prices copper, aluminum, zinc, nickel, lead and tin. A simple linear regression was used in the paper to obtain results. Following the report of the World Health Organisation and the introduction of restrictive measures to prevent the spread of coronavirus, the results of the regression support the fall in nonferrous metals prices on the London Stock Exchange. Also, the results suggest that the measures taken to address the negative economic consequences of the health crisis are associated with rising non-ferrous metal prices. As the economic impact of the pandemic is still uncertain, through an indicative review of current impacts, the conducted research also provides an opportunity to predict the price of non-ferrous metals in the future. The assumption that price stability in the metal market depends on the degree of control of pandemic COVID-19 provide a basis for future research.

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome is an autoimmune, multisystem disease and important cause of uveitis. In this case report we address the significance of reliable diagnostics and including autoimmune diseases in differential diagnosis of uveitis and meningitis syndrome.

Projektnim zadatkom predviđeno je da se isprojektuju dve poslovne armiranobetonske zgrade spratnosti suteren + prizemlje +7 spratova + restoran Jedna će biti skeletno ukrućeni sistem a druga okvirni sistem. Projekat je urađen u skladu sa odredbama Evrokodova. Izdimenzionisane su sve ploče i po dva rama u oba pravca, a za istraživački deo rada detaljno upoređena ova dva objekta različitih konstruktivnih sistema, kao i različitosti ponašanja ovih konstrukcija.

In this article are analysed French and Serbian phrasemes with names of birds by using the contrastive approach in order to show all the similarities and differences that appear on semantic and linguocultural plan. The subject of our research consists of French and Serbian phrasemes that have names of domestic and wild birds (caille, canard, cane, coq, dindon, épervier, grive, linotte, merle, merlette, oiseau, pie, pinson, poule, poulet d'Inde, poussin, vrabac, vrana, gavran, golub, guska, ždral, živina, kokoš(ka), kukavica, patka, pile, prepelica, ptica, ševa). The reason for choosing these zoonymic components is based on the fact that many birds live in close human neighbourhood and they are present for centuries in his everyday life, so the birds' names have become the part of phrasemes in French and in Serbian language. The study provides a better view of the reconstruction of the linguistic image of the world in the minds of French and Serbian speakers, as well as the nature of their relationship to the concepts presented by the phrasemes with the names of birds belonging to the semantic field HUMAN STATES AND EMOTIONS. By relying on linguocultural method of A. Wierzbicka and Kleiber's theory of semantic fields we classified the analysed corpus among 15 semantic subfields depending on the concept that they represent: SADNESS, HAPPINESS, UNHAPPINESS, INDIFFERENCE, LOVE, FREEDOM, DISCOURAGEMENT, CONFUSION, DISPUTE, LOSS OF MIND, FEAR, DRUNKENNESS, STATE OF DEATH, MAN'S FINANCIAL SITUATION, MAN'S MARITAL STATUS.

Patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) have anemia often present as a consequence of chronic bleeding from tumor. The exact role of lL-33, Galectin-l and IL-l in the pathological genesis of anemia in colorectal cancer patients has not been elucidated yet. The main goal of this research was to analyze Gal-l, IL-l and lL-33 systemic values in anemic and non-anemic CRC patients.Concentrations of IL-33, Galectin-1 and IL-1 have been studied in blood samples of 55 CRC patients (27 without anemia and 28 with anemia).CRC patients with anemia had more severe and local advanced disease compared to CRC non-anemic patients. Anemia positively correlated with higher nuclear grade, lymph and blood vessel invasion, as well as with higher TNM stage, detectable metastatic lesions in lung and liver and peritoneal carcinomatosis. Significantly higher IL-33, Gal-1 and IL-1 concentration have been found in sera of patients with CRC and detected anemia. CRC patients mostly had microcytic anemia, while ferritin values were in normal range. Analysis revealed positive mutual correlation between serum values of galectin-1, IL-1 and IL-33 in CRC patients. Level of hemoglobin negatively correlated with serum IL-33, Gal-1 and IL-1. We have analyzed the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves of serum IL-33, Gal-1 and IL-1 showed that these cytokines can be treated as additional markers for anemia of inflammation in CRC patients.Predomination of Galectin-1, IL-1 and IL-33 in anemic CRC patients implicates on their potential role in anemia genesis and further development.Pacijenti sa kolorektalnim karcinomom (CRC) imaju anemiju koja je često prisutna kao posledica hroničnog krvarenja iz tumora. Tačna uloga IL-33, galektin-1 i IL-1 u patološkoj genezi anemije kod pacijenata sa kolorektalnim karcinomom još nije razjašnjena. Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je analiza sistemskih vrednosti Gal-1, IL-1 i lL-33 kod anemičnih i neanemičnih CRC pacijenata.Koncentracije IL-33, galektin-1 i IL-1 ispitivane su u uzorcima krvi 55 pacijenata sa CRC (27 bez anemije i 28 sa anemijom).CRC pacijenti sa anemijom imali su težu i lokalno uznapredovalu bolest u poređenju sa CRC neanemičnim pacijentima. Anemija je pozitivno korelirala sa višom nuklearnom invazijom, invazijom limfe i krvnih sudova, kao i sa višim TNM stadijumom, uočljivim metastatskim lezijama u plućima i jetri i peritonealnoj karcinomatozi. Značajno veće koncentracije IL-33, Gal-1 i IL-1 pronađene su u serumima pacijenata sa CRC i otkrivenom anemijom. CRC pacijenti su uglavnom imali mikrocitnu anemiju, dok su vrednosti feritina bile u normalnom opsegu. Analiza je otkrila pozitivnu međusobnu korelaciju između serumskih vrednosti galektina-1, IL-1 i IL-33 kod pacijenata sa CRC. Nivo hemoglobina u negativnoj korelaciji sa serumskim IL-33, Gal-1 i IL-1. Analizirali smo ROC krive seruma IL-33, Gal-1 i IL-1 što je ukazalo da se ovi citokini mogu tretirati kao dodatni markeri za anemiju upale kod pacijenata sa CRC.Predominacija galektin-1, IL-1 i IL-33 kod anemičnih CRC pacijenata implicira na njihovu potencijalnu ulogu u nastanku anemije i daljem razvoju.

Isolated upper extremity motor monoparesis is a well-known, but rare stroke manifestation. It is often mistaken for other causes of weakness, mostly peripheral nerve pathology. When combined with long lasting thoracic surgery, the first thing that comes to mind is a brachial plexus lesion. We would like to present a case of a patient who suffered a stroke with pure motor right arm monoparesis during thoracic surgery.

Introduction: Carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) represents an effective procedure for treating carotid artery disease. The acute in-stent thrombosis is an extremely rare complication of CAS especially when it occurs postprocedurally during the first 24 hours. Improper antiplatelet therapy or poor response to antiplatelet medications is known to be associated with a higher risk of in-stent thrombosis during early postprocedural period following a successful intervention. Material and Methods: A patient who experienced acute carotid in-stent thrombosis in early postprocedural period is described. He had been taking dual antiplatelet therapy for 2 weeks before undergoing a successful CAS. Moreover, pharmacogenetics studies showed the patient to be a clopidogrel ultrarapid metabolizer, which theoretically confers hyperresponsivity to medication. Alongside the report itself, a brief literature review of relevant sources pertinent to the case has been conducted. Results: According to the available literature, this is the first case report describing an ultrarapid clopidogrel metabolizer who underwent an uneventful CAS but experienced acute carotid in-stent thrombosis in early postprocedural period. A rescue procedure included an endovascular intervention consisting of thrombectomy and local alteplase application, followed by postprocedural administration of intravenous eptifibatide. At discharge, patient’s dual antiplatelet therapy included ticagrelor instead of clopidogrel. Conclusion: Acute carotid in-stent thrombosis is a highly unexpected complication of CAS and can occur despite ultrarapid clopidogrel metabolism trait.

U radu je prikazan razvoj automobil­ske industrije,oblast zadovoljstva korisnika automobilske industrije, merenje zadovoljstva korisnika kao i predlo­žene mere unapređenja za predstavljene izazove u poslo­vanju.

Introduction/Objective. Frostbite is a cold-induced injury of the tissue caused by the freezing of intraand extracellular water, and characterized by thrombosis and ischemic necrosis. Although individual, socioeconomic, and environmental factors are all considered fundamental determinants of human health in general, their role in the occurrence of frostbite remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the associations among these factors and frostbite for patients in Belgrade, Serbia. Methods. We investigated a total of 24 patients that were hospitalized and treated for frostbites at the Clinic for Burns, Plastic, and Reconstructive surgery, Clinical Center of Serbia, 2008?2017. Results. The majority (88%) of the patients were male, 58% were long-term alcohol consumers, 46% were long-term smokers, and one patient was drug addict. Of the patients, 14 (58%) had no income and depended on government support, 10 (42%) were employed in physical labor or work on the field, and three (13%) of the patients were homeless. Of the 24 frostbite patients identified, deep frostbite accounted for 18 (75%), of whom 17 (70.8%) had an operative outcome. A majority of patients (42%) sustained frostbite when the temperature was in the range of -5?0?C on the date of occurrence. Conclusion. The results of our study showed that individual, social, and environmental factors were important determinants of frostbite. Our results will contribute to existing evidence for risk factors related to frostbite and will allow for comparisons across countries where these factors have been examined.

Introduction/Objective. Intensive oxidative stress is proven in patients with diabetes mellitus and important in the development of a microvascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between morphometric parameters of retinal blood vessels in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the levels of parameters of oxidative stress: advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and total sulfhydryl (SH) groups in blood samples. Methods. The patients (the group with DR and controls) were sex- and age-matched. Glycaemia, hemoglobin A1C HbA1C, total cholesterol and its fractions, and triglycerides were measured in blood samples. AOPP and total SH groups were determined in the plasma by specific methods. Modification of the thiobarbituric acid method was used for the determination of TBARS. The number and diameter of retinal blood vessels, as morphometric parameters on digital retinal photography, was determined by using the ImageJ software. Student?s t-test was used as the statistical method for the evaluation of differences between the morphometric and blood test parameters. The significance of differences in morphometric parameters of retinal blood was establish by one-way ANOVA. Results. Significantly higher levels of parameters of oxidative stress (AOPP and TBARS) were in the group of patients with DR than in the controls. This difference was also present among the patients with mild and severe forms of DR (AOPP F 77.03, p < 0.001) (TBARS F 63.28, p < 0.001). The diameter of retinal blood vessels correlated with levels of AOPP, but only in patients with mild DR. Conclusion. Parameters of oxidative stress, AOPP and TBARS, may be important for the follow-up of DR. In early stages in diabetic retinopathy, AOPP can be a valuable biomarker.

Background/Aim. Myocardial bridges (MB) are narrower or wider fascicles of the atrial or ventricular muscle fibres which form a “bridge” either across the main trunks of coronary arteries or their major subepicardial branches. The aim of this research was to determine and present the exact frequency, morphological, morphometric and histological characteristics of the MB in the level of anterior interventricular branch (AIB) in human fetal hearts. Methods. The study was performed on 63 human fetal hearts. Images of the analyzed hearts were captured with a digital camera and afterwards morphometrically evaluated with ImageJ. Characteristic cases of the MB were dissected, sampled and further routinely processed for the subsequent histological analysis. Finally, the obtained morphometric data were statistically analyzed. Results. The presence of the MB on the AIB was proven histologically and under the magnifying glass. Myocardial bridges were found in 53.97% of the hearts. The percentage of the hearts with only one MB detected on AIB 88.24% was significantly higher than the percentage of the hearts with two MBs on the AIB (11.76%) (p < 0.001). Conclusion. We suggest that the MBs are just one anatomical variation of the fetal period as well as of adulthood. [Projects of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 175092 and Grnat no. III 41017]

Newly palladium(II) complexes (C1, C2) with derivatives of 2-aminothiazoles (L1 = 2-amino-6-methylbenzothiazole, L2 = 2-amino-6-chlorobenzothiazole), general formula [PdL2Cl2] were synthesized and characterized by elemental microanalyses, IR, NMR spectroscopy and X-ray spectroscopy in case of [Pd(L2)2Cl2]. The kinetic of the substitution reactions of complexes and the nucleophiles, such as guanosine-5′-monophosphate (5’-GMP), tripeptide glutathione (GSH) and amino acid L-methionine (L-Met), were studied by stopped-flow technique. The complex C2 was always more reactive, while the order of the reactivity of the nucleophiles, due to the associative mode of the reaction, was L-Met > GSH > 5’-GMP. In order to determine the type of interactions between palladium(II) complexes and calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA), we used electronic absorption spectroscopy, viscosity measurements, and fluorescence spectroscopic studies, while interactions with bovine serum albumin (BSA) were determined only with fluorescence spectroscopic studies. The observed results confirmed that both complexes bound to DNA by groove binding. The significantly strong interaction with BSA, especially for complex C2, was also observed. In vitro cytotoxic activity was evaluated against four tumor cell lines, 4 T1, CT26, MDA-MB-468, HCT116 and mesenchymal stem cells (mMSC). C1 complex showed higher cytotoxic activity against CT26 cell line. Flow cytometry analysis showed that C1 stimulated apoptosis of tumor cells via inhibition of expression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 molecule and decelerated proliferation by decreasing Cyclin-D and increasing expression of P21. In vitro antimicrobial activity for ligands and corresponding palladium(II) complexes was investigated by microdilution method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) were determined. Tested compounds exhibited selective and moderate activity. © 2022

Intracranial aneurysms have a prevalence of about 2% of the population. They are a common incidental finding of noninvasive neuroimaging methods, raising the question of the necessity of treatment of patients with an asymptomatic intracranial aneurysm. For long, the only treatment option was surgical clipping of aneurysm neck. In the last 25 years, endovascular techniques have been developed as an alternative solution for patients who are not eligible for neurosurgical procedures. Research has shown better results of embolization procedures with lower rates of complications, but a higher rate of recanalization is still a major drawback of endovascular coiling. There are no strict protocols and the treatment of choice for intracranial aneurysms should be agreed upon by both the physician and the patient. This review aims to provide an insight into the management of intracerebral aneurysms with emphasis on the decision making problems faced by clinicians.