Vikram Patel, Brandon A. Kohrt, Sujit D Rathod, Ivan H. Komproe, Mark J. D. Jordans, Emily Garman, Mary De Silva, Crick Lund, Nagendra P. Luitel, Leerstoel Robben, and Sovereignty and Social Contestation
Background In low-income countries, care for people with mental, neurological, and substance use (MNS) disorders is largely absent, especially in rural settings. To increase treatment coverage, integration of mental health services into community and primary healthcare settings is recommended. While this strategy is being rolled out globally, rigorous evaluation of outcomes at each stage of the service delivery pathway from detection to treatment initiation to individual outcomes of care has been missing. Methods and findings A combination of methods were employed to evaluate the impact of a district mental healthcare plan for depression, psychosis, alcohol use disorder (AUD), and epilepsy as part of the Programme for Improving Mental Health Care (PRIME) in Chitwan District, Nepal. We evaluated 4 components of the service delivery pathway: (1) contact coverage of primary care mental health services, evaluated through a community study (N = 3,482 combined for all waves of community surveys) and through service utilisation data (N = 727); (2) detection of mental illness among participants presenting in primary care facilities, evaluated through a facility study (N = 3,627 combined for all waves of facility surveys); (3) initiation of minimally adequate treatment after diagnosis, evaluated through the same facility study; and (4) treatment outcomes of patients receiving primary-care-based mental health services, evaluated through cohort studies (total N = 449 depression, N = 137; AUD, N = 175; psychosis, N = 95; epilepsy, N = 42). The lack of structured diagnostic assessments (instead of screening tools), the relatively small sample size for some study components, and the uncontrolled nature of the study are among the limitations to be noted. All data collection took place between 15 January 2013 and 15 February 2017. Contact coverage increased 7.5% for AUD (from 0% at baseline), 12.2% for depression (from 0%), 11.7% for epilepsy (from 1.3%), and 50.2% for psychosis (from 3.2%) when using service utilisation data over 12 months; community survey results did not reveal significant changes over time. Health worker detection of depression increased by 15.7% (from 8.9% to 24.6%) 6 months after training, and 10.3% (from 8.9% to 19.2%) 24 months after training; for AUD the increase was 58.9% (from 1.1% to 60.0%) and 11.0% (from 1.1% to 12.1%) for 6 months and 24 months, respectively. Provision of minimally adequate treatment subsequent to diagnosis for depression was 93.9% at 6 months and 66.7% at 24 months; for AUD these values were 95.1% and 75.0%, respectively. Changes in treatment outcomes demonstrated small to moderate effect sizes (9.7-point reduction [d = 0.34] in AUD symptoms, 6.4-point reduction [d = 0.43] in psychosis symptoms, 7.2-point reduction [d = 0.58] in depression symptoms) at 12 months post-treatment. Conclusions These combined results make a promising case for the feasibility and impact of community- and primary-care-based services delivered through an integrated district mental healthcare plan in reducing the treatment gap and increasing effective coverage for MNS disorders. While the integrated mental healthcare approach does lead to apparent benefits in most of the outcome metrics, there are still significant areas that require further attention (e.g., no change in community-level contact coverage, attrition in AUD detection rates over time, and relatively low detection rates for depression)., Using data from Chitwan district in Nepal, Mark Jordans and colleagues reveal the benefits and impact of community-based mental health care in rural settings, where such care is often absent., Author summary Why was this study done? Following World Health Organization guidance on the integration of mental health into primary healthcare, there is a need for more evidence for the feasibility of the Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) for scale-up of mental healthcare in low- and middle-income settings. This study evaluated a comprehensive mental healthcare plan at the district level in rural Nepal, a setting exemplifying scarce access to mental health services. What did the researchers do and find? After implementing a district mental health plan, the percentage of persons in the community receiving treatment increased from 0% to 12% for depression, 0% to 8% for alcohol use disorder, 3% to 53% for psychosis, and 1% to 13% for epilepsy. Six months after training, health workers detected 1 out of 4 patients with depression (1 out of 5 patients 2 years after training) and 3 out of 5 patients with alcohol use disorder (1 out of 8 patients 2 years after training) among patients presenting to primary care facilities. Of the patients detected with depression and with alcohol use disorder 95% received minimally adequate care (at 2 years after training this was 2 out of 3 for depression, and 3 out of 4 for alcohol use disorder). Patients treated for depression, alcohol use disorder, or psychosis showed small to moderate improvements in both symptoms and daily functioning at 12 months after starting treatment. What do these findings mean? Having health workers who are not specialists deliver community- and primary-healthcare-based mental health services is a promising strategy to increase the number of people with mental health problems benefiting from such care. Future implementation should increase supervision and quality assurance among the trained health workers, as well as ensuring that community-level interventions go hand-in-hand with those in health facilities.