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This study investigated the possibility of using morphometric measurements to differentiate the autochthonous Serbian White goat breed from Saanen and Balkan goats, which were used as sire and dam breeds in its creation. For this purpose, a multivariate discriminant analysis was used. A total of 11 morphometric traits were measured in 98 does of 3 breeds: Saanen (n = 28), Balkan (n = 28), and Serbian White (n = 42), aged 2 to 7 years, in 4 different locations. Univariate analysis of variance revealed a significant difference in body measurements of all three breeds, with Saanen goat being the largest in format and Balkan the smallest. Discriminant analysis extracted six out of eleven tested morphometric traits with the strongest discriminatory power: heart girth, head length, chest depth, head width, pelvic width, and body length. Mahalanobis distances were significant between all three genetic groups. The discriminant function correctly classified 95.24% of the Domestic White goats investigated to their source group. The classification accuracy of the function was cross-validated and indicated an overall success rate of 91.84%. The results of this research showed that there was a clear separation between Serbian White, Saanen, and Balkan goats. The present findings could help a more rapid field assessment of Serbian White goats.

Cilj: Klinički bolnički centar (KBC) Osijek najmlađe je transplantacijsko središte za bubreg u Hrvatskoj. Prva presadba (TX, od engl. transplantation) u Osijeku učinjena je 2007. godine, u godini ulaska Hrvatske u Eurotransplant. Cilj istraživanja je prikazati rezultate transplantacije bubrega u KBC-u Osijek, od prve transplantacije učinjene 2007. godine do siječnja 2020. godine. Ispitanici i metode: U istraživanje su bili uključeni svi ispitanici (144) kojima je učinjena transplantacija bubrega u KBC-u Osijek. Iz medicinskih zapisa prikupljeni su demografski i medicinski podatci, vremenski podatci o dijalizi i TX-u te kreatininemiji kao mjeri funkcije presatka. Analiza preživljenja učinjena je Kaplan-Meierovim testom. Rezultati: Jednogodišnje preživljenje presatka cenzurirano za smrt s funkcionirajućim presatkom bilo je 93,8 %, a petogodišnje 88,9 %. Tijekom medijana praćenja od 7 godina (interkvartilni raspon, IQR, od engl. interquartile range, 4 – 9 godina), od min. 0 godina do maks. 13 godina, preživljenje pacijenata s funkcionirajućim presatkom bilo je 86,8 %. Medijan kreatininemije godinu dana nakon TX-a bio je 132 μmol/l (IQR 100 – 174 μmol/l ), od min. 48 μmol/l do maks. 492 μmol/l, a nakon pet godina 120 μmol/l (IQR 103 – 161 μmol/l), od min. 53 μmol/l do maks. 341 μmol/l. Zaključak: Rezultati bubrežnog TX-a u KBC-u Osijek bili su na razini europskih rezultata., Aim: University Hospital Centre (UHC) Osijek is the youngest kidney transplantation center in Croatia. The first transplantation (TX) was performed in 2007, the same year when Croatia joined Eurotransplant. The aim of this study is to present results of kidney TX in UHC Osijek from the first TX in 2007 till January 2020. Patients and methods: The study included all 144 patients that underwent kidney TX in UHC Osijek. Data on demographics, medical, dialysis and TX times data and creatininemia (as the measure of kidney transplant function) were taken from medical records. Survival analysis was performed by Kaplan-Meier test. Results: Kidney transplant survival censored for death with functioning transplant was 93.8 % at 1 year and 88.9 % at five years. During the median follow-up time of 7 years (interquartile range, IQR, 4 – 9 years), from min. 0 years to max. 13 years, survival of patients with functioning transplant was 86.8 %. Median creatininemia at 1 year after TX was 132 μmol/l (IQR 100 - 174 μmol/l), from min. 48 μmol/l to max. 492 μmol/l, and 120 μmol/l (IQR 103 - 161 μmol/l), from min. 53 μmol/l to max. 341 μmol/l, at 5 years. Conclusion: Results of kidney TX in UHC Osijek were similar to European results.

Infekcije mokraćnog sustava (IMS) su najčešće bakterijske infekcije koje mogu zahvaćati donji dio (cistitis, prostatitis) ili gornji dio (pijelonefritis, bubrežni apsces, perinefritički apsces) mokraćnog sustava. Razlučivanje kompliciranih od nekompliciranih IMS najčešće se temelji na prisutnosti strukturnih ili funkcijskih abnormalnosti mokraćnog sustava koje povećavaju rizik od neuspjeha liječenja te razvoja teških komplikacija. Čimbenici koji povećavaju taj rizik su strana tijela, kamenci, opstrukcija, neurogeni mjehur, transplantacija bubrega, imunosupresija i trudnoća. Komplicirane IMS obuhvaćaju čitav spektar stanja koja povećavaju rizik od neuspjeha liječenja, kao i teških komplikacija kao što su bakterijemija i sepsa, perinefritički apsces, oštećenje funkcije bubrega i emfi zematozni pijelonefritis. Da bi se izbjegli potencijalno poražavajući ishodi potrebna je prikladna dijagnostička obrada, antibiotsko i kirurško liječenje te adekvatno praćenje bolesnika. Učestalost pojave kompliciranih IMS će se u budućnosti povećavati jer je prosječna dob u populaciji sve veća, sve je veća učestalost šećerne bolesti, a i broj imunokompromitiranih i imunosuprimiranih se povećava. Vrlo je bitno da se komplicirane IMS ne samo na vrijeme prepoznaju nego i primjereno i agresivno liječe kako bi se skratilo trajanje bolesti i smanjio rizik od pojave antibiotske rezistencije., Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most common bacterial infections involving lower (cystitis, prostatitis) or upper (pyelonephritis, renal abscess, perinephric abscess) urinary tract. Differentiation of complicated and uncomplicated UTI is usually based on the presence of structural or functional urinary tract abnormalities, which can increase the risk of treatment failure and development of serious complications. Factors that increase the risk are foreign bodies, stones, obstruction, neurogenic bladder, kidney transplantation, immunosuppression, and pregnancy. Complicated UTI includes a spectrum of conditions that increase the risk of treatment failure, as well as of serious complications such as bacteremia and sepsis, perinephric abscess, renal impairment and emphysematous pyelonephritis. To avoid the potentially devastating outcomes, appropriate diagnostic procedures, antibiotic and surgical treatment, and appropriate follow-up are required. The incidence of complicated UTI will grow in the future due to general aging of the population, increasing incidence of diabetes, and ever growing number of immunocompromised and immunosuppressed patients. It is of key importance to recognize complicated UTI on time, and treat it wisely and aggressively to reduce duration of the disease and the risk of antibiotic resistance.

1. Uvod 2. Prikaz i razrada podloga 3. Tehnički opis 4. Proračuni funkcionalnosti 5. Proračuni konstrukcije 6. Troškovnik 7. Literatura 8. Nacrti

Introduction It is well known that, beside age, race and familiar factor, dietary factors play big role in epidemiology of prostate cancer (CaP). The Western lifestyle, particularly the higher intake of fat, meat, and dairy products, is also associated with risk for CaP. Obesity is also linked to CaP, mainly with mortality rather than incidence. We wanted to see and show if there is difference in body mass index (BMI) in patients with biopsy diagnosed CaP and patients in control group. Patients and methods We have included 235 patients in our research was (age 42-84 yrs.). In all patients transrectal biopsy of prostate was done. In 117 patients out of 235 is diagnosed CaP, in rest of 118 patients patohistological finding did not show CaP (control group). BMI and PSA level were determinated to all patients. Student t-test was used to assign difference between BMI in our 2 groups. Results Mean BMI in group of patients with CaP was 27.625 kg/m2 (SD 5.680), mean BMI in control group was 27.692 kg/m2 (SD 3.987). There was no statistical significant difference in BMI in out two groups. When we grouped our patients according to their BMI (underweight 30 kg/m2), we noticed decrease of PSA level with increase of BMI. In our research there was no underweight patients, 64 of them were with normal BMI and mean PSA 69.48 ng/ml ; 120 of them were overweight with mean PSA 55.15 ng/ml and 51 of them were obese patients with mean PSA 33.16 ng/ml. Discussion General adiposity, as measured by BMI, is not in relationship with CaP incidention in our research, but obese is connected with lower PSA level with possible hemodilution in background. Question is – should we decrease the threshold of PSA in obese patients for prostate biopsy?

Aim Prostate cancer (PC) is most common cancer in men and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is condition affecting majority of elder men with great impact on everyday life. Both genetic and environmental factors are involved in development of PC. Epidemiological studies have shown that inflammation, toxins, hormonal changes or trauma are risk factors of PC, suggesting that chronic inflammation can lead to PC. IL-6 is a cytokine expressed in inflammation processes. Polymorphisms in gene for IL-6 are responsible for different production of IL-6. Aim of our prospective study was to analyze correlation of inflammation and IL- 6 high producer (GG or GC genotype) with presentation and symptoms of PC and BPH. Methods 120 PC and 120 BPH patients, age matched groups, were included after giving informed consent. In all patients history was taken and urological exam was done before biopsy was performed. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood and genotype polymorphism was assessed by real-time PCR. Results PC in family history was more common in PC group (8, 3% vs. 5.8%, p=0.169), prostate were larger in BPH group (76 ccm vs. 51 ccm, p=0.0001) and inflammation on histology was more common in BPH group (91.3% vs. 49.1%, p=0.001). There was no difference in mean IPSS score between groups (14 vs. 13, p=0.488). High producer genotype (GG or GC) of IL-6 was present in 86.7% of BPH patients and 80.8% of PC patients (p=0.147) and there was uniform distribution of high producers between PC groups (by differentiation, p=0.601). There was no difference in high producer genotype in patients with or without inflammation on histology in both groups (p=0.209 and p=0.300), but high producers are more common in BPH then in PC patients with inflammation (87, 3% vs. 77.6%, p=0.09). High producer genotype is evenly distributed when prostate size was accounted (volume 81 ccm) in BPH group, but more high producers are noted in larger prostates of PC patients (73%, 79%, 85%). However, this difference is not significant when prostate of same size are compared between groups. Discussion We found no difference in IL-6 producers between PC and BPH patients in our population. Inflammation is more common in BPH and ratio of IL-6 high producers is much higher in BPH patients with inflammation, suggesting limited role in PC. Higher ratio of high producers in patients with larger prostate can be explained with higher growth promotion by mediators of inflammation. Although some studies have not found a positive role of high producer IL-6 in PC development, contradictory results of published results have lead to proposed explanation of ethnic differences in IL-6 producers and effect on population.