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ObjectiveSubthalamotomy is an effective alternative for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, uncertainty about the optimal target location and the possibility of inducing haemichorea-ballism have limited its application. We assessed the correlation between the topography of radiofrequency-based lesions of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) with motor improvement and the emergence of haemichorea-ballism.MethodsSixty-four patients with PD treated with subthalamotomy were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively using the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale motor score (UPDRSm), MRI and tractography. Patients were classified according to the degree of clinical motor improvement and dyskinesia scale. Lesions were segmented on MRI and averaged in a standard space. We examined the relationship between the extent of lesion-induced disruption of fibres surrounding the STN and the development of haemichorea-ballism.ResultsMaximum antiparkinsonian effect was obtained with lesions located within the dorsolateral motor region of the STN as compared with those centre-placed in the dorsal border of the STN and the zona incerta (71.3%, 53.5% and 20.8% UPDRSm reduction, respectively). However, lesions that extended dorsally beyond the STN showed lower probability of causing haemichorea-ballism than those placed entirely within the nucleus. Tractography findings indicate that interruption of pallidothalamic fibres probably determines a low probability of haemichorea-ballism postoperatively.ConclusionsThe topography of the lesion is a major factor in the antiparkinsonian effect of subthalamotomy in patients with PD. Lesions involving the motor STN and pallidothalamic fibres induced significant motor improvement and were associated with a low incidence of haemichorea-ballism.

Auditory and visual pathways may be affected as a consequence of temporal lobe epilepsy surgery because of their anatomical relationships with this structure. The purpose of this paper is to correlate the results of the auditory and visual evoked responses with the parameters of tractography of the visual pathway, and with the state of connectivity between respective thalamic nuclei and primary cortices in both systems after the surgical resection of the epileptogenic zone in drug-resistant epileptic patients. Tractography of visual pathway and anatomical connectivity of auditory and visual thalamus-cortical radiations were evaluated in a sample of eight patients. In general, there was a positive relationship of middle latency response (MLR) latency and length of resection, while a negative correlation was found between MLR latency and the anatomical connection strength and anatomical connection probability of the auditory radiations. In the visual pathway, significant differences between sides were found with respect to the number and length of tracts, which was lower in the operated one. Anatomical connectivity variables and perimetry (visual field defect index) were particularly correlated with the latency of P100 wave which was obtained by quadrant stimulation. These results demonstrate an indirect functional modification of the auditory pathway and a direct traumatic lesion of the visual pathway after anterior temporal lobectomy in patients with drug resistant epilepsy.

Resumen La afectacion primaria del sistema nervioso central por un sarcoma histiocitico es extremadamente infrecuente, con apenas 17 casos publicados y un comportamiento clinico agresivo. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 46 anos cuyas imagenes de resonancia magnetica mostraron masa tumoral intraparenquimatosa temporoparietal derecha con desplazamiento de la linea media y edema vasogenico asociado. El tumor fue resecado parcialmente, resulto ser un sarcoma histiocitico. La paciente fallecio a los 3 meses de ser realizado el diagnostico. La necropsia demostro un severo edema cerebral y recrecimiento del tumor sin afectacion del resto de los organos. El diagnostico estuvo basado en las caracteristicas microscopicas del tumor, complementado con un panel inmunohistoquimico amplio, que resulta vital para confirmar el origen histiocitico y excluir otras lesiones malignas.

Introduction: Corpora amylacea (CoA) are present in about 60% of atrophic hippocampi resected from patients with drug resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (DRTLE). They have also been described in the lateral temporal neocortex, although less frequently. Objective: The objective is to measure the presence, distribution and density of CoA in the lateral temporal lobes of patients with DRTLE and focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), also examining how CoA density may be linked to demographic and clinical traits. Methods: Resected tissue from 35 patients was analysed. CoA density was assessed with a semi-quantitative scale according to the criteria established by Cherian et al. Results: Presence of CoA in the neocortex of nine patients was associated with hippocampal sclerosis (FCD type IIIa, seven cases), dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour (FCD type IIIb, one case), and cavernous angioma (FCD type IIIC, 1 case). The meningeal surface (MS) was involved in all cases, and eight cases displayed CoA in the cerebral parenchyma (white matter) and around blood vessels. CoA density on the MS showed a negative correlation with age at seizure onset (r = −0.828, P

Resumen: Introducción: Los cuerpos amiláceos (CoA) se presentan en aproximadamente el 60% de los hipocampos atróficos resecados de pacientes con epilepsia del lóbulo temporal farmacorresistente (ELTFR). Su presencia en la neocorteza temporal lateral ha sido observada con menor frecuencia. Objetivo: El objetivo es evaluar la presencia, la distribución y la densidad de CoA en el lóbulo temporal lateral de pacientes con ELTFR y displasia cortical focal (DCF) y la relación de su densidad con variables demográficas y clínicas. Métodos: Analizamos histológicamente el tejido resecado de 35 pacientes con ELTFR. La densidad de los CoA fue evaluada con una escala semicuantitativa según los criterios de Cherian et al. Resultados: La presencia de CoA en la neocorteza de 9 pacientes estuvo asociada a esclerosis hipocampal (DCF tipo iiia, 7 casos), tumor neuroepitelial disembrioplásico (DCF tipo iiib, un caso) y angioma cavernoso (DCF tipo iiic, un caso). Todos los pacientes tuvieron afectación de la superficie meníngea (SM) y en 8 casos se localizaron en el parénquima cerebral (sustancia blanca) y alrededor de los vasos sanguíneos. La densidad de los CoA en SM tuvo una correlación negativa con la edad de inicio de las crisis (r = −0,828, p

The purpose of this paper is to present a long- term electroclinical and employment follow up in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients in a comprehensive epilepsy surgery program. Forty adult patients with pharmacoresistant TLE underwent detailed presurgical evaluation. Electroencephalogram (EEG) and clinical follow up assessment for each patient were carried out. The occurrence of interictal epileptiform activity (IEA) and absolute spike frequency (ASF) were tabulated before and after 1, 6, 12, 24 and 72 months surgical treatment. Employment status pre- to post-surgery at the last evaluated period was also examined. Engel scores follow-up was described as follows: at 12 months 70% (28) class I, 10% (4) class II and 19% (8) class III-IV; at 24 months after surgery 55.2% (21) of the patients were class I, 28.9% (11) class II and 15.1% (6) class III-IV. After one- year follow up 23 (57.7%) patients were seizure and aura-free (Engel class IA). These figures changed to 47.3%, and 48.6% respectively two and five years following surgery whereas 50% maintained this condition in the last follow up period. A decline in the ASF was observed from the first year until the sixth year after surgery in relation to the preoperative EEG. The ASF one year after surgery allowed to distinguish “satisfactory” from “unsatisfactory” seizure relief outcome at the last follow up. An adequate social functioning in terms of education and employment in more than 50% of the patients was also found. Results revealed the feasibility of conducting a successful epilepsy surgery program with favorable long term electroclinical and psychosocial functioning outcomes in a developing country as well.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effects of the anterior temporal lobectomy on the functional state of the auditory pathway in a group of drug-resistant epileptic patients, linking the electrophysiological results to the resection magnitude. Twenty-seven patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and a matched control group were studied. Auditory brainstem and middle latency responses (ABR and MLR respectively) were carried out before and after 6, 12 and 24 months surgical treatment. The volume and longitude of temporo-mesial resected structures were estimated on magnetic resonance images taken 6 months after surgery. Before the intervention the patients showed a significant delay of latency in waves III, V, Pa and Nb, with an increase in duration of I-V interval in comparison with healthy subjects (Mann-Whitney U-test, p0.05). After resection, additional significant differences in waves I and Na latency were observed. Na and Pa waveforms showed a tendency to increase in amplitude, which became statistically significant 12 months after surgery for right hemisphere lobectomized patients in the midline electrode, and in Pa waveform for all patients in the temporal electrodes ipsilateral to resection (Wilcoxon test, p0.05). In general, latency variations of MLR correlated with resection longitude, while changes in amplitude correlated with the volume of the resection in the middle temporal pole and amygdala (Pearson' correlation test, p0.05). As a result, we assume that anterior temporal lobectomy provokes functional modifications into the auditory pathway, probably related to an indirect modulation of its activity by the temporo-mesial removed structures.

Unilateral radiofrequency subthalamotomy has been shown to improve the cardinal features of Parkinson’s disease (PD).1 However, this approach has not been widely employed because most surgical candidates require bilateral treatment such as deep brain stimulation. Here, we evaluated to what extent the therapeutic impact of unilateral radiofrequency subthalamotomy on the treated body side is maintained years after surgery. This is particularly relevant nowadays because of the newly developed technique of MRI-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (MRIgFUS). This has been shown to effectively improve essential and parkinsonian tremor by thalamotomy2 and all cardinal features of PD in asymmetrical patients by subthalamotomy.3 See table 1 for demographic characteristics of the sample (n=7). All patients were recruited and operated on in the Centro Internacional de Restauracion Neurologica (CIREN), Havana (Cuba), between 2008 and 2010. Details of the surgical procedure and clinical evaluation have been given previously.1 The Movement Disorders Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) part III (Motor Part) was used for scoring. The specific impact of the lesion was evaluated by assessing the motor MDS-UPDRS score of the cardinal motor features for each body side (ie, 3.3 item for rigidity; 3.4–3.8 for bradykinesia and 3.15–3.17 for tremor). Patients were examined in the off medication state (12–18 hours of drug withdrawal) and subsequently re-evaluated after taking their usual levodopa dose. The same neurologists evaluated the patients reported here throughout the study period. View this table: Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with PD treated with unilateral subthalamotomy The …

The main goal of the present study was to evaluate binding to serotonin in the neocortex surrounding the epileptic focus of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Binding to 5-HT, 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(4), 5-HT(7) receptors and serotonin transporter (5-HTT) in T1-T2 gyri of 15 patients with MTLE and their correlations with clinical data, neuronal count and volume were determined. Autopsy material acquired from subjects without epilepsy (n=6) was used as control. The neocortex from MTLE patients demonstrated decreased cell count in layers III-IV (21%). No significant changes were detected on the neuronal volume. Autoradiography experiments showed the following results: reduced 5-HT and 5-HT(1A) binding in layers I-II (24% and 92%, respectively); enhanced 5-HT(4) binding in layers V-VI (32%); no significant changes in 5-HT(7) binding; reduced 5-HTT binding in all layers (I-II, 90.3%; III-IV, 90.3%, V-VI, 86.9%). Significant correlations were found between binding to 5-HT(4) and 5-HT(7) receptors and age of seizure onset, duration of epilepsy and duration of antiepileptic treatment. The present results support an impaired serotoninergic transmission in the neocortex surrounding the epileptic focus of patients with MTLE, a situation that could be involved in the initiation and propagation of seizure activity.

All common contributing factors to epilepsy such as trauma, malignancies and infections are accompanied by different levels of central nervous system inflammation that in turn have been associated with the occurrence of seizure. Emerging data from human brain tissue and experimental models of epilepsy support the proposed involvement of inflammation in epilepsy. Key mediators of this process include, among others: interleukin (IL) -1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, adhesion molecules and component of complement. Recent advances suggest the involvement of specific inflammatory pathways in the pathogenesis of seizures in patients with pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy, highlighting the potential for new therapeutic strategies. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the relationship between inflammatory mediators and epilepsy. We also describe experimental and clinical evidence of inflammation in epilepsy with special emphasis on clinical aspects once the epileptogenic focus has been resected. Further insight into the complex role of inflammation in epileptogenesis may provide new treatment options.

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the prototype of a surgi- cally correctable syndrome. Successful surgical outcomes depend on a thorough presurgical evaluation aimed primarily at identifying the epileptogenic zone. Objective Describe the noninvasive presurgical selection and evalu- ation strategy for TLE patients introduced at the International Neuro- logical Restoration Center (CIREN) in Havana, Cuba, and evaluated between 2001 and 2006 for its accuracy in identifying candidates for non-lesional resection surgery. Methods Ictal onset electrographic patterns of 1,679 seizures in 72 patients with drug-resistant partial epilepsy, obtained through long- term scalp Video EEG (V-EEG) monitoring, were evaluated. The correlation between the V-EEG-defined epileptogenic zone and the dysfunction shown by single photon emission computed tomography (ictal and interictal brain SPECT) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was established. R esults V-EEG monitoring determined that 44.4% of evaluated patients had complex partial temporal lobe seizures. Identification of patients with medial temporal epilepsy (MTE) increased as a result of lateralization and localization of the dominant mean ictal pattern frequency (5.56 ± 1.31 Hz) during the period of maximum spectral power VARETA localization of an ictal epileptiform activity source coincided with the epileptogenic zone in all TLE patients who subsequently underwent a successful temporal lobectomy. Semi- quantitative analysis of ictal and interictal brain SPECT images, as well as metabolic ratios measured by MRS, combined with V-EEG findings, enabled localization/lateralization of the epileptogenic zone in TLE patients whose MRIs were normal or showed bilateral structural abnormalities. Conclusions Confirmation of correct localization/lateralization of the epileptogenic zone following successful surgical outcomes in selected TLE patients led CIREN to develop a surgical treatment strategy for patients in Cuba with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy. This strat- egy offers an appropriate, cost-effective treatment alternative for de- veloping countries like Cuba, with the benefit of significantly improving TLE patients' quality of life.

The purpose of this paper is to obtain an electrophysiological evaluation of visual field defects consecutive to the direct lesion of optic radiations in drug-resistant epileptic patients after a standard electrocorticographically adjusted lobectomy, and to correlate it with conventional perimetric results, and with the volume of resected tissue during surgical treatment. Twenty-four patients with temporal lobe epilepsy defined through long term EEG-video, ictal and interictal SPECT, as well as Magnetic Resonance Imaging were studied. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) with partial and total visual field stimulation were carried out before and after 6, 12 and 24 months surgical treatment. A control group was also studied. No differences between patients and control subjects were observed during the evaluation of the full-field VEPs. However, there were statistical differences between groups in the half-field VEP recordings and in the VEP recordings of contralateral to resected side superior quadrant (CSQ) before lobectomy and 6 months later (Mann-Whitney's U-test, p

Purpose Bone marrow stem cells (BMSC) were transplanted into the perilesional area in five patients bearing sequels of stroke, to evaluate the safety of the procedure and tolerance to the transplanted cells. Methods Cells were obtained from bone marrow samples taken from the same patient and stereotactically implanted into the targets, determined using a combination of images, and trans-operative recording of multiunit activity. The cells were implanted in several points along tracts in the perilesional region. Results No important adverse events derived from surgery or transplant were observed during the one year follow-up period, or detected using a combination of tests and functional measurements applied pre- and post-surgically. In contrast, some improvements were observed regarding the neurological condition of the patients, but the small number of patients in the study does not allow any conclusive statement. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that BMSC can be safely transplanted into the brain of patients, with excellent tolerance and without complications, using the methods described here.

Introduccion. La patologia dual compuesta por esclerosis hipocampal y displasia cortical focal (DCF) se describe con frecuencia en pacientes con epilepsia del lobulo temporal medial (ELTM) farmacorresistente. Objetivos. Determinar los cambios histopatologicos en la neocorteza de pacientes con ELTM farmacorresistente sometidos a cirugia y evaluar la relacion entre los cambios histopatologicos, los antecedentes patologicos y la evolucion clinica en los pacientes operados. Materiales y metodos. Se proceso histologicamente el tejido resecado en bloque (neocorteza) de 18 pacientes con ELTM refractaria a tratamiento medico, y se les realizo lobectomia temporal ajustada por electrocorticografia. Resultados. Se diagnostico patologia dual en 13 pacientes (72,2%). Los estudios imagenologicos confirmaron en el 100% de los casos la esclerosis mesial del temporal y no existieron evidencias de lesion neocortical. Histologicamente, el 46,15% y el 38,46% de los pacientes fueron diagnosticados como DCF tipo 1a y DCF tipo 1b, respectivamente. Solo un paciente presento DCF tipo 2a. Se demostro una relacion estadisticamente significativa entre la presencia de patologia dual y la existencia de una dano precipitante inicial (p = 0,04). El 72,7% (8/11) de los pacientes con patologia dual un ano despues de la cirugia se clasifico en la clase I de Engel. Conclusiones. En los pacientes con ELTM existen alteraciones microscopicas en la neocorteza del tipo DCF. Estas alteraciones se asocian a la existencia de un dano precipitante inicial. La reseccion completa de la zona epileptogenica, garantizada por la lobectomia ajustada por electrocorticografia, permite una buena evolucion posquirurgica un ano despues de la cirugia

Objetivo. Evaluar la contribucion de la monitorizacion prolongada videoelectroencefalografica (video-EEG) complementada con analisis espectral y de las fuentes generadoras del electroencefalograma (EEG) en la identificacion de la zona epileptogenica de pacientes con epilepsia del lobulo temporal medial candidatos a cirugia resectiva no lesional. Pacientes y metodos. Se evaluaron los patrones electrograficos del inicio ictal en mas de 667 crisis correspondientes a 41 pacientes con diagnostico clinico de epilepsia parcial resistente a farmacos. Para el analisis se utilizaron el software Harmonie y la tomografia electrica de resolucion variable (VARETA). Resultados. Mediante video-EEG se determino que el 53,6% de los pacientes evaluados presentaba crisis parciales complejas de origen temporal; estas se caracterizaron por una frecuencia media de 5,56 ± 1,56 Hz, mientras que las no temporales presentaron una frecuencia en el rango de 9,17 ± 3,32 Hz. La localizacion topografica de la frecuencia ictal dominante durante el periodo de energia espectral maxima en los pacientes con epilepsia del lobulo temporal permitio distinguir a un grupo de pacientes con crisis mesiales y otros no mesiales que superaron el numero determinado por la inspeccion visual del EEG: un 78,9 frente a un 47,3%, respectivamente. Se evidencio una coincidencia del 100% entre la zona de inicio ictal definida por EEG de superficie complementada con analisis espectral, el generador de esta actividad definido por VARETA y la zona epileptogenica. Conclusiones. La informacion localizadora aportada por el video-EEG complementada con el analisis espectral y de las fuentes del EEG permite localizar de forma no invasiva la zona epileptogenica en pacientes con epilepsia del lobulo temporal medial aun cuando los estudios imaginologicos estructurales evidencian ausencia o bilateralidad de anomalias.