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Vazquez, L.A., Rendon, M.A., Diaz-Paniagua, C., Gomez-Mestre, I. 2017. Among-species variation in the morphological responses of larval amphibians to native and invasive species. Ecosistemas 26(3): 32-38. Doi.: 10.7818/ECOS.2017.26-3.05 Amphibian larvae are common prey to various types of predators, according to the type of aquatic system they develop in. When they detect water-borne chemical cues from predators (kairomones), amphibian larvae often produce inducible defenses. An important component of such defenses is the alteration of the shape of the larvae, which often consists in producing rounder bodies, shorter tails and deeper tail fins in the presence of predators. However, the activation of these inducible defenses critically depends on the accurate recognition of predator cues. In that context, the human introduction of alien predators with whom local prey species have not shared a joint evolutionary history may pose a grave threat in part because the native prey may fail to recognize the cues of the novel predators and hence fail to trigger the corresponding antipredator phenotype. In this study we analyze the morphological responses of larvae of four amphibian species to two different types of predators: native dragonfly larvae and introduced red-swamp crayfish. We find that three out of the four species readily respond altering their morphology to the presence of dragonflies, but they all fail to respond to introduced crayfish. Moreover, the effect size of the morphological response seems to be congruent with the duration of the larval period of each species so that faster developing species show lesser responses to dragonflies whereas slower developing species show greater responses to them. This is congruent with faster developing species occupying temporary or even ephemeral ponds which typically have lower predator abundance.

Los humedales estacionales del Pacífico norte de Costa Rica constituyen ambientes de extrema importancia en el mantenimiento de una gran diversidad biológica, siendo los principales sitios reproductivos de la mayoría de los anfibios y de varias especies de reptiles que caracterizan el bosque seco. En un intento por determinar la importancia de estos humedales en la transferencia de materia y energía entre hábitats acuáticos y terrestres, este estudio caracteriza la fenología reproductiva de la comunidad de anuros que utilizan los humedales estacionales del Parque Nacional Palo Verde, ubicado en la cuenca baja del río Tempisque. Entre mayo de 2009 y febrero de 2010 se monitorearon los anfibios que usan el humedal Palo Verde utilizando un muestreo intensivo con cercas de desvío y trampas de caída. Un total de 13 especies de anuros fueron observadas empleando el humedal. Su productividad secundaria se determinó en términos de biomasa de los metamorfos emergentes de la laguna y se investigó el efecto de variables biológicas y fisicoquímicas sobre esa productividad. Machos y hembras adultos de la mayoría de las especies emergen de sitios de estivación durante el inicio de la época lluviosa (mayo-julio), desplazándose de la montaña hacia el humedal, o saliendo de las grietas de este último en las primeras lluvias. Durante ese período, los adultos son observados forrajeando en los bosques y alrededores de la laguna, donde esperan que el nivel de agua aumente con los primeros aguaceros torrenciales. En ese momento, acuden masivamente a sus sitios de canto y ovoposición. Los juveniles recién metamórficos salen masivamente de la laguna en julio y agosto e inician su ciclo de vida en tierra. Durante el periodo reproductivo 2009, un total de 6 730 g fue producido en 300 m lineales de perímetro del humedal durante cuatro horas continuas de monitoreo/día, lo que equivale a casi una tonelada producida a lo largo del perímetro de la laguna. Esta aproximación constituye una novedosa forma de evaluar la importancia ecológica de humedales y de las posibles implicaciones que su modificación podrían tener en los ecosistemas circundantes. Seasonal wetlands in the dry environments of Pacific Costa Rica are extremely important in maintaining high biological diversity. They constitute the main breeding sites of most amphibians and several species of reptiles that characterize the seasonal or dry forest. In an attempt to determine the importance of these wetlands in the transfer of matter and energy between aquatic and terrestrial habitats, this study describes the reproductive phenology of the community of anurans that use seasonal wetlands of Palo Verde National Park, located in the lower basin of the Rio Tempisque. From May 2009 to February 2010 we monitored the anurans that use seasonal wetlands using drift fences and pitfall traps. Thirteen species of anurans were observed using this habitat. Secondary productivity was determined by estimating wet biomass of recently emerged frogglets produced at the wetlands. Adult males and females of most species emerge from estivation sites during the onset of the rainy season (May-July), moving from the mountain to the wetland. During this period, adults are observed foraging in the woods and around the wetland, where they wait for ponds and puddles that are form with the first rains. At that time, they move to their oviposition sites. In most species, recently metamorphed frogglets emerge synchronously between the months of July-August, and continue their life cycle on the forest. During the studied breeding season a total of 6,730 g/day was produced in 300 m of the wetland perimeter. This measure represents close to a ton of amphibian biomass produced along the perimeter of this single lagoon. This approach constitutes a novel way to assess the ecological importance of wetlands and the possible implications that wetland loss could have on the surrounding ecosystems.