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Patients with mental disorders have a series of general and oral health problems correlated to specific psychiatric drugs, along with the difficulty of behavior and concentration, preventing them from respecting the real need for oral care. Many people affected by these disorders cannot perform oral hygiene satisfactorily. This is exacerbated by the prolonged use of mouth-drying medicines, as well as by the excessive use of tobacco products and alcohol, which contribute to poor oral health. The aim of this study is to evaluate evaluate the oral health of mentally ill patients who had medical assistance at the Dentistry Clinic of St. Spiridon Hospital in Iasi. Matherial and methods:A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted between October 2016 and May 2017 on a number of 30 psychiatric patients under treatment at the Faculty of General Medicine and Dentistry.A well-structured questionnaire was applied to collect information on the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents,clinical evaluation of oral health status was performend using EGOHID assesement correlated with the general health status and specific psychiatric medication. Results: Regarding the psychiatric disorders that the 30 patients presented, their distribution was: 33.3% with schizophrenia, 26.7% depression, 30% bipolar disorder, 16.7% paranoid disorder and 16.7% with mixed dissorder. For the associated general pathology, diabetes was associated in a proportion of 27%, liver diseases 20%, thyroid diseases 16.7%, kidney diseases 10% and cardiovascular diseases 24%. As for medication, the highest frequency was recorded for the drugs Haldol (73.3%), Carbamazepine (46%), Clonazepam (43.3%), Diazepam (30%) and Amitril (16%), producing different modiffications in terms of saliva flow, buffer capacity and pH, resulting modifications in the oral health status. Conclusions: Patients with mental illness had significantly altered values ​​for salivary pH, salivary flow and buffer capacity of saliva in the sense of a marked decrease of values in patients with depression and bipolar disorder, compared to patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. There were no significant differences between salivary pH, salivary flow, or buffer capacity in monotherapy and multitherapy patients.

Introduction: Bacterial accumulation on the dental surfaces is the main cause of oral pathology of both hard and soft tissues such as caries, gingivitis and periodontitis. Regular mechanical removal of the bacterial plaque is considered essential for preventing and stopping the progression of periodontal disease. The aim of the study was to evaluate comparatively the efficiency of bacterial plaque removal from dental structures by two methods: airflow and professional brushing. Material and methods: The study was made of 20 subjects who presented at the Dental Medicine Faculty, Prevention Discipline, of University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi for dental services. The study consisted in a questionnaire of 10 items regarding oral hygiene habits, a clinical evaluation and removal of the bacterial plaque by professional scaling and brushing. The data were recorded by clinical examination performed by a single examiner who evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively the presence of the bacterial plaque through the Quigley-Hein plaque index, the O`Leary index and the API (Approximal Plaque Index) index, but also the oral hygiene index. OHI (Oral Hygiene Index).The following steps consisted in two stages after initial evaluation: professional brushing and the reassessment of the bacterial plaque indices, and stage two, airflow followed by the reassessment of the bacterial plaque indices. The collected data was statistically analyzed using SPSS 16. and the mean, standard deviation, standard error, and paired t-test were calculated to obtain evidence based on scientific interpretation.Results: The results showed significant results between the two measures of professional cleaning especially when it comes to evaluation of the O’Leary index and the API index, the values for the second stage of treatment, the airbrush, being significantly decreased.There are differences between the OHI index and also Quigley Hein, but not in such an important degree, this being explained by the evaluated sites for plaque identification that are more easily cleaned by professional polishing. As suspected the highest difference was in AHI index, which is only another statement of how difficult is to properly clean the interproximal spaces. Conclusion: Periodic monitoring of the presence of the bacterial plaque through the established oral hygiene and bacterial plaque indices is an important method in the primary prevention of dental caries. However professional cleaning is mandatory at least once per year if not every six months, scaling combined with polishing and air flow has proven to be the golden standard for oral hygiene.

Aim of the study. The aim of this study was to assess dentists’ knowledge in preventing infection transmission, after having participated in professional training courses. Material and methods: 127 dentists from Iasi, Romania, aged 25-65 years, were investigated using a 14 item questionnaire with simple / multiple responses. Results: 66.5% of the investigated dentists were familiar with the elements included in the concept of preventing the infection transmission in the dental office. 90% of the subjects knew the complete post-exposure protocol for accidental contamination with infected blood, but only 36.8% of those surveyed knew the substances used for high-level disinfection. Conclusion: The main methods and techniques for the prevention of infection transmission in dental medicine are known by most of the investigated practitioners, but further training programs are required in the area to increase the level of knowledge.

The objectives of our study were: (1) assessing knowledge level and attitudes towards oral health among children's mothers and teachers; (2) analyzing oral health care habits of mothers in relation to socio-economic status (SES); (3) evaluation of the impact of an educational program for parents and teachers in Iassy, Romania. Material and methods. The authors initiated in 2004 a two-year longitudinal, questionnaire-based study which included 375 mothers of 9-11 years old school children and 103 school teachers from 18 schools in Iassy. The subjects' knowledge level and attitudes towards oral health were reevaluated in 2006. Data were analyzed using the Statistica program, ANOVA, Scheffe, Pearson, Chi -square, and Gamma tests (p

The aim of this study was analyzed of attitudes and knowledge of the dentists of N-E region of Romanian country. Material and methods A questionnaire-based study was conducted including 152 dentists (72.4%-female, 27.6% males) aged between 25-65 years, from six areas of North-East Region, Romania. The questionnaire included 11 questions related to preventive practices in the dental office. Data were statistically analyzed using the SPSS14.00 program and chi-square test (p≤0.05). Results: The evaluation of the results was based on experience level in years: Gr. 1 = 0-5, Gr. 2 = 5-10, Gr. 3 = 10-20, Gr. 4 = more 20. Results The results shows that majority of the subject made primary prevention: local fluoridation 73% (111), oral hygiene 83.6% (127), sealants 73.7(112), scaling 89.5% (136) and only 25% (38) secondary prevention by restoration preventive with resins and most are in the Gr. 3 p≤0.05. Most practitioners know that they can influence both the risk of caries and periodontal disease Gr. 3 = 38.2% (58) and recommend a certain brush technique Gr.3=39.5 (60) being aware that it is effective in removing plaque Gr. 3= 40.1 (61) p=0,000. Conclusion Lack of interest of dentists from the methods of primary and secondary prevention of major oro-dental diseases is on absence of a dental prevention national program that to stimulate the attachment of specialists in prevention. Acknowledgements: This research was supported by the European project “Ergonomics, prevention and performing management in dental medicine by adopting European standards. Contract: POSDRU/81/3.2/S/55651, 2010-2013 – Project founded by European Social Fond Invest in People”

CAO and CAOS epidemiological indices provide significant information for an overview assessment of dental health but can not make a nuanced type of carious lesions and involvement of the need for treatment. EGOHID system of clinical assessment and restoration of carious lesions provide evidence on lesion topography guided us on the degree of dental damage in motivating action supporting our dental health. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the comparative in terms of dental health indices CAO, CAOS and EGOHID system. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on a sample of 122 subjects with a mean age 23.53 years in which data were collected on the type of carious lesion and the type of restoration. Data were collected by clinical examination and observation files recorded according to codes. All patients in the study were informed verbally about the purpose of the study noting their consent. Statistical data processing was performed with SPSS 14.00 for Windows fixing the threshold of statistical significance of p ≤ 0.05. Results and discussion: Comparative analysis of two systems of assessment revealed that significant differences p ≤ 0.05 for the system of assessment of dental status in the system component EGOHID carious lesions, lesion assessment is accomplished underestimated component CS of CAOS index showing an average of 4.42 (± 4.132) compared with EGOHID-C is the index of the cavity showing an average of 10.38 (± 7.484). Conclusion: Data obtained through evaluation of dental caries is higher, providing a concrete image of the orientation dentistry, early diagnosis of dental caries, treatment and hence the technicallity and restorative treatments.

Dental practitioners are at a high risk of occupational infections, but some of them do not comply with infection control practices very well. The aim of the present study was to assess the risk perception of work-related infections and the corresponding preventive measures among dental students in Iasi, Romania. Material and methods: Cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study included 90 subjects aged 22-28 years, attending years 4th, 5th and 6th of the Faculty of Dental Medicine within the “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Iasi. Results: Wearing of personal protective equipment was reported by a percentage between 20% and 88% of the students. Half of the investigated students reported that they always perform hand hygiene after dental procedures The potential risk of transmission of blood-borne pathogens in the dental office was correctly estimated by 23% of students for HBV, 26% for HCV, and 33% for HIV. A percentage of 73% of study participants declared that they received full HBV vaccine, and 60% of students were not sure about what they must do in case of an accident with exposure to blood. Conclusion: The results of the study suggest the need for continuous information and a better awareness of young practitioners on work-related infections and preventive measures in dentistry.

Background and Objectives: According to the CDC estimates, 5.6 million healthcare workers worldwide are exposed to the risk of occupationally contracting blood-borne pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and others. The aim of the present study was to assess the knowledge level on blood-borne infection control (IC) among Romanian undergraduate dental students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey with 21 items was conducted from May 2022 to June 2022. The study had α = 0.620 and Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.660. The Chi-square test was used for data comparison. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 26 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA), and p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The study sample included 207 subjects with a mean age of 21.38 (±1.9) years, 59.9% F (female), 40.1% M (male), 38.2% students from year II and 61.8% from year III. Most of the subjects did not have knowledge on the indirect mode of IC, the persistence of HBV, HCV, or HIV, or the existence of rapid tests (p < 0.05). PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) was known as follows: HBV, 32.36% (67); HCV, 25.60% (53); and HIV, 36.71% (76); p < 0.05. Only 50.24% (104) had knowledge on the recommended testing moments (p = 0.019 by gender, p = 0.752 by year of study). The optimal time to access PEP was considered by 28.01% (58), p ˃ 0.05. Only 37.68% (78) strongly agreed that the one-hand covering technique of the needle was efficient in IC (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The evaluation of the knowledge regarding IC highlighted major gaps in the perception of the subjects, which underlined the need to implement sustained forms of continuing medical education on this topic.

Background and Objectives: The HH (hand hygiene) technique is relatively simple. Even so, in practice there are still non-conformities regarding this aspect. Lack of knowledge or lack of compliance can be reasons for non-adherence with HH techniques. In this context, the purpose of this study was to follow the realization of the hand-washing technique with hydroalcoholic solution, applied before and after receiving the HH recommendations. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2022 to June 2022. Students from a second year dental medicine class teaching in French 2021/22 “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Iasi were included in the study. The approval of the ethics commission was received: No. 184/05.05.2022. The study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, HH was performed without any recommendation. In the second stage, the antiseptic hand rubbing technique was presented following the WHO recommendations. The fluorescent Fluo-Add solution, Wood lamp for dermatology (4 × 5.5 W ultraviolet tubes with a wavelength of 360 nm), and photo camera were used. Subjects performed their HH movement before and after receiving instructions according to WHO. Images were initially taken from the backhand and palm and were finally analyzed with Image Color Summarizer. The data were analyzed by the Mann–Whitney U Test, t-test paired samples using IBM-SPSS version 26 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA), and p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: After analyzing the images, there were 70 subjects, 45.7% (32) female and 54.33% (38) male. Final average covered area of backhand was 60.89% (±17.17), 28.84:86.11, compared to 52.07% (±17.04), 9:85.23. Final average covered area for palm was 69.91% (±13.5), 31.61:93.41 compared to 59.74% (±16.64), 26.13:92.72. No statistical significance was obtained by gender. Conclusions: The study showed an improvement in hand hygiene technique without highlighting gender differences.

(1) Background: Numerous studies have shown the beneficial role of fluoride in the primary prevention of dental caries. The aim of the present study was to put into evidence the change in the enamel structure immediately after the application of a fluoride varnish. (2) Methods: A xylitol–fluoride varnish was evaluated. The enamel specimens (n = 10) were analyzed by atomic force microscopy on enamel surface and treatment with fluoride varnish applied. The dimensional topographic analysis was performed by 2D and 3D analysis software. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Version 26.00 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). A one-sample statistics test was used to identify significant differences (p < 0.05). (3) Results: Surface roughness (Ra) measurements ranged from Ra = 0.039 μm (±0.048), to Ra = 0.049 μm (±0.031), respectively (p < 0.05), with an increase in the surface roughness passing from the intact enamel to the enamel exposed to fluoride varnish. When comparing Ra values of the nonfluorinated enamel and fluorinated enamel, significant differences (p < 0.05) were found, suggesting that the varnish had a protective effect on the enamel surface. (4) Conclusions: Xylitol–fluoride varnish, even in one single short-time application, is effective in reducing the surface roughness of enamel structure exposed to abrasion, thus increasing resistance to dental caries.

Background and Objectives: Infection control practices in dentistry should be continuously evaluated. The aim of the present study was to assess the knowledge of dental students from Iași, Romania about infection control in the dental office. Materials and Methods: Dental students and resident dentists attending the “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Iași were randomly selected in accordance with ethical guidelines, and a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based online study was conducted. The questionnaire included 21 items about infection control in dentistry. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed, and the chi-square test was used for data comparison, with a cutoff point of 0.05 for statistical significance. Results: The study sample included 150 subjects (75.3% female and 24.7% male) with a mean age of 25.71 ± 4.54 years. Mode of infection transmission was known by 74% of the subjects, and 76% were aware of standard precautions, with significant differences by the year of study (p = 0.012, r = 0.002). A percentage of 20% of subjects knew the means of transmission of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) (p = 0.032, r = 0.166). Most of the subjects were not vaccinated against HBV (p = 0.002, r = −0.274). Notions of high-level disinfection and sterilization were confused by 19.5% of the subjects. Only 22% of the subjects knew the correct processing of handpieces (p = 0.048, r = −0.071). The sources of information were diverse for 64.66% of the respondents, while 31.33% of them used courses and seminars only. Conclusions: There is a need for improvement in the level of knowledge on infection control for both dental students and residents.

Background and Objectives: the purpose of this study was to evaluate students’ level of knowledge and attitude towards oral hygiene. Materials and Methods: the evaluation was carried out by a questionnaire, with 30 Q (questions) as follows: demographic data (Q1–Q5), oral hygiene knowledge data (Q6–Q23) and oral hygiene attitude data (Q24–Q30). The study included students from Romanian schools and the selection of the study group was made following selection criteria in accordance with ethical issues. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed and a value of p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: the study included a number of 718 subjects with a mean age of 14.54 (±2.22), male 250 (34.8%) and female 468 (65.2%), MS (middle school students) 354 (49.4%) and HH (high school students) 364 (50.6%). Most of the subjects 292 (MS = 160; HS = 132) know a toothbrushing technique, p = 0.009, r = 0.091 and 587 (MS = 278; HS = 309) know that brushing removes the bacterial plaque p = 0.027, r = −0.082 but only 147 (MS = 71; HS = 76) know that (by) brushing can re-mineralize hard dental structures. The duration of the toothbrushing is variable, for 2- or 3-min p = 0.058, r = 0.043. Criteria for choosing the toothbrush were based mainly on the indications of the dentist, respectively, for toothpaste on its properties. The frequency of toothbrushing is mainly twice a day 428 (MS = 234; HS = 248), p = 0.079, r = 0.037, 73 (MS = 33; HS = 40) after every meal. p = 0.099, r = 0.095. Mouthwash is used by 421 (MS = 199; HS = 222) p = 0.111, r = −0.048, and 228 (MS = 199; HS = 222) after each brushing. Dental floss is used by 240 (MS = 106; HS = 134), p = 0.031, r = −0.073 and only 74 (MS = 41; HS = 33) after each brushing. Conclusions: there are differences in the level of knowledge and attitudes regarding the determinants of oral hygiene depending on the level of education.

Most dental procedures that use handpieces, turbines, US scalers, airflow, and air abrasion tend to produce aerosols in which the patient’s oral fluids are also entrained, with consequences on the health of the medical staff and other patients. Oral fluids are highly contaminated with microorganisms. The aim of the study was to assess the degree of surface contamination in relation to certain variables of the aerosol-generating dental maneuvers. Material and methods: 2 operators performed 5 simulations of 10 min each for treatments with US scaler, turbine, and contra-angle with spray cooling system. The evaluation of the contaminated surfaces was carried out by measuring the colored surface, in cm, on the paper sheet that was placed on the mannequin, starting from the oral cavity of the mannequin. The measurements were made in all 4 directions (right, left, superior, inferior) to see which part of the operative field is more prone to contamination. Statistical analysis of the collected data was carried out using the SPSS 26.0. Result: Dental turbine operations will produce a significant number of aerosols, the most of them in the form of droplets, spanning regions up to 60 cm. US scaling produced less aerosols than the other activities, with the least contaminated surface. Statistics have proven that the observed differences are different (p=0.000). Conclusions: The surfaces were contaminated by all three aerosol-producing dental procedures at various and equivalent distances. The turbine produced a greater amount of aerosols, especially in the form of droplets, that exceeded the maximum contamination zone with an area of 1m

While scaling and root planing is an affordable strategy for treating periodontitis in its initial stages, it is unable to completely eliminate subgingival pathogens and to stop the loss of progressive attachment in certain cases. For some patients, the degree of clinical attachment gain and probing depth reduction offered by nonsurgical periodontal treatment might be enhanced by the supplementary administration of hyaluronic acid (HA) right after scaling and root planing is completed. This article analyzes the evidence for the effectiveness of HA, explores the justification for its prescription, and lists relevant practical concerns that should be considered when using HA as an adjunctive periodontal therapy. HA generates a variety of beneficial effects, including the enhancing of wound healing, in a manner which is similar to periodontal tissues. HA is already widely used in different medical fields and has exciting potential uses in dentistry. HA can be used as an adjunctive periodontal treatment for patients with gingivitis and periodontitis, greatly improving their quality of life in the process.

Decontamination of reusable medical devices is a key element of infection control in private practices. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the cleaning methods used in the dental office. Material and methods: The instruments taken from the dental office used during the treatment, consisting of manual and rotating endodontic needles and diamond burs were transferred to a container with detergent-disinfectant solution where from the office to the sterilization room. The initial evaluation of the armentarium is done in the sterilization room and the collected data were written in a file. After a period of 15 min. the armentarium was divided into 3 groups of 10 instruments each: group I – hand-cleaned instruments with a wire brush for 2 minutes under running water; – group II – instrument cleaning in the US bath for 15 min.; Group III – instrumentation initially cleaned in the US cleaning bath for 15 min., then manually for 2 min. Results: For the manually cleaned instrument the average value from 67.5 ± 25.85 to 10.36 ± 13.36; in US cleaning technique the average value decrease from 77.85 ± 22.16 to 8.57 ± 12.92 and in the combined cleaning (manual cleaning + US cleaning), the final value recorded being 86.92 ± 10.06, higher than the final average values obtained in the case of the other two groups. Conclusion: The most efficient method of cleaning the instrumentation is represented by the combination of manual cleaning with the US cleaning method (ultrasonic bath). Ultrasonic cleaning has proven to be more efficient than manual instrument cleaning, especially for diamond burs. Endodontic instruments have been cleaned more efficiently with manual cleaning than with US cleaning. It is necessary to carry out training courses to improve the level of knowledge on the need for proper processing of medical instruments to increase the safety of the medical act.

Dental anxiety and fear are widespread among the population and pose a significant problem in their management. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dental anxiety and sanogenic habits on the oral health of dental students in Iasi. Material and methods: The study involved questionnaire-based survey and DMFT index evaluation on 100 dental students from years V and VI of the Faculty of Dentistry, U.M.F Iasi. Results: Most participants in this study showed symptoms of anxiety 76.8% (with the highest DAS score = 13-20).There were found higher DAS score of 13.1 for female dental students, compared to 11.9 for male dental students. Conclusions:Dental students showed lower levels of dental anxiety compared to other studies, in this group, women showed a higher degree of anxiety than men. In terms of highetst anxiety levels, this were found for local anesthesia and tooth preparation procedures. However we found that clinical education of dental practice could positively promote the reduction of dental anxiety.

COVID-19 infection is a real challenge for medical practice due to the increased risk of contamination facilitated by airborne transmission. The aim of the study was to assess the level of knowledge and preventive practices on COVID-19 infection among dentists in Iasi. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted based on a questionnaire that was addressed to dentists with private practice in Iasi. The questionnaire included a number of 36 questions about the origin, epidemiology, etiology, mode of transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, clinical management, sources of information and educational information on COVID-19 infection. Results: The results of the study indicate a relatively good level of knowledge about the prevention methods to be used in dental practice. Conclusion: Healthcare professionals have demonstrated an adequate level of knowledge about COVID-19 infection in the dental environment, with a high percentage of correct answers. There is a strong need to implement regular educational programs and training programs on infection control practices such as COVID-19 in all healthcare professions.

The purpose of the study was to determine whether there are differences in the level of knowledge and attitudes regarding the use of dental floss among patients presenting in a private dental office and in an ambulatory dental office. Material and Methods: 80 questionnaires containing questions about dental floss technique and general data of patients entering private dentistry and ambulatory dental office at Sf. Spiridon Iasi Hospital for dental treatments. The group consisted of 43 women and 37 men, aged 18 to 62 (mean 30.4.2 ± 5.9 years). Results: More than 50% of participants use dental floss once a day. 30% of respondents do not use dental floss. Patients in private offices use dental floss more frequently than those in the ambulatory. Female subjects tend to use dental floss more frequently than men. 56.3% of the subjects received instructions for the use of dental floss from the dental practitioner. 43.2% of the subjects make upward movements and 32.1% circular movements around the dental crown. 63% of respondents responded that they preferred rounded dental floss and 41.3% use fluorinated dental floss. Conclusions: The frequency of use of dental floss is relatively high. The technique of using dental floss with up and down movements in contact with each tooth surface has been reported as the most common form of cleaning. Subjects attending private practice use daily dental floss, most of them male.

CAO and CAOS epidemiological indices provide significant information for an overview assessment of dental health but can not make a nuanced type of carious lesions and involvement of the need for treatment. EGOHID system of clinical assessment and restoration of carious lesions provide evidence on lesion topography guided us on the degree of dental damage in motivating action supporting our dental health. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the comparative in terms of dental health indices CAO, CAOS and EGOHID system. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on a sample of 122 subjects with a mean age 23.53 years in which data were collected on the type of carious lesion and the type of restoration. Data were collected by clinical examination and observation files recorded according to codes. All patients in the study were informed verbally about the purpose of the study noting their consent. Statistical data processing was performed with SPSS 14.00 for Windows fixing the threshold of statistical significance of p ≤ 0.05. Results and discussion: Comparative analysis of two systems of assessment revealed that significant differences p ≤ 0.05 for the system of assessment of dental status in the system component EGOHID carious lesions, lesion assessment is accomplished underestimated component CS of CAOS index showing an average of 4.42 (± 4.132) compared with EGOHIDC is the index of the cavity showing an average of 10.38 (± 7.484). Conclusion: Data obtained through evaluation of dental caries is higher, providing a concrete image of the orientation dentistry, early diagnosis of dental caries, treatment and hence the technicallity and restorative treatments.

Introduction: The population is becoming more aware of the importance of oral hygiene in maintaining the health of the entire body. It is well known that the plaque is the main etiological factor in producing caries disease and periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the comparative value of indices of plaque and gingival inflammation in a group of yougers. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on a sample of 122 subjects. The study was clinical type. Data were collected after completion of revelation and clinical examination plaque noting the index values calculated for each observation sheet. The clinical evaluation of oral hygiene status, we used the API index (Approximal Plaque Index) and BI (bleeding index) indices for assessing periodontal status. All subjects included in the study were informed verbally about the purpose of the study noting the consent form. Examination of patients was performed in the Office Polyclinic No. 1, Ambulatory of Dentistry. Patients were placed in the database according to certain codes. Statistical data processing was done with software for Windows SPSS 14.00 settling a threshold of statistical significance of p ≤ 0.05. Results and Discussion: Comparative analysis of plaque presence and degree of gingival inflammation revealed that the differences statistically significant p ≤ 0.05 for having an API index value averaged 72.71 (± 23.48) gingival index BI compared with a mean of 20.05 (± 18.32) and using dental wire influences the index of periodontal inflammation. Conclusions: Gingival inflammation is present in those with plaque and is subject to use wire but not the frequency of tooth brushing showing that adjuvant use of adjuvants to remove dental plaque but not entirely.

The ergonomic education of the dental health-care personnel must focus on the considerable occupational health risks. Aim. The aim of this study was to assess the dentists’ knowledge and attitudes towards ergonomics during dental health-care. Methods A questionnaire-based study was conducted including 152 dentists (72,4%-females, 27,6%-males) aged between 25-65 years, from North-Est Region, Romania. The questionnaire included 13 questions related to ergonomic practices in the dental office. Data were statistically analysed using the SPSS 14.0 program and chi-square test

Aim of the study Functional appliances have been used for over 100 years in orthodontics to correct Class II malocclusion and since then many different appliances were developed in order to correct muscular behaviour and skeletal imbalances during growth. Material and methods Three different types of removable functional appliances most used in clinical practice are discussed considering their indications, actions, advantages and disadvantages. Results Recent clinical research is focused whether they really have a lasting influence on facial growth, the extent of mandibular growth in class II orthodontic patients with retrognathic mandible, the proper timing for treatment with functional appliances and which are the factors that influence the obtained results. The article discusses the clinical effectiveness of these appliances, the orthopaedic effect that can be useful during growth period for the correction of sagittal and transverse arch discrepancies, their use and their limitations. Conclusions The removable functional appliances might be useful tools to correct skeletal imbalances, especially for class II malocclusion division 1 patients if they are applied during mixed dentition and early permanent dentition period, but they hardly depend by the patient’s compliance in appliance wear.

(1) Background: Evidence from studies indicate that oral health behaviors, such as eating habits and oral hygiene methods, are in close connection with the occurence of oro-dental disseases. Teenagers behave not only through their own choices, motivations, experience, lifestyle, beliefs and value system but they are conditioned by sociocultural norms. Obtaining data from teenagers could be esential to influence the development of oral health care policies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of health education among teenagers by knowledge regarding the use of: fluoride based products, oro-dental hygiene, food hygiene, the level of stress correlated with the visit to the dental office. (2) Methods: A questionnaire was developed and the purpose was to investigate the level of health education among teenagers. The questionnaire was applied online, it included 25 questions, with unique answers. (3) Results: The result of the study showed that the average age of the studied group was 18.24 (±0.428) with a minimum age of 18 years old and a maximum of 19 years old, 58.9% (103) female subjects and 41.1% (72) male, 61.1% (107) from urban areas and 38.6% (68) from rural areas. Based on the analysis of the results, the following opinion was obtained: the majority of responses were predominantly from females. However, this does not diminish the interest and caution with which male subjects approach personal hygiene. Particularly, the majority of responses were from urban residents. Regarding oral hygiene, adolescents have knowledge of proper oral hygiene methods such as tooth brushing, mouthwash, and dental floss. (4) Conclusions: Teenagers make a connection between their own health and that of others, recognizing that by taking care of their health, they can protect their loved ones.

Background: The surface roughness, the material structure and the adhesion of restorative materials at dental hard tissue level is a current topic, numerous researches highlighting this fact. The aim of this study was that there are differences in the surface of structure analyzed by AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) and by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) between NCR (nanocomposite resin), MRC (micro-filled resin composite), O (ormocer), C (compomer) and G (giomer); (2) Methods: A descriptive study of the surface of materials used in secondary prevention of dental caries. For AFM analysis were prepared samples of NCR, MRC, O, C and G. The roughness was analyzed for each specimen for a size of 1× 1μm (micrometers), with a scan rate of 0.5 Hz, 256 × 256 pixels with 300 points. The dimensional topographic analysis was performed by analysis software (XEI – Image-Processing and Analysis) and the 3D topographic data was analyzed by using 3D non-contact optical profilometry with a data analysis software (Nano Scope III, Version 5.12r2, Digital Instruments, Santa Barbara, CA, USA). Microstructures and the interface between of biomaterials and teeth analysis using SEM; (3) Results: The results obtained by AFM profilometric analysis and by SEM highlighted differences in the roughness of the materials with Ra (arithmetic mean deviation of the evaluated profile) and their adhesion at the enamel level. The roughness analysis highlighted differences for the studied materials in contrast to NCR, this having a Ra level of 10 to 20 times higher than the other studied materials, respectively NCR-Ra=10.75 nm (nanometers) compared to MRC-Ra= 0.49 nm, O-Ra=0.70 nm, C-Ra=1.56 nm and G-Ra=1.45 nm; (4) Conclusions: The most favorable results were obtained by O followed by G, C, MRC and NCR.

Background: Individual dental hygiene is a fundamental component of plaque control, and toothbrushing is the main method for removing bacterial plaque. Incorrect manual brushing, excessive brushing, applying excessive force on the teeth, or even using incorrect techniques can cause gingival ulcerations in patients. Electric toothbrushes have significantly improved compliance. The aim of the study was to comparatively evaluate the efficiency of bacterial plaque removal from dental structures using mechanical means, specifically two electric toothbrushes: Oral-B Genius and Sonicare Diamond Clean. Materials and methods: The study included 20 subjects over the age of 20 from urban and rural areas who presented themselves at the Prevention Department of the University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iași for dental services. Data were recorded through a clinical examination performed by a single examiner who quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated the presence of bacterial plaque using the Quigley-Hein plaque index, the O’Leary index, and the Approximal Plaque Index (API). Results: The patient group consisted of 20 subjects, 13 females and 7 males, with an average age of 23.85 years, ranging from 20 to 29. 75% of the subjects were from urban areas, and 60% had a medium socioeconomic level. Conclusion Within the limits of this study, we can affirm that both methods effectively removed bacterial plaque, but the Philips Sonicare toothbrush demonstrated higher efficiency.