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20 results on '"Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873]"'

1. Genetic Diversity of Lecanosticta acicola in Pinus Ecosystems in Northern Spain

Author

CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Eusko Jaurlaritza, University of Pretoria, Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Barnes, Irene [0000-0002-4349-3402], van der Nest, Ariska [0000-0002-0640-0609], Raposo Llobet, María Rosa [0000-0002-4893-6874], Berbegal, Mónica [0000-0002-5773-3104], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Mesanza, Nebai, Barnes, Irene, van der Nest, Ariska, Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, Berbegal, Mónica, Iturritxa, Eugenia, CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Eusko Jaurlaritza, University of Pretoria, Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Barnes, Irene [0000-0002-4349-3402], van der Nest, Ariska [0000-0002-0640-0609], Raposo Llobet, María Rosa [0000-0002-4893-6874], Berbegal, Mónica [0000-0002-5773-3104], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Mesanza, Nebai, Barnes, Irene, van der Nest, Ariska, Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, Berbegal, Mónica, and Iturritxa, Eugenia

Abstract

Lecanosticta acicola is one of the most damaging species affecting Pinus radiata plantations in Spain. Favourable climatic conditions and unknown endogenous factors of the pathogen and host led to a situation of high incidence and severity of the disease in these ecosystems. With the main aim of understanding the factors intrinsic to this pathogenic species, a study of the population structure in new established plantations with respect to older plantations was implemented. The genetic diversity, population structure and the ability of the pathogen to spread was determined in Northern Spain (Basque Country), where two thirds of the total Pinus radiata plantations of Spain are located. From a total of 153 Lecanosticta acicola isolates analysed, two lineages were present; the southern lineage, which was prevalent, and the northern lineage, which was scarce. A total of 22 multilocus genotypes were detected with a balanced composition of both mating types and evidence for sexual reproduction. In addition to the changing environmental conditions enhancing disease expression, the complexity and diversity of the pathogen will make it difficult to control and to maintain the wood productive system fundamentally based on this forest species.

Published
2023

2. Temporal and Spatial Variation in the Population Structure of Spanish Fusarium circinatum Infecting Pine Stands

Author

Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Fariña-Flores, David [0000-0002-5708-1484], Berbegal, Mónica [0000-0002-5773-3104], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Hernandez-Escribano, Laura [0000-0002-0915-9830], Raposo Llobet, María Rosa [0000-0002-4893-6874], Fariña-Flores, David, Berbegal, Mónica, Iturritxa, Eugenia, Hernandez-Escribano, Laura, Aguín, Olga, Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Fariña-Flores, David [0000-0002-5708-1484], Berbegal, Mónica [0000-0002-5773-3104], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Hernandez-Escribano, Laura [0000-0002-0915-9830], Raposo Llobet, María Rosa [0000-0002-4893-6874], Fariña-Flores, David, Berbegal, Mónica, Iturritxa, Eugenia, Hernandez-Escribano, Laura, Aguín, Olga, and Raposo Llobet, María Rosa

Abstract

Fusarium circinatum is an introduced fungal pathogen extended to the northern regions of Spain that causes Pine Pitch Canker (PPC) disease. In this work, we analyzed the pathogen's genetic diversity to study changes over time and space since the first outbreak occurred in Spain. Using six polymorphic SSR markers, 15 MLGs were identified in 66 isolates, and only three haplotypes were found with frequencies higher than one. In general, genotypic diversity was low and decreased shortly over time in the northwestern regions while maintained at País Vasco, where only one haplotype (MLG32) was detected 10 years. This population also included isolates of a single mating type (MAT-2) and VCGs identified in only two groups, while isolates from NW regions were of both mating types and VCGs represented in 11 groups. The existence of haplotype MLG32 maintained on time and widely distributed suggests its good adaptation to the environment and the host. Results showed that the pathogen in País Vasco remains clearly differentiated from other northwestern populations. This fact was supported with no evidence of migration among regions. Results are explained by the asexual reproduction, but also selfing at least to a lesser extent that leads to identification of two new haplotypes.

Published
2023

3. The increasing threat to European forests from the invasive foliar pine pathogen, Lecanosticta acicola

Author

Estonian Science Foundation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Swedish Research Council, Ministry of Regional Affairs and Agriculture (Estonia), Ministry of Education and Science (Bulgaria), Università degli Studi di Firenze, European Commission, Slovenian Research Agency, Federal Office for the Environment (Switzerland), Tubby, K. [0000-0001-6864-4185], Adamčikova, K. [0000-0001-5407-5233], Adamson, K. [0000-0002-8810-8838], Akiba, M. [0000-0003-1412-9596], Barnes, Irene [0000-0002-4349-3402], Boroń, P. [0000-0002-8581-6759], Bragança, H. [0000-0002-7957-5493], Bulgakov, T. [0000-0002-4874-6851], Capretti, P. [0000-0002-1893-9871], Cech, T. [0000-0001-6681-5040], Cleary, M. [0000-0002-0318-5974], Davydenko, K. [0000-0001-6077-8533], Elvira Recuenco, Margarita [0000-0001-6749-3346], Enderle, R. [0000-0002-3436-9581], Georgieva, M. [0000-0003-3165-1992], Ghelardini, L. [0000-0002-3180-4226], Husson, C. [0000-0002-9148-9926], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Markovskaja, S. [0000-0003-3111-6949], Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Ogris, N. [0000-0002-4058-9417], Oskay, F. [0000-0002-8918-5595], Piškur, B. [0000-0002-9914-4930], Queloz, V. [0000-0002-1888-4882], Raitelaitytė, K. [0000-0001-9753-9712], Raposo Llobet, María Rosa [0000-0002-4893-6874], Soukainen, M. [0000-0001-6686-0191], Vahalík, P. [0000-0003-3404-3095], Vester, M. [0000-0003-3596-4873], Mullett, M. [0000-0002-6013-0347], Tubby, K., Adamčikova, K., Adamson, K., Akiba, M., Barnes, Irene, Boroń, P., Bragança, H., Bulgakov, T., Burgdorf, N., Capretti, P., Cech, T., Cleary, M., Davydenko, K., Drenkhan, R., Elvira Recuenco, Margarita, Enderle, R., Gardner, J., Georgieva, M., Ghelardini, L., Husson, C., Iturritxa, Eugenia, Markovskaja, S., Mesanza, Nebai, Ogris, N., Oskay, F., Piškur, B., Queloz, V., Raitelaitytė, K., Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, Soukainen, M., Strasser, Ludwig, Vahalík, P., Vester, M., Mullett, M., Estonian Science Foundation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Swedish Research Council, Ministry of Regional Affairs and Agriculture (Estonia), Ministry of Education and Science (Bulgaria), Università degli Studi di Firenze, European Commission, Slovenian Research Agency, Federal Office for the Environment (Switzerland), Tubby, K. [0000-0001-6864-4185], Adamčikova, K. [0000-0001-5407-5233], Adamson, K. [0000-0002-8810-8838], Akiba, M. [0000-0003-1412-9596], Barnes, Irene [0000-0002-4349-3402], Boroń, P. [0000-0002-8581-6759], Bragança, H. [0000-0002-7957-5493], Bulgakov, T. [0000-0002-4874-6851], Capretti, P. [0000-0002-1893-9871], Cech, T. [0000-0001-6681-5040], Cleary, M. [0000-0002-0318-5974], Davydenko, K. [0000-0001-6077-8533], Elvira Recuenco, Margarita [0000-0001-6749-3346], Enderle, R. [0000-0002-3436-9581], Georgieva, M. [0000-0003-3165-1992], Ghelardini, L. [0000-0002-3180-4226], Husson, C. [0000-0002-9148-9926], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Markovskaja, S. [0000-0003-3111-6949], Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Ogris, N. [0000-0002-4058-9417], Oskay, F. [0000-0002-8918-5595], Piškur, B. [0000-0002-9914-4930], Queloz, V. [0000-0002-1888-4882], Raitelaitytė, K. [0000-0001-9753-9712], Raposo Llobet, María Rosa [0000-0002-4893-6874], Soukainen, M. [0000-0001-6686-0191], Vahalík, P. [0000-0003-3404-3095], Vester, M. [0000-0003-3596-4873], Mullett, M. [0000-0002-6013-0347], Tubby, K., Adamčikova, K., Adamson, K., Akiba, M., Barnes, Irene, Boroń, P., Bragança, H., Bulgakov, T., Burgdorf, N., Capretti, P., Cech, T., Cleary, M., Davydenko, K., Drenkhan, R., Elvira Recuenco, Margarita, Enderle, R., Gardner, J., Georgieva, M., Ghelardini, L., Husson, C., Iturritxa, Eugenia, Markovskaja, S., Mesanza, Nebai, Ogris, N., Oskay, F., Piškur, B., Queloz, V., Raitelaitytė, K., Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, Soukainen, M., Strasser, Ludwig, Vahalík, P., Vester, M., and Mullett, M.

Abstract

European forests are threatened by increasing numbers of invasive pests and pathogens. Over the past century, Lecanosticta acicola, a foliar pathogen predominantly of Pinus spp., has expanded its range globally, and is increasing in impact. Lecanosticta acicola causes brown spot needle blight, resulting in premature defoliation, reduced growth, and mortality in some hosts. Originating from southern regions of North American, it devastated forests in the USA's southern states in the early twentieth century, and in 1942 was discovered in Spain. Derived from Euphresco project 'Brownspotrisk,' this study aimed to establish the current distribution of Lecanosticta species, and assess the risks of L. acicola to European forests. Pathogen reports from the literature, and new/ unpublished survey data were combined into an open-access geo-database (http://www.portalofforestpathology.com), and used to visualise the pathogen's range, infer its climatic tolerance, and update its host range. Lecanosticta species have now been recorded in 44 countries, mostly in the northern hemisphere. The type species, L. acicola, has increased its range in recent years, and is present in 24 out of the 26 European countries where data were available. Other species of Lecanosticta are largely restricted to Mexico and Central America, and recently Colombia. The geo-database records demonstrate that L. acicola tolerates a wide range of climates across the northern hemisphere, and indicate its potential to colonise Pinus spp. forests across large swathes of the Europe. Preliminary analyses suggest L. acicola could affect 62% of global Pinus species area by the end of this century, under climate change predictions. Although its host range appears slightly narrower than the similar Dothistroma species, Lecanosticta species were recorded on 70 host taxa, mostly Pinus spp., but including, Cedrus and Picea spp. Twenty-three, including species of critical ecological, environmental and economic significan

Published
2023

4. First Report of Mycosphaerella dearnessii, Teleomorph of Lecanosticta acicola, in Europe

Author

Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (España), Eusko Jaurlaritza, Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Hernandez, Monica [0000-0002-8764-1198], Raposo Llobet, María Rosa [0000-0002-4893-6874], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Mesanza, Nebai, Hernandez, Monica, Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, Iturritxa, Eugenia, Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (España), Eusko Jaurlaritza, Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Hernandez, Monica [0000-0002-8764-1198], Raposo Llobet, María Rosa [0000-0002-4893-6874], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Mesanza, Nebai, Hernandez, Monica, Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, and Iturritxa, Eugenia

Published
2021

5. Influence of Temperature and Moisture Duration on Pathogenic Life History Traits of Predominant Haplotypes of Fusarium circinatum on Pinus spp. in Spain

Author

Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Elvira Recuenco, Margarita [0000-0001-6749-3346], Pando, Valentín [0000-0002-1665-2412], Berbegal, Mónica [0000-0002-5773-3104], Manzano Muñoz, Aranzazu [0000-0002-0150-0803], Raposo, Rosa [0000-0002-4893-6874], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Elvira Recuenco, Margarita, Pando, Valentín, Berbegal, Mónica, Manzano Muñoz, Aranzazu, Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, Iturritxa, Eugenia, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Elvira Recuenco, Margarita [0000-0001-6749-3346], Pando, Valentín [0000-0002-1665-2412], Berbegal, Mónica [0000-0002-5773-3104], Manzano Muñoz, Aranzazu [0000-0002-0150-0803], Raposo, Rosa [0000-0002-4893-6874], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Elvira Recuenco, Margarita, Pando, Valentín, Berbegal, Mónica, Manzano Muñoz, Aranzazu, Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, and Iturritxa, Eugenia

Abstract

Pathogen life history traits influence epidemic development and pathogen adaptive ability to interact with their hosts in different environments. Reduced traits variation may compromise pathogen evolutionary potential, which is particularly important for introduced pathogens. Fusarium circinatum (cause of pine pitch canker) is an invasive fungal pathogen in Europe, with current distribution restricted to forest stands of Pinus radiata and Pinus pinaster in northern Spain and Portugal. This study aimed to quantify pathogenic traits of Spanish isolates of F. circinatum, with two of the strains representing the two dominant haplotypes in the Spanish population. Disease severity was measured on P. radiata, analyzing the influence of temperature and moisture duration on infection as well as the influence of temperature on spore germination, sporulation, and mycelial growth. Results indicated that the isolate representing the most common haplotype caused more severe disease on P. radiata at 25 and 30°C compared with the second most common haplotype but caused less severe disease at 15°C. Spore germination was higher for the most common haplotype, which produced more spores at 20 and 25°C. The isolate showed hyphal melanization at 5°C, which has been associated with survival and may be important because no resting structures have been described for F. circinatum. Our study determined that longer moisture periods during infection result in more severe disease from 7 to 24 h, regardless of the isolate virulence. This is the first study on virulence of the most abundant haplotypes of F. circinatum in Spain as affected by temperatures and moisture.

Published
2021

6. Comparison of Diplodia Tip Blight Pathogens in Spanish and North American Pine Ecosystems

Author

CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Eusko Jaurlaritza, US Forest Service, Manzanos, Tania [0000-0001-9909-4067], Stanosz, Glen [0000-0002-5893-2252], Munck, Isabel A [0000-0001-6889-9196], Raposo Llobet, María Rosa [0000-0002-4893-6874], Elvira Recuenco, Margarita [0000-0001-6749-3346], Berbegal, Mónica [0000-0002-5773-3104], Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Wyka, Stephen [0000-0003-4884-7641], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Aragonés, Ana, Manzanos, Tania, Stanosz, Glen, Munck, Isabel A, Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, Elvira Recuenco, Margarita, Berbegal, Mónica, Mesanza, Nebai, Smith, Denise R, Simmons, Michael, Wyka, Stephen, Iturritxa, Eugenia, CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Eusko Jaurlaritza, US Forest Service, Manzanos, Tania [0000-0001-9909-4067], Stanosz, Glen [0000-0002-5893-2252], Munck, Isabel A [0000-0001-6889-9196], Raposo Llobet, María Rosa [0000-0002-4893-6874], Elvira Recuenco, Margarita [0000-0001-6749-3346], Berbegal, Mónica [0000-0002-5773-3104], Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Wyka, Stephen [0000-0003-4884-7641], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Aragonés, Ana, Manzanos, Tania, Stanosz, Glen, Munck, Isabel A, Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, Elvira Recuenco, Margarita, Berbegal, Mónica, Mesanza, Nebai, Smith, Denise R, Simmons, Michael, Wyka, Stephen, and Iturritxa, Eugenia

Abstract

Diplodia tip blight is the most ubiquitous and abundant disease in Spanish Pinus radiata plantations. The economic losses in forest stands can be very severe because of its abundance in cones and seeds together with the low genetic diversity of the host. Pinus resinosa is not genetically diverse in North America either, and Diplodia shoot blight is a common disease. Disease control may require management designs to be adapted for each region. The genetic diversity of the pathogen could be an indicator of its virulence and spreading capacity. Our objective was to understand the diversity of Diplodia spp. in Spanish plantations and to compare it with the structure of American populations to collaborate in future management guidelines. Genotypic diversity was investigated using microsatellite markers. Eight loci (SS9-SS16) were polymorphic for the 322 isolates genotyped. The results indicate that Diplodia sapinea is the most frequent Diplodia species present in plantations of the north of Spain and has high genetic diversity. The higher genetic diversity recorded in Spain in comparison to previous studies could be influenced by the intensity of the sampling and the evidence about the remarkable influence of the sample type.

Published
2021

7. Global geographic distribution and host range of fusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pine pitch canker

Author

European Commission, Estonian Science Foundation, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Scottish Government, Office fédéral de l'environnement (Suisse), Martín-García, Jorge [0000-0002-3057-3710], Vahalík, P. [0000-0003-3404-3095], Adamson, K. [0000-0002-8810-8838], Adamčikova, K. [0000-0001-5407-5233], Ahumada, Rodrigo [0000-0002-2397-2721], Blank, Lior [0000-0002-8753-0113], Bragança, H. [0000-0002-7957-5493], Capretti, P. [0000-0002-1893-9871], Cleary, M. [0000-0002-0318-5974], Cornejo, Carolina [0000-0003-3259-6198], Davydenko, K. [0000-0001-6077-8533], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Doǧmuş-Lehtijärvi, Hatice T. [0000-0002-1050-8823], Dvorák, Milon [0000-0002-4390-4718], Enderle, R. [0000-0002-3436-9581], Fourie, Gerda [0000-0003-2650-5448], Georgieva, M. [0000-0003-3165-1992], Ghelardini, L. [0000-0002-3180-4226], Hantula, Jarkko [0000-0002-1016-0636], Ioos, Renaud [0000-0001-9359-5098], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Kanetis, Loukas [0000-0002-1869-558X], Karpun, Natalia N. [0000-0002-7696-3618], Koltay, András [0000-0001-6865-2601], Markovskaja, S. [0000-0003-3111-6949], Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Milenkovic, Ivan [0000-0003-2792-0221], Musolin, Dmitry L. [0000-0002-3913-3674], Nowakowska, Justyna A. [0000-0001-5863-053X], Ogris, N. [0000-0002-4058-9417], Oskay, F. [0000-0002-8918-5595], Oszako, Tomasz [0000-0003-4688-2582], Papazova-Anakieva, Irena [0000-0002-7260-4685], Paraschiv, Marius [0000-0001-6916-8600], Pasquali, Matias [0000-0002-9102-2066], Pecori, Francesco [0000-0002-6577-7190], Rafoss, Trond [0000-0002-8489-4771], Raitelaitytė, K. [0000-0001-9753-9712], Raposo Llobet, María Rosa [0000-0002-4893-6874], Robin, Cecile [0000-0002-8145-245X], Rodas, Carlos A. [0000-0002-8895-8883], Sanz-Ros, Antonio V. [0000-0002-4791-8308], Selikhovkin, Andrey V. [0000-0003-4227-9647], Solla, A. [0000-0002-2596-1612], Soukainen, M. [0000-0001-6686-0191], Soulioti, Nikoleta [0000-0001-5011-0863], Steenkamp, Emma T. [0000-0003-0217-8219], Tsopelas, Panaghiotis [0000-0002-7853-4534], Vemic, Aleksandar [0000-0001-9195-8967], Vettraino, A. M. [0000-0003-0797-3297], Wingfield, Michael J. [0000-0001-9346-2009], Woodward, Stephen [0000-0002-6627-7702], Zamora-Ballesteros, Cristina [0000-0002-9728-5553], Mullett, M. [0000-0002-6013-0347], Drenkhan, R., Ganley, Beccy, Martín-García, Jorge, Vahalík, P., Adamson, K., Adamčikova, K., Ahumada, Rodrigo, Blank, Lior, Bragança, H., Capretti, P., Cleary, M., Cornejo, Carolina, Davydenko, K., Díez, Julio Javier, Doǧmuş-Lehtijärvi, Hatice T., Dvorák, Milon, Enderle, R., Fourie, Gerda, Georgieva, M., Ghelardini, L., Hantula, Jarkko, Ioos, Renaud, Iturritxa, Eugenia, Kanetis, Loukas, Karpun, Natalia N., Koltay, András, Landeras, Elena, Markovskaja, S., Mesanza, Nebai, Milenkovic, Ivan, Musolin, Dmitry L., Nikolaou, Konstantinos, Nowakowska, Justyna A., Ogris, N., Oskay, F., Oszako, Tomasz, Papazova-Anakieva, Irena, Paraschiv, Marius, Pasquali, Matias, Pecori, Francesco, Rafoss, Trond, Raitelaitytė, K., Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, Robin, Cecile, Rodas, Carlos A., Santini, Alberto, Sanz-Ros, Antonio V., Selikhovkin, Andrey V., Solla, A., Soukainen, M., Soulioti, Nikoleta, Steenkamp, Emma T., Tsopelas, Panaghiotis, Vemic, Aleksandar, Vettraino, A. M., Wingfield, Michael J., Woodward, Stephen, Zamora-Ballesteros, Cristina, Mullett, M., European Commission, Estonian Science Foundation, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Scottish Government, Office fédéral de l'environnement (Suisse), Martín-García, Jorge [0000-0002-3057-3710], Vahalík, P. [0000-0003-3404-3095], Adamson, K. [0000-0002-8810-8838], Adamčikova, K. [0000-0001-5407-5233], Ahumada, Rodrigo [0000-0002-2397-2721], Blank, Lior [0000-0002-8753-0113], Bragança, H. [0000-0002-7957-5493], Capretti, P. [0000-0002-1893-9871], Cleary, M. [0000-0002-0318-5974], Cornejo, Carolina [0000-0003-3259-6198], Davydenko, K. [0000-0001-6077-8533], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Doǧmuş-Lehtijärvi, Hatice T. [0000-0002-1050-8823], Dvorák, Milon [0000-0002-4390-4718], Enderle, R. [0000-0002-3436-9581], Fourie, Gerda [0000-0003-2650-5448], Georgieva, M. [0000-0003-3165-1992], Ghelardini, L. [0000-0002-3180-4226], Hantula, Jarkko [0000-0002-1016-0636], Ioos, Renaud [0000-0001-9359-5098], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Kanetis, Loukas [0000-0002-1869-558X], Karpun, Natalia N. [0000-0002-7696-3618], Koltay, András [0000-0001-6865-2601], Markovskaja, S. [0000-0003-3111-6949], Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Milenkovic, Ivan [0000-0003-2792-0221], Musolin, Dmitry L. [0000-0002-3913-3674], Nowakowska, Justyna A. [0000-0001-5863-053X], Ogris, N. [0000-0002-4058-9417], Oskay, F. [0000-0002-8918-5595], Oszako, Tomasz [0000-0003-4688-2582], Papazova-Anakieva, Irena [0000-0002-7260-4685], Paraschiv, Marius [0000-0001-6916-8600], Pasquali, Matias [0000-0002-9102-2066], Pecori, Francesco [0000-0002-6577-7190], Rafoss, Trond [0000-0002-8489-4771], Raitelaitytė, K. [0000-0001-9753-9712], Raposo Llobet, María Rosa [0000-0002-4893-6874], Robin, Cecile [0000-0002-8145-245X], Rodas, Carlos A. [0000-0002-8895-8883], Sanz-Ros, Antonio V. [0000-0002-4791-8308], Selikhovkin, Andrey V. [0000-0003-4227-9647], Solla, A. [0000-0002-2596-1612], Soukainen, M. [0000-0001-6686-0191], Soulioti, Nikoleta [0000-0001-5011-0863], Steenkamp, Emma T. [0000-0003-0217-8219], Tsopelas, Panaghiotis [0000-0002-7853-4534], Vemic, Aleksandar [0000-0001-9195-8967], Vettraino, A. M. [0000-0003-0797-3297], Wingfield, Michael J. [0000-0001-9346-2009], Woodward, Stephen [0000-0002-6627-7702], Zamora-Ballesteros, Cristina [0000-0002-9728-5553], Mullett, M. [0000-0002-6013-0347], Drenkhan, R., Ganley, Beccy, Martín-García, Jorge, Vahalík, P., Adamson, K., Adamčikova, K., Ahumada, Rodrigo, Blank, Lior, Bragança, H., Capretti, P., Cleary, M., Cornejo, Carolina, Davydenko, K., Díez, Julio Javier, Doǧmuş-Lehtijärvi, Hatice T., Dvorák, Milon, Enderle, R., Fourie, Gerda, Georgieva, M., Ghelardini, L., Hantula, Jarkko, Ioos, Renaud, Iturritxa, Eugenia, Kanetis, Loukas, Karpun, Natalia N., Koltay, András, Landeras, Elena, Markovskaja, S., Mesanza, Nebai, Milenkovic, Ivan, Musolin, Dmitry L., Nikolaou, Konstantinos, Nowakowska, Justyna A., Ogris, N., Oskay, F., Oszako, Tomasz, Papazova-Anakieva, Irena, Paraschiv, Marius, Pasquali, Matias, Pecori, Francesco, Rafoss, Trond, Raitelaitytė, K., Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, Robin, Cecile, Rodas, Carlos A., Santini, Alberto, Sanz-Ros, Antonio V., Selikhovkin, Andrey V., Solla, A., Soukainen, M., Soulioti, Nikoleta, Steenkamp, Emma T., Tsopelas, Panaghiotis, Vemic, Aleksandar, Vettraino, A. M., Wingfield, Michael J., Woodward, Stephen, Zamora-Ballesteros, Cristina, and Mullett, M.

Abstract

Fusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pine pitch canker (PPC), is currently one of the most important threats of Pinus spp. globally. This pathogen is known in many pine-growing regions, including natural and planted forests, and can affect all life stages of trees, from emerging seedlings to mature trees. Despite the importance of PPC, the global distribution of F. circinatum is poorly documented, and this problem is also true of the hosts within countries that are affected. The aim of this study was to review the global distribution of F. circinatum, with a particular focus on Europe. We considered (1) the current and historical pathogen records, both positive and negative, based on confirmed reports from Europe and globally; (2) the genetic diversity and population structure of the pathogen; (3) the current distribution of PPC in Europe, comparing published models of predicted disease distribution; and (4) host susceptibility by reviewing literature and generating a comprehensive list of known hosts for the fungus. These data were collated from 41 countries and used to compile a specially constructed geo-database. A review of 6297 observation records showed that F. circinatum and the symptoms it causes on conifers occurred in 14 countries, including four in Europe, and is absent in 28 countries. Field observations and experimental data from 138 host species revealed 106 susceptible host species including 85 Pinus species, 6 non-pine tree species and 15 grass and herb species. Our data confirm that susceptibility to F. circinatum varies between different host species, tree ages and environmental characteristics. Knowledge on the geographic distribution, host range and the relative susceptibility of different hosts is essential for disease management, mitigation and containment strategies. The findings reported in this review will support countries that are currently free of F. circinatum in implementing effective procedures and restrictions and prevent further

Published
2020

8. New hosts for Lecanosticta acicola and Dothistroma septosporum in newly established arboreta in Spain

Author

CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), European Commission, Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Raposo Llobet, María Rosa [0000-0002-4893-6874], Elvira Recuenco, Margarita [0000-0001-6749-3346], Barnes, Irene [0000-0002-4349-3402], van der Nest, Ariska [0000-0002-0640-0609], Hernandez, Monica [0000-0002-8764-1198], Hernandez-Escribano, Laura [0000-0002-0915-9830], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Cantero Amiano, Alejandro [0000-0002-6640-6949], Mesanza, Nebai, Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, Elvira Recuenco, Margarita, Barnes, Irene, van der Nest, Ariska, Hernandez, Monica, Pascual, Mª Teresa, Barrena, Iskander, San Martín, Unai, Cantero Amiano, Alejandro, Hernandez-Escribano, Laura, Iturritxa, Eugenia, CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), European Commission, Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Raposo Llobet, María Rosa [0000-0002-4893-6874], Elvira Recuenco, Margarita [0000-0001-6749-3346], Barnes, Irene [0000-0002-4349-3402], van der Nest, Ariska [0000-0002-0640-0609], Hernandez, Monica [0000-0002-8764-1198], Hernandez-Escribano, Laura [0000-0002-0915-9830], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Cantero Amiano, Alejandro [0000-0002-6640-6949], Mesanza, Nebai, Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, Elvira Recuenco, Margarita, Barnes, Irene, van der Nest, Ariska, Hernandez, Monica, Pascual, Mª Teresa, Barrena, Iskander, San Martín, Unai, Cantero Amiano, Alejandro, Hernandez-Escribano, Laura, and Iturritxa, Eugenia

Abstract

A historical outbreak of needle blight disease was recorded during 2018 to 2019 in plantations of Pinus radiata and Pinus nigra in the North of Spain. The main pathogens involved in this historical outbreak were identified as Lecanosticta acicola and Dothistroma septosporum. Recently, a variety of tree species in three arboreta planted between 2011 and 2013 in the Basque Country as part of the European project REINFFORCE were showing symptoms of needle blight and defoliation. The aim of this study was to determine which pine species were affected with these pathogens. Tree species sampled included several provenances of P. brutia, P. elliottii, P. nigra, P. pinaster, P. pinea, P. ponderosa, P. sylvestris and P. taeda. Using molecular identification methods, Lecanosticta acicola was confirmed infecting Pinus brutia (Provenance: Alexandropolis, Greece and var. eldarica, Crimea) and represents a new host species for this pathogen. Pinus elliottii (Provenance: Georgia, USA) and P. ponderosa (Provenance: Central California, USA) are new host reports of L. acicola for Spain. Dothistroma septosporum was found for the first time on P. brutia (Provenance: Marmaris, Turkey) and P. ponderosa (Provenance: Oregon, USA) in Spain and was also detected infecting P. nigra (Provenance: Sologne Vayrières, France).

Published
2020

9. Potential interactions between invasive Fusarium circinatum and other pine pathogens in Europe

Author

European Commission, Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (Czech Republic), Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Elvira Recuenco, Margarita [0000-0001-6749-3346], Cacciola, Santa Olga [0000-0001-7926-3601], Sanz-Ros, Antonio V. [0000-0002-4791-8308], Garbelotto, Matteo [0000-0001-9737-0128], Aguayo, Jaime [0000-0002-7552-0655], Solla, A. [0000-0002-2596-1612], Mullett, M. [0000-0002-6013-0347], Drenkhan, Tiia [0000-0001-9865-2549], Oskay, F. [0000-0002-8918-5595], Kaya, Ayse Gülden Aday [0000-0002-5631-6026], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Cleary, M. [0000-0002-0318-5974], Witzell, Johanna [0000-0003-1741-443X], Georgieva, M. [0000-0003-3165-1992], Papazova-Anakieva, Irena [0000-0002-7260-4685], Chira, Danut [0000-0002-7402-4975], Paraschiv, Marius [0000-0001-6916-8600], Musolin, Dmitry L. [0000-0002-3913-3674], Selikhovkin, Andrey V. [0000-0003-4227-9647], Varentsova, Elena Yu [0000-0002-4616-2289], Adamčikova, K. [0000-0001-5407-5233], Markovskaja, S. [0000-0003-3111-6949], Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Davydenko, K. [0000-0001-6077-8533], Capretti, P. [0000-0002-1893-9871], Scanu, Bruno [0000-0002-0690-580X], Gonthier, Paolo [0000-0002-7242-8239], Tsopelas, Panaghiotis [0000-0002-7853-4534], Martín-García, Jorge [0000-0002-3057-3710], Morales-Rodríguez, Carmen [0000-0002-2971-2840], Lehtijärvi, Asko [0000-0002-0367-0849], Lehtijärvi, H. Tugba Dogmus [0000-0002-1050-8823], Oszako, Tomasz [0000-0003-4688-2582], Nowakowska, Justyna A. [0000-0001-5863-053X], Bragança, H. [0000-0002-7957-5493], Fernández-Fernández, Mercedes M. [0000-0002-1646-5027], Hantula, Jarkko [0000-0002-1016-0636], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Elvira Recuenco, Margarita, Cacciola, Santa Olga, Sanz-Ros, Antonio V., Garbelotto, Matteo, Aguayo, Jaime, Solla, A., Mullett, M., Drenkhan, Tiia, Oskay, F., Kaya, Ayse Gülden Aday, Iturritxa, Eugenia, Cleary, M., Witzell, Johanna, Georgieva, M., Papazova-Anakieva, Irena, Chira, Danut, Paraschiv, Marius, Musolin, Dmitry L., Selikhovkin, Andrey V., Varentsova, Elena Yu, Adamčikova, K., Markovskaja, S., Mesanza, Nebai, Davydenko, K., Capretti, P., Scanu, Bruno, Gonthier, Paolo, Tsopelas, Panaghiotis, Martín-García, Jorge, Morales-Rodríguez, Carmen, Lehtijärvi, Asko, Lehtijärvi, H. Tugba Dogmus, Oszako, Tomasz, Nowakowska, Justyna A., Bragança, H., Fernández-Fernández, Mercedes M., Hantula, Jarkko, Díez, Julio Javier, European Commission, Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (Czech Republic), Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Elvira Recuenco, Margarita [0000-0001-6749-3346], Cacciola, Santa Olga [0000-0001-7926-3601], Sanz-Ros, Antonio V. [0000-0002-4791-8308], Garbelotto, Matteo [0000-0001-9737-0128], Aguayo, Jaime [0000-0002-7552-0655], Solla, A. [0000-0002-2596-1612], Mullett, M. [0000-0002-6013-0347], Drenkhan, Tiia [0000-0001-9865-2549], Oskay, F. [0000-0002-8918-5595], Kaya, Ayse Gülden Aday [0000-0002-5631-6026], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Cleary, M. [0000-0002-0318-5974], Witzell, Johanna [0000-0003-1741-443X], Georgieva, M. [0000-0003-3165-1992], Papazova-Anakieva, Irena [0000-0002-7260-4685], Chira, Danut [0000-0002-7402-4975], Paraschiv, Marius [0000-0001-6916-8600], Musolin, Dmitry L. [0000-0002-3913-3674], Selikhovkin, Andrey V. [0000-0003-4227-9647], Varentsova, Elena Yu [0000-0002-4616-2289], Adamčikova, K. [0000-0001-5407-5233], Markovskaja, S. [0000-0003-3111-6949], Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Davydenko, K. [0000-0001-6077-8533], Capretti, P. [0000-0002-1893-9871], Scanu, Bruno [0000-0002-0690-580X], Gonthier, Paolo [0000-0002-7242-8239], Tsopelas, Panaghiotis [0000-0002-7853-4534], Martín-García, Jorge [0000-0002-3057-3710], Morales-Rodríguez, Carmen [0000-0002-2971-2840], Lehtijärvi, Asko [0000-0002-0367-0849], Lehtijärvi, H. Tugba Dogmus [0000-0002-1050-8823], Oszako, Tomasz [0000-0003-4688-2582], Nowakowska, Justyna A. [0000-0001-5863-053X], Bragança, H. [0000-0002-7957-5493], Fernández-Fernández, Mercedes M. [0000-0002-1646-5027], Hantula, Jarkko [0000-0002-1016-0636], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Elvira Recuenco, Margarita, Cacciola, Santa Olga, Sanz-Ros, Antonio V., Garbelotto, Matteo, Aguayo, Jaime, Solla, A., Mullett, M., Drenkhan, Tiia, Oskay, F., Kaya, Ayse Gülden Aday, Iturritxa, Eugenia, Cleary, M., Witzell, Johanna, Georgieva, M., Papazova-Anakieva, Irena, Chira, Danut, Paraschiv, Marius, Musolin, Dmitry L., Selikhovkin, Andrey V., Varentsova, Elena Yu, Adamčikova, K., Markovskaja, S., Mesanza, Nebai, Davydenko, K., Capretti, P., Scanu, Bruno, Gonthier, Paolo, Tsopelas, Panaghiotis, Martín-García, Jorge, Morales-Rodríguez, Carmen, Lehtijärvi, Asko, Lehtijärvi, H. Tugba Dogmus, Oszako, Tomasz, Nowakowska, Justyna A., Bragança, H., Fernández-Fernández, Mercedes M., Hantula, Jarkko, and Díez, Julio Javier

Abstract

Pines are major components of native forests and plantations in Europe, where they have both economic significance and an important ecological role. Diseases of pines are mainly caused by fungal and oomycete pathogens, and can significantly reduce the survival, vigor, and yield of both individual trees and entire stands or plantations. Pine pitch canker (PPC), caused by Fusarium circinatum (Nirenberg and O'Donnell), is among the most devastating pine diseases in the world, and is an example of an emergent invasive disease in Europe. The effects of microbial interactions on plant health, as well as the possible roles plant microbiomes may have in disease expression, have been the focus of several recent studies. Here, we describe the possible effects of co-infection with pathogenic fungi and oomycetes with F. circinatum on the health of pine seedlings and mature plants, in an attempt to expand our understanding of the role that biotic interactions may play in the future of PPC disease in European nurseries and forests. The available information on pine pathogens that are able to co-occur with F. circinatum in Europe is here reviewed and interpreted to theoretically predict the effects of such co-occurrences on pine survival, growth, and yield. Beside the awareness that F. circinatum may co-occurr on pines with other pathogens, an additional outcome from this review is an updating of the literature, including the so-called grey literature, to document the geographical distribution of the relevant pathogens and to facilitate differential diagnoses, particularly in nurseries, where some of them may cause symptoms similar to those induced by F. circinatum. An early and accurate diagnosis of F. circinatum, a pathogen that has been recently introduced and that is currently regulated in Europe, is essential to prevent its introduction and spread in plantings and forests.

Published
2020

10. The transcriptome of Pinus pinaster under Fusarium circinatum challenge

Author

Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), University of Pretoria, Technology Innovation Agency (South Africa), National Research Foundation (South Africa), Hernandez-Escribano, Laura [0000-0002-0915-9830], Visser, Erik A. [0000-0002-4887-460X], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Raposo Llobet, María Rosa [0000-0002-4893-6874], Naidoo, Sanushka [0000-0001-5620-5599], Hernandez-Escribano, Laura, Visser, Erik A., Iturritxa, Eugenia, Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, Naidoo, Sanushka, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), University of Pretoria, Technology Innovation Agency (South Africa), National Research Foundation (South Africa), Hernandez-Escribano, Laura [0000-0002-0915-9830], Visser, Erik A. [0000-0002-4887-460X], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Raposo Llobet, María Rosa [0000-0002-4893-6874], Naidoo, Sanushka [0000-0001-5620-5599], Hernandez-Escribano, Laura, Visser, Erik A., Iturritxa, Eugenia, Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, and Naidoo, Sanushka

Abstract

Fusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pitch canker disease, poses a serious threat to several Pinus species affecting plantations and nurseries. Although Pinus pinaster has shown moderate resistance to F. circinatum, the molecular mechanisms of defense in this host are still unknown. Phytohormones produced by the plant and by the pathogen are known to play a crucial role in determining the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the role of phytohormones in F. circinatum virulence, that compromise host resistance.

Published
2020

11. Herbaceous plants in the understory of a pitch canker-affected Pinus radiata plantation are endophytically infected with Fusarium circinatum

Author

Hernandez-Escribano, Laura [0000-0002-0915-9830], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Hernandez-Escribano, Laura, Iturritxa, Eugenia, Elvira Recuenco, Margarita, Berbegal, Mónica, Campos, Júan A., Renobales, Gustavo, García, Israel, Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, Hernandez-Escribano, Laura [0000-0002-0915-9830], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Hernandez-Escribano, Laura, Iturritxa, Eugenia, Elvira Recuenco, Margarita, Berbegal, Mónica, Campos, Júan A., Renobales, Gustavo, García, Israel, and Raposo Llobet, María Rosa

Abstract

Fusarium circinatum was recently detected as an endophyte in grasses causing no apparent damage. Our goal was to describe the endophytic colonization of herbaceous host plants growing in a plantation of Pinus radiata with symptoms of pitch canker disease, which may act as a reservoir of inoculum. We detected the fungus in five species of dicot families (Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae), in addition to two species in the Poaceae. The fungus was found in the aerial part of non-symptomatic hosts, so we describe F. circinatum as an endophyte that is mainly transmitted by spores through the air. It was also detected in Hypochaeris radicata seeds, suggesting the potential occurrence of vertical transmission. An analysis of microsatellite markers showed a unique haplotype regardless of whether the isolates' origin was pine cankers or non-symptomatic herbaceous plants. Thus, the same genotype can adopt a pathogenic or endophytic lifestyle. We conclude that non-symptomatic plants can act as reservoirs of inoculum; pine seedlings can be infected from senescent tissue of non-symptomatic hosts colonized by the fungus.

Published
2018

12. Root infection of canker pathogens, Fusarium circinatum and Diplodia sapinea, in asymptomatic trees in Pinus radiata and Pinus pinaster plantations

Author

Hernandez-Escribano, Laura [0000-0002-0915-9830], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Hernandez-Escribano, Laura, Iturritxa, Eugenia, Aragonés, Ana, Mesanza, Nebai, Berbegal, Mónica, Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, Elvira Recuenco, Margarita, Hernandez-Escribano, Laura [0000-0002-0915-9830], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Hernandez-Escribano, Laura, Iturritxa, Eugenia, Aragonés, Ana, Mesanza, Nebai, Berbegal, Mónica, Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, and Elvira Recuenco, Margarita

Abstract

The existence of a latent stage within host tissue of the pine pathogens Fusarium circinatum and Diplodia sapinea, the causal agents of pitch canker and shoot blight disease respectively, has previously been cited. However, studies on this cryptic phase in each disease lifecycle has only been focused on the host aerial parts but not on the roots. Therefore, our objective was to analyze the presence of both pathogens in roots of non-symptomatic mature trees in plantations where the pathogens are known to be causing canker symptoms. For that, we sampled roots from ten non-symptomatic and ten symptomatic trees in three Pinus radiata and one Pinus pinaster plantations in Basque Country, Spain. Both pathogens were isolated from roots of non-symptomatic trees in a higher frequency than from roots of symptomatic trees, 23.3% and 6.6% respectively for D. sapinea and 16.6% and 3.3% respectively for F. circinatum. Neither pathogens was detected in the P. pinaster plantation. The two pathogens were never isolated from the same tree. A high molecular variability was observed for D. sapinea isolates with six different haplotypes and two mating types for the eleven characterized isolates, but only one haplotype and mating type was found for F. circinatum, with all isolates of both fungi being proved pathogenic. These results evidence the importance root infection may have in the disease lifecycle and, therefore, disease management.

Published
2018

13. Emerging needle blight diseases in atlantic pinus ecosystems of Spain

Author

Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Ortíz de Urbina, E., Mesanza, Nebai, Aragonés, Ana, Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, Elvira Recuenco, Margarita, Boqué, R., Patten, C. L., Aitken, Jenny, Iturritxa, Eugenia, Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Ortíz de Urbina, E., Mesanza, Nebai, Aragonés, Ana, Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, Elvira Recuenco, Margarita, Boqué, R., Patten, C. L., Aitken, Jenny, and Iturritxa, Eugenia

Abstract

Red band needle blight caused by Dothistroma septosporum and D. pini, and brown spot needle blight caused by Lecanosticta acicola provoke severe and premature defoliation in Pinus, and subsequent reduction of photosynthetic surfaces, vitality, and growth in young and adult trees. The recurrent damage results in branch and tree death. Until recently, pine needle blight diseases have had only minor impacts on native and exotic forest trees in the North of Spain, but in the past five years, these pathogen species have spread widely and caused severe defoliation and mortality in exotic and native plantations of Pinus in locations where they were not detected before. In an attempt to understand the main causes of this outbreak and to define the effectiveness of owners' management strategies, four research actions were implemented a survey of the management activities implemented by the owners to reduce disease impact, the evaluation of specific symptoms and damage associated with infection, and the identification of the causative pathogenic species and their reproductive capacity. Morphological characteristics of the fungus and molecular identification were consistent with those of Lecanosticta acicola and Dothistroma spp.;D. septosporum, D. Pini, and both mating types were present for the three identified pathogens. The local silvicultural management performed, mainly pruning and thinning, was not resulting in the expected improvement. The results of this study can be applied to establish guidelines for monitoring and controlling the spread of needle blight pathogens. © 2017 by the authors.

Published
2017

14. Biocontrol of Fusarium circinatum infection of young Pinus radiata trees

Author

Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Iturritxa, Eugenia, Trask, T., Mesanza, Nebai, Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, Elvira Recuenco, Margarita, Patten, C. L., Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Iturritxa, Eugenia, Trask, T., Mesanza, Nebai, Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, Elvira Recuenco, Margarita, and Patten, C. L.

Abstract

Pitch canker, caused by the fungus Fusarium circinatum, is a major disease of Pinus radiata currently controlled to some extent in nurseries by good hygiene and application of synthetic fungicides. The aim of this study was to evaluate alternative strategies to control fungal infections in nurseries and young pine plantations. The antagonistic effects of biocontrol bacteria and essential oils against F. circinatum in vitro and in young P. radiata trees were assessed. Pseudomonas fluorescens, Erwinia billingiae, and Bacillus simplex reduced the growth of the fungus in vitro by 17%–29%, and decreased the density of the mycelial mat. In young P. radiata trees, the length of F. circinatum lesions was reduced by 22%–25% by the same bacterial strains. Direct application of cinnamon and/or clove essential oils to wounds in stems of two-year-old P. radiata trees also limited the damage caused by F. circinatum. Lesion length was reduced by 51% following treatment with cinnamon oil (10% v/v), and by 45% following treatment with clove oil (15% v/v) or a combination of both oils. However, the oils were toxic to younger trees. The biocontrol bacteria and essential oils show promise as prophylactic treatments to reduce the devastating effects of F. circinatum on P. radiata.

Published
2017

15. Survival of Fusarium circinatum in soil and Pinus radiata needle and branch segments

Author

Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Serrano, Yolanda, Iturritxa, Eugenia, Elvira Recuenco, Margarita, Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Serrano, Yolanda, Iturritxa, Eugenia, Elvira Recuenco, Margarita, and Raposo Llobet, María Rosa

Abstract

Survival of Fusarium circinatum in colonized pine needles and wood pieces was measured. Naturally colonized branches and their needles were cut into small pieces and placed in mesh bags on the soil surface at two locations in northern Spain. Pieces were recovered periodically, cultured on a selective medium, and microscopically examined to identify the species. After 507 days, F. circinatum was recovered from 0 to 27% of the wood pieces and from none of the needles. After 858 days, F. circinatum was not recovered from any wood pieces but was found to be present on 1 out of 220 needle pieces analysed. Artificially infested pieces of wood and needles were placed on 5-mm sieved soil either in plastic boxes at controlled temperature or in mesh bags under field conditions. No survival was recorded after 794 days under field conditions and the decline over time occurred more rapidly in inoculated pieces under field condi_x0002_tions. Soil was also infested with conidia of F. circinatum and survival was estimated. No conidia were recovered after 224 days at 30 °C, although at 20 and 5 °C the respective populations were 20 and 3700 cfu/g soil. Fusarium circina_x0002_tum was not recovered from 2-mm-sieved soil collected under pitch canker-infected pines. Results indicate that branch segments and needles naturally colonized by F. circinatum will not be a potential source of inoculum, and the fungus in soil is not likely to contribute to reinfection of new plantations after 2 years.

Published
2017

16. Impact of seed transmission on the infection and development of pitch canker disease in Pinus radiata

Author

Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Evira-Recuenco, M., Iturritxa, Eugenia, Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Evira-Recuenco, M., Iturritxa, Eugenia, and Raposo Llobet, María Rosa

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of seed inoculum on subsequent disease development in nurseries, specifically studying incidence of seed infection, transmission rate of seed to seedlings, and rate of disease development from the primary inoculum source. Transmission rate of Fusarium circinatum (F. circinatum) from symptomatic trees of Pinus radiata (P. radiata) to seed was 0.73%, being the fungus mainly on the coat. Seed infection incidence was positively correlated with tree disease severity. Seeds also become contaminated with F. circinatum during storage, where high relative humidity had a great effect regardless of temperature. Transmission rates from seeds to symptomatic seedlings measured at 48 days after seed inoculation with 104 and 106 was 28% and 80%, respectively. Seedlings showed symptoms of wilting and dieback, and eventually died within the total duration of this study (475 days). By this time, there were two remaining symptomless seedlings (1% of the total). F. circinatum was recovered from each of them, demonstrating its persistence in seedlings. Fungus populations in roots were estimated between 105 and 107 cfu/g in symptomatic plants for both inoculum doses and up to 104 cfu/g in asymptomatic plants. Disease infection rate was similar in post-emergence damping-off (up two months growing) and for established seedlings (up to eight months) after seeds were inoculated with 104 spores/mL. © 2015 by the authors.

Published
2015

17. Adaptive potential of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) populations to the emerging pitch canker pathogen, Fusarium circinatum

Author

Majada, Juan [0000-0003-0009-4847], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Elvira Recuenco, Margarita, Iturritxa, Eugenia, Majada, Juan, Alía Miranda, Ricardo, Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, Majada, Juan [0000-0003-0009-4847], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Elvira Recuenco, Margarita, Iturritxa, Eugenia, Majada, Juan, Alía Miranda, Ricardo, and Raposo Llobet, María Rosa

Abstract

There is a concern on how emerging pests and diseases will affect the distribution range and adaptability of their host species, especially due to different conditions derived from climate change and growing globalization. Fusarium circinatum, which causes pitch canker disease in Pinus species, is an exotic pathogen of recent introduction in Spain that threatens its maritime pine (P. pinaster) stands. To predict the impact this disease will have on the species, we examine host resistance traits and their genetic architecture. Resistance phenotyping was done in a clonal provenance/progeny trial, using three-year-old cuttings artificially inoculated with the pathogen and maintained under controlled environmental conditions. A total number of 670 ramets were assessed, distributed in 10 populations, with a total of 47 families, 2 to 5 half-sibs per family, and 3-7 ramets per clone. High genetic variation was found at the three hierarchical levels studied population, family and clone, being both additive and non-additive effects important. Narrow-sense and broad-sense heritability estimates were relatively high, with respective values of 0.43-0.58 and 0.51-0.8, depending on the resistance traits measured (lesion length, lesion length rate, time to wilting, and survival). These values suggest the species' high capacity of evolutionary response to the F. circinatum pathogen. A population originated in Northern Spain was the most resistant, while another from Morocco was the most susceptible. The total number of plants that did not show lesion development or presented a small lesion (length,30 mm) was 224 out of 670, indicating a high proportion of resistant trees in the offspring within the analyzed populations. We found large differences among populations and considerable genetic variation within populations, which should allow, through natural or artificial selection, the successful adaptation of maritime pine to pitch canker disease. © 2014 Elvira-Recuenco et al.

Published
2014

18. Resistance levels of Spanish conifers against Fusarium circinatum and Diplodia pinea

Author

Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Iturritxa, Eugenia, Ganley, R. J., Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, García-Serna, I., Mesanza, Nebai, Kirkpatrick, S. C., Gordon, T. R., Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Iturritxa, Eugenia, Ganley, R. J., Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, García-Serna, I., Mesanza, Nebai, Kirkpatrick, S. C., and Gordon, T. R.

Abstract

Pitch canker, caused by Fusarium circinatum, and Diplodia shoot blight, caused by Diplodia pinea, are both damaging to pines (Pinus spp.) grown in plantations throughout the world, including Spain. To assess the potential for interspecific differences in susceptibility to contribute to the management of pitch canker and Diplodia shoot blight in the Atlantic region of Spain, the present study was undertaken to characterize the susceptibility of six pine species (P. sylvestris, P. nigra, P. pinaster, P. radiata, P. halepensis and P. pinea) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) to F. circinatum and D. pinea. Based on inoculations of 2-year-old trees, Ps. menziesii, P. pinea and P. nigra were the most resistant to F. circinatum, with lesion lengths ranging from 3.7 to 21.5 mm, 2.2 to 12.6 mm and 2.8 to 30.9 mm, respectively. At the other extreme, Pinus radiata was the most susceptible, sustaining lesions that ranged from 8.5 to 74.8 mm in length. Pinus sylvestris, P. pinaster and P. halepensis showed an intermediate response to F. circinatum. Broadly similar results were observed in inoculations with D. pinea, with Ps. menziesii being relatively resistant and P. radiata being highly susceptible. Consistent with these results, field surveys revealed no pitch canker in stands of Ps. menziesii and low severity of Diplodia shoot blight, whereas P. radiata was severely affected by both diseases. Our findings suggest that selection of appropriate species can greatly reduce the risk of damage from two important canker diseases affecting pine plantations in the Atlantic region of Spain. Furthermore, intraspecific variation in susceptibility implies that selection may allow for the enhancement of resistance in otherwise susceptible species. © 2013 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

Published
2013

19. Evaluation of genetic resistance in Pinus to pitch canker in Spain

Author

Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Iturritxa, Eugenia, Mesanza, Nebai, Elvira Recuenco, Margarita, Serrano, Yolanda, Quintana, E., Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Iturritxa, Eugenia, Mesanza, Nebai, Elvira Recuenco, Margarita, Serrano, Yolanda, Quintana, E., and Raposo Llobet, María Rosa

Abstract

Pitch canker is a disease that affects pines in many countries throughout the world. Fusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pitch canker, has recently been reported in Europe, where it is regulated as a quarantine pest. This pathogen represents a substantial threat to natural Pinus forests and plantations. To date, two mating types of F. circinatum have been described, both of which are present in Spain. To assess the potential risk of F. circinatum to Pinus in Spain, the main conifer species grown in Spain, namely Pinus sylvestris , P. nigra, P. pinaster, P. radiata , P. halepensis P. pinea and P. uncinata , were examined for their susceptibility to four Spanish isolates of F. circinatum. Two-year-old shoots were wounded and then inoculated with the four Spanish isolates, and lesion lengths were measured 2 weeks after inoculation. Pinus radiata was found to be the most susceptible species to the Spanish isolates, whereas P. pinea, P. halepensis, P. nigra, P. uncinata and P. pinaster were found to be relatively resistant and showed a significantly different lesion size from P. radiata. For P. pinaster, variations in resistance were found between provenances. One particular provenance (Meseta Castellana) was found to be more resistant than the three other provenances tested. No differences in virulence between the Mat-1 and Mat-2 isolates were detected. Overall, the low susceptibility of all native species to pitch canker suggests a moderate potential risk to the Spanish natural forests and a high potential risk to the exotic forestry of P. radiata. © Australasian Plant Pathology Society Inc. 2012.

Published
2012

20. Comparison of Diplodia Tip Blight Pathogens in Spanish and North American Pine Ecosystems

Author

Ana Aragonés, Tania Manzanos, Glen Stanosz, Isabel A. Munck, Rosa Raposo, Margarita Elvira-Recuenco, Mónica Berbegal, Nebai Mesanza, Denise R. Smith, Michael Simmons, Stephen Wyka, Eugenia Iturritxa, CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Eusko Jaurlaritza, US Forest Service, Manzanos, Tania [0000-0001-9909-4067], Stanosz, Glen [0000-0002-5893-2252], Munck, Isabel A [0000-0001-6889-9196], Raposo, Rosa [0000-0002-4893-6874], Elvira-Recuenco, Margarita [0000-0001-6749-3346], Berbegal, Mónica [0000-0002-5773-3104], Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Wyka, Stephen [0000-0003-4884-7641], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Manzanos, Tania, Stanosz, Glen, Munck, Isabel A, Raposo, Rosa, Elvira-Recuenco, Margarita, Berbegal, Mónica, Mesanza, Nebai, Wyka, Stephen, and Iturritxa, Eugenia

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), QH301-705.5, Microbiology, Diplodia scrobiculata, Article, Sphaeropsis sapinea, Virology, dieback, PRODUCCION VEGETAL, Biology (General), Bosques y silvicultura - América del Norte, Bosques y silvicultura - España, fungi, respiratory system, Pinos - Enfermedades y plagas, Pinos - España, SSRs, Árboles - Enfermedades y plagas, 3106 Ciencia Forestal, 3106.08 Silvicultura, human activities, Diplodia tip blight
Abstract

Producción Científica, Diplodia tip blight is the most ubiquitous and abundant disease in Spanish Pinus radiata plantations. The economic losses in forest stands can be very severe because of its abundance in cones and seeds together with the low genetic diversity of the host. Pinus resinosa is not genetically diverse in North America either, and Diplodia shoot blight is a common disease. Disease control may require management designs to be adapted for each region. The genetic diversity of the pathogen could be an indicator of its virulence and spreading capacity. Our objective was to understand the diversity of Diplodia spp. in Spanish plantations and to compare it with the structure of American populations to collaborate in future management guidelines. Genotypic diversity was investigated using microsatellite markers. Eight loci (SS9–SS16) were polymorphic for the 322 isolates genotyped. The results indicate that Diplodia sapinea is the most frequent Diplodia species present in plantations of the north of Spain and has high genetic diversity. The higher genetic diversity recorded in Spain in comparison to previous studies could be influenced by the intensity of the sampling and the evidence about the remarkable influence of the sample type., Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) - (Project RTA 2017-00063-C04-03)), Programa LIFE de la Unión Europea (Proyecto LIFE14 ENV/ES/000179), Gobierno Vasco ( Proyecto FUNGITRAP 19-00031)

Published
2021

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