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Southern South American peatlands (SSAP) play a key role in the ecological dynamics of Patagonia. They mostly comprise of undisturbed environments which provide important ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration, water reservoir and habitat for both widespread and endemic organisms. When compared with boreal peatlands, our knowledge of the functioning of SSAP is poor, and it is necessary to raise awareness about their scientific and ecological value and to ensure their conservation. This article examines a broad base of historical and contemporary published research literature on the peatlands of Chile and Argentina, from 1843 onwards, to identify gaps in knowledge, implications for the assessment of peatland functioning, and targets for peatland conservation and management. To achieve this goal, we reviewed a total of 196 research papers/reports from across the peer-reviewed and grey literature. We conclude that gaps in our knowledge and understanding of SSAP have deeply undermined the development of effective conservation strategies for these understudied ecosystems. To reverse this situation, we recommend that future research and management efforts should aim: (1) to build an inventory of the peatlands that exist in SSAP, including their location and area; (2) to ensure land use planning prioritises the maintenance of SSAP ecosystem services; (3) to improve existing legislation and protocols of good and sustainable practice for extractive activities; and (4) to carry out an extensive awareness campaign aimed at the local population and key decision makers. Fil: León, Carolina A.. Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins; Chile Fil: Gabriel, Marvin. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Alemania Fil: Rodríguez, Carolina. Mires of Chile; Chile Fil: Iturraspe, Rodolfo Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego. Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Recursos Naturales y Ambiente; Argentina Fil: Savoretti, María Adolfina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina Fil: Abramovsky, Verónica Patricia. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego. Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Recursos Naturales y Ambiente; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Benítez Mora, Alfonso. Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins; Chile Fil: Valdés, Ariel. Universidad de Chile; Chile Fil: Díaz, María F.. Universidad Andrés Bello; Chile Fil: Oberpaur, Christel. Universidad Santo Tomás; Chile Fil: Domínguez, Erwin. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias; Chile Fil: Fernández, Leonardo Daniel. Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins; Chile Fil: Mackenzie, Roy. Universidad de Magallanes; Chile Fil: Roland, Thomas. University of Exeter; Reino Unido Fil: Mauquoy, Dmitri. University of Aberdeen; Reino Unido Fil: Silva, Claudia. Wildlife Conservation Society; Chile

Flood peak data for focus catchments in Costa Rica, Ecuador, Chile and Argentina are analyzed to test the hypothesis that, as the size of the hydrological event increases, the effect of forest cover on the peak discharge becomes less important. Previous research suggests that this hypothesis may hold for small catchments (less than 1 km2) but the pattern is less clear for large catchments. The principal study results are for small paired catchments (0.6-10 km2) with different forest covers (forest/pasture) in highland Ecuador and a small (0.35 km2) plantation catchment in southern Chile subjected to logging. The former were analyzed by comparing the corresponding peak discharges for given rainfall events, the latter by comparing the relationships between peak discharge and rainfall event size for the pre- and post-logging periods. In all cases there is relative or absolute convergence of the responses as discharge increases, with convergence likely for flood return periods of around 10 years. More limited data for larger catchments which have undergone either deforestation or afforestation (131 km2 in Costa Rica and 94-1545 km2 in Chile) suggest that the percentage change in forest cover must exceed 20-30% to provoke a measurable response in peak discharge; convergence of peak discharge response at high flows (return periods of around 5 years) for the different forest covers may then be observed. For a 12.9-km2 snowmelt-affected catchment in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, extreme floods require rain-on-snow events but the data are not sufficient to quantify the complex relationship between forest cover, event return period and peak discharge. In general, forest cover is unlikely to reduce, significantly, peak discharges generated by extreme rainfall but may still offer substantial mitigation benefits for moderate (i.e. more frequent) rainfall events. Cuenca volumen 400

This work reports on the geomorphic role of large wood pieces and jams in a third order mountain stream located in Southern Tierra del Fuego (Argentina), and draining an old-growth nothofagus forested basin not influenced by beaver damming activity. Even if the in-stream number of wood pieces (2,300) is comparable to that observed in other climatic areas, the slow growth of the nothofagus forest causes a lower wood abundance in terms of volumetric load (121 m3 ha–1). Due to the relatively small dimensions of the large wood pieces located inside bankfull edges (83% of the total surveyed pieces), almost the 70% of them demonstrated to have been transported by runoff and 6% derived from bank erosion or landslides. Wood jams exert a significant influence on the channel morphology, being responsible for the creation of 30% of pools. The geomorphic influence of LW jams is also exerted by a considerable sediment storing capacity (about 1,750 m3). The LW-forced pool volume is strongly and positively correlated to the height of the LW jam. The results confirm that dead wood pieces, especially when organized in jams, play an important geomorphic role also in sub-Antarctic streams. The amount of large wood pieces quantified in the study site represents reference values for the assessment of the geomorphic effects of beaver activity in other Tierra del Fuego streams., Se analizaron los volúmenes de material leñoso y las tipologías de acumulaciones observadas en el cauce del torrente Buena Esperanza, uno de los pocos cursos de agua de Tierra del Fuego (Argentina) no afectado por la presencia de castores. Aunque el número de piezas leñosas medidas en el cauce (2.300 elementos) fue comparable a lo reportado en otras áreas geográfica-climáticas, se estimó una menor abundancia en términos de volumen total de detritos leñosos (121 m3 ha–1) debido al lento crecimiento del bosque de Nothofagus spp. en estas latitudes. El 83% de los detritos leñosos se localizó dentro del canal activo, del cual el 75% presentó señales de haber sido transportado por la corriente, el 6% se asoció a aportes laterales al torrente por deslizamientos y erosión de márgenes, y el resto a residuos de cosecha. Las dimensiones relativamente pequeñas del material leñoso se reflejaron en las tipologías de acumulaciones de troncos individualizadas, prevaleciendo las de tipo mixtas (63%). Se estimó que las acumulaciones mixtas influyen en la morfología del cauce, siendo responsables de la retención de un volumen de 1.750 m3 de sedimentos depositados y de la creación del 30% de las pozas. Finalmente, se identificó una correlación positiva significativa entre los volúmenes de las pozas y la altura de las acumulaciones. Los resultados destacan la importancia hidromorfológica de las acumulaciones leñosas, y representan una referencia para la evaluación de los impactos determinados por las colonias de castores en otros ríos de Tierra del Fuego.