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This study examines the productivity and efficiency spillovers in the presence of trade linkages in 27 European Union countries from 1990 to 2019. The European Union is one of the largest trading blocs in the world and has implemented costly policies and reforms to improve productivity growth. Meanwhile, trade induced productivity and efficiency spillovers have often been overlooked in the literature, and examining them could provide further clarity to the productivity puzzle. Using a spatial Durbin model and a bilateral trade matrix, this study estimates a spatial stochastic production frontier model using data from the Penn World Table and the World Integrated Trade Solution. We decompose production frontier estimates to obtain the spillover effects of total factor productivity growth and technical efficiency from a network of bilateral trading partners. Our results provide evidence of productivity and efficiency spillovers; however, the gains are uneven. Policy implications are discussed. Keywords: European union (EU); Eurozone; spillovers; total factor productivity (TFP); spatial Durbin model.

Šiame straipsnyje aptariami tarptautinio taikomojo mokslinių tyrimų projekto „Universitetai įvairovės link“ rezultatai. Jo metu buvo tiriama, kokios diskriminacinės nuostatos, įsitikinimai ir elgesys dėl seksualinės orientacijos, lytinės tapatybės ar lyties požymių (SOGISC) egzistuoja Lietuvos, Graikijos ir Italijos akademinėje aplinkoje. Analizuojant, kaip LGBTI+ asmenys supranta įvairias diskriminacijos formas Lietuvos akademinėje aplinkoje, straipsnyje pateikiama naujų duomenų ir teorinių įžvalgų apie LGBTI+ asmenų netoleranciją ir diskriminaciją Lietuvos aukštosiose mokyklose. Apklausos ir fokus (diskusinės) grupės interviu būdu surinkti duomenys interpretuojami tiek sociopolitinio konteksto, tiek teorinių diskusijų apie heteronormatyvias nuostatas kontekste. Straipsnyje teigiama, kad Lietuvos universitetuose egzistuoja nemažas atotrūkis tarp deklaratyvaus atvirumo LGBTI+ asmenims ir išliekančių stereotipų bei diskriminacinių nuostatų jų atžvilgiu. Raktažodžiai: socialinė atskirtis, LGBTI+, SOGISC, aukštasis mokslas, heteronormatyvumas, homofobija. This paper discusses the results of the international applied research project ‘UniDiversity – Universities Towards Diversity’ that examined what discriminatory attitudes, beliefs and behaviours based on sexual orientation, gender identity and sex characteristics (SOGISC) exist in the Lithuanian, Greek and Italian academic environment. Specifically, this paper analyses how LGBTI+ individuals conceive of different forms of discrimination in the Lithuanian academic environment. The paper fills the knowledge gap in terms of intolerance and discrimination against LGBTI+ individuals at Lithuanian higher education institutions and provides its theoretical explanation. By focusing on the empirical data collected from survey and focus group interviews, the paper interprets them within the framework of both the sociopolitical context and theoretical debates about heteronormative attitudes. The paper argues that there exists a gap between the declarative openness to LGBTI+ people within Lithuanian universities and persisting stereotypes and discriminatory attitudes towards them. Keywords: social exclusion, LGBTI+, SOGISC, higher education, heteronormativity, homophobia.

Constant innovations in finance and technology and different levels of their development worldwide necessitate investigating universal integrated indexes. It will enable a general assessment of the digitization of financial services and allow carrying out a comparative inter-nation analysis. The authors proposed to evaluate the level of digitalization of financial services (DFSI) based on three components: digital inclusion, financial inclusion, and digital financial services. The suggested approach includes several steps: 1) forming an array of input data by eight indicators; 2) establishing the priority of indicators and calculating their weights by using the Fishburne formula; 3) calculating the integral index of digitization of financial services by using the weighted sum method. According to the obtained DFSI values, the European countries were divided into four groups: with a high, medium, low, and critically low level of digitalization of financial services. Countries with a high level of DFSI are considered to be Denmark, the Netherlands, the UK, Finland, Sweden, and Norway. Most countries experience low (Greece, Hungary, Italy, Croatia, Portugal, Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia, Malta, Lithuania) or medium (Estonia, Ireland, Belgium, Latvia, Luxembourg, Germany, the Czech Republic, France, Austria, Spain) levels of DFSI. Critically low level of digitization of financial services is observed in Bulgaria, and Romania.

The rapid changes in science and society during the last decade have demonstrated the need for readiness to address the uncertain future through the development of future-oriented skills. Despite previous attempts, there is still no consensus regarding what is meant by “future-oriented skills” and how these could be integrated into science curricula. Stakeholders’ views about what future-oriented skills are and how they should be taught would provide a clearer understanding of their needs and their perceived characteristics of effective new teaching approaches. Thus, given the pivotal role that policymakers play in education policies, this study investigated the views of 35 policymakers based in the United Kingdom, Italy, Finland, and Lithuania. Participants completed an online survey that elicited their views on future-oriented skills, as well as ways of integrating them into national science curricula. The data analysis included descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis based on the principles of thematic analysis. The qualitative analysis followed a combination of inductive and deductive coding approaches. The findings of this study highlight that among other skills, participants stressed the need for introducing problem-solving and critical thinking in science classrooms in order to better address the uncertainty of future challenges, such as environmental issues. Therefore, policymakers seem to agree that there is a need for moving away from traditional teacher-centred approaches when teaching future-oriented skills. These results provide valuable insights into policymakers’ needs and expectations. In doing so, this study can serve as a starting point for a systematic approach toward integrating future-oriented skills into science curricula. Keywords: future challenges, futures education, future-oriented skills, science curriculum, policymakers’ views.

The article analyses the topic of e-trade assessment in a global environment. To achieve the objective, a de-tailed analysis of scientific works was carried out in order to identify the importance of e-trade assessment in a global environment and, by removing the identified limitations, to develop a model of e-trade evaluation applicable to a global environment. The empirical research was based on the developed e-trade evaluation model to test its effectiveness and applicability in a global environment. Based on the data collected, a multi-criteria assessment of e-trade was carried out, dividing the factors into five dimensions: emotional (consumer satisfaction and trust), technological (internet ac-cessibility, data security and privacy), financial (e-GDP, e-trade sales, impact of e-trade on overall company turnover), social (internet usage and purchasing volumes) and tax environment (VAT), and a comparative analysis of the coun-tries to compare the results of economically similar countries, to find out why the market leaders are performing so well in the e-trade sector, and to identify the methodologies and practices used in these countries, so as to identify the most effective methods and practices that can be applied in other countries. The results of the multi-criteria assessment al-lowed European countries to be classified into three groups: from market leaders to the most laggard countries. The strongest growth rates are found in Ro-mania and Bulgaria. It is worth noting that e-trade is also unpopular in South-ern European countries: Greece, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Malta, Cyprus.

Šiandien migracija – didelis iššūkis tiek patiems imigrantams, tiek ir juos priimančioms šalims. 2011 m. Europos Komisija nustatė poziciją dėl trečiųjų šalių piliečių integracijos į Europą, kuri Europos Sąjungai būtų naudinga ekonominiu, socialiniu ir kultūriniu požiūriu. Siekta, kad imigrantų integracija Europos Sąjungoje būtų sėkminga, o nauji visaverčiai bendruomenės nariai aktyviai dalyvautų priimančių miestų ir regionų ekonominiame, socialiniame, kultūriniame ir politiniame gyvenime (Action Plan on the integration of third country nationals, 2016). Verta pastebėti, kad kuo sėkmingesnė bus imigrantų integracija, tuo didesnis bus jų ekonominis ir fiskalinis indėlis į priimančiąją ekonomiką (Algan, Dustmann, Glitz, Manning, 2010). Vienas sėkmingos integracijos veiksnių – informacija apie priimančiąją šalį. Tyrimai atskleidė, kad neseniai į priimančiąją šalį atvykę imigrantai dažnai moka šalies kalbą, bet nepažįsta jos gyvenimo vertybių, normų ir tradicijų, socialinio gyvenimo ir kultūrinių ypatybių (Algas, Dustmanas, Glitsas, Maningas, 2010). Taigi neinformuoti asmenys rizikuoja būti išstumti iš pagrindinių informacijos šaltinių ir gali nepajėgti visapusiškai pažinti šalies, žmonių, pasinaudoti galimybėmis, dalyvauti visuomenės gyvenime kaip tos šalies piliečiai. Nepaisant informacijos šaltinių, net jos kiekio ir kliūčių, kurių gali kilti, nesant tokios informacijos, visada yra iššūkių, dėl kurių sumažėja arba padidėja prieiga prie informacijos: kalba, kultūriniai skirtumai, izoliacija, siauri bendravimo tinklai, prieiga prie vietos naujienų ir kitų šaltinių (Caidi, Allard, Dechief, 2008). Be to, kaip teigia N. Caidi, D. Allard, D. Dechief (2008), priimant informaciją svarbios ir demografinės charakteristikos: amžius, lytis, išsilavinimas. Nors akivaizdu, kad šie demografiniai veiksniai gali lemti sėkmingą ir orią migrantų integraciją priimančiojoje šalyje, jie gali skatinti ir socialinę atskirtį, žmonių atsiskyrimą, kitas socialines bėdas bei aspektus. Šios trys demografinės charakteristikos ir jų sąsajos mokslinėje literatūroje mažai nagrinėtos, todėl šio straipsnio tikslas – nustatyti, kaip informacija apie priimančiąją šalį susijusi su pagrindinėmis imigrantų sociodemografinėmis charakteristikomis: amžiumi, lytimi ir išsilavinimu. Duomenų rinkimo metodas – anketinė apklausa. Duomenų analizės metodai: neparametrinė ir aprašomoji statistinė analizė. Straipsnyje pristatomi ir analizuojami duomenys iš tyrimo, kuris atliktas 2017 m. Lietuvoje, Latvijoje, Rumunijoje, Bulgarijoje, Italijoje ir Belgijoje, vykdant Erasmus+ projektą „Suaugusiųjų imigrantų pirminio švietimo tobulinimas“ (Nr. 2016-1-LT01-KA204-023223). Tyrime dalyvavo 1127 imigrantai iš 90 ne ES valstybių. Duomenų analizė atskleidė, kad ryšys tarp migrantų turėtos informacijos prieš atvykstant į priimančiąją šalį ir išsilavinimo bei amžiaus grupių yra. Tuo tarpu ryšys tarp lyties ir tokios informacijos turėjimo nenustatytas. Imigrantams jau atvykus į naują šalį labiausiai reikėjo informacijos dėl sveikatos apsaugos, įsidarbinimo ir kalbos kursų. Būsimi tyrimai turėtų apimti informacijos poreikio, šaltinių ir kitų socialinių-demografinių charakteristikų analizę. Be to, neturėtų būti atmetama ir sociolingvistinė perspektyva, kaip svarbus informacijos praktikos veiksnys. The study has been conducted within the ERASMUS+ KA2 partnership project “Improving the initial education of adult immigrants”. Research is based on the anonymous survey in which took part 1127 legal adult immigrants from outside the European Union. The study was performed in 2017 in the six European Union countries: Lithuania, Latvia, Romania, Bulgaria, Italy and Belgium. The purpose of this article is to investigate how information about the host country before immigration is related to immigrants’ basic sociodemographic characteristics, i.e.: age, gender and education. Statistical data analysis showed a statistically significant difference between the information, which immigrants knew before their arrival in the host country, and education as well as age groups. However, there were no statistically significant differences found between the information, which immigrants knew before their arrival in the host country, and immigrants’ gender. Moreover, information that immigrants lack most prior to their arrival is related with health care and the employment system as well as the ability to learn the hosting country’s official language.

Straipsnyje remiantis Italijos archyvų šaltiniais apžvelgiama Italijos karinių ir diplomatinių pareigūnų pateikta informacija apie Lietuvą ir jos kariuomenę kovų dėl nepriklausomybės metais ir tarpukariu. Pristatomas jų požiūris į Lietuvos kariuomenę, įvairias Lietuvai tarpukariu iškilusias problemas, santykius su Vokietija, Lenkija ir Sovietų Sąjunga. In the article, on the basis of the material in the Italian archives, the author presents the information on the attitude of the Italian officials and officers towards the Lithuanian Armed Forces during the Lithuanian Wars of Independence and the Interwar Period up to the Soviet occupation in 1940. In the period from 1919 to 1939, the Baltic region received more attention from the French than the Italians as France sought to establish its areas of influence behind Germany and thus prevent German attacks. In this respect, Italy had no strategic defence interests in the Baltic states as its opportunities were very poor. Nevertheless, it was also involved in the events happening in the Baltic region. In 1919–1920, it was important to keep peace to force the Germans to withdraw from the Baltic states. As Italy was one of the four main winners of the World War I and great powers, it granted Klaipėda, at that time Mėmelis, the status of the territory protected by the Entente. Furthermore, it participated in the Polish-Lithuanian conflict over Vilnius. The Italian observer did not provide any assessment of the soldiers of the Lithuanian Armed Forces during the Lithuanian Wars of Independence. He simply presented the facts and described them as enthusiasts full of patriotic spirit. During the Interwar Period, Lithuania and Italy maintained good and close diplomatic relations. The Lithuanian government was always heard in Rome. Over the years, Italian sympathy for Lithuanians increased, especially after the military coup in Lithuanian in 1926, however, it did not lead to a greater military cooperation between the states. The functions of the military attaché to Lithuania were performed by the Italian attaché to Germany, therefore, Germany was the main focus. Rome did not care much about the Lithuanian Armed Forces, because in the event of a conflict, the only effective solution could be diplomatic negotiations, not a weapon. Nevertheless, the fact that the Italian government knew the problems Lithuania faced is proved by the diplomatic correspondence of the Royal Minister in Kaunas with Warsaw, Berlin and other capitals.

Straipsnyje analizuojama Lietuvių Tautos Tarybos (Lozanoje) 1918 m. vasario 7 d. Vokietijos pasiuntiniui, o 1918 m. vasario 9 d. Antantės ir neutralių šalių pasiuntiniams Berne įteikta nota, kuria pirmą kartą prašoma pripažinti Lietuvos valstybės nepriklausomybę remiantis 1917 m. gruodžio 11 d. Lietuvos Tarybos (Vilniuje) pareiškimo pirmosios (I) dalies modifikuotu tekstu; atskleidžiamas notos atsiradimo ir įteikimo kontekstas. Pateikiamas notos vertimas į lietuvių kalbą, teksto turinio analizė ir interpretacija, parodomos notos įteikimo sąsajos su vyskupo Pranciškaus Karevičiaus ir prelato Konstantino Olšausko vizitu Berlyne. Daroma išvada, kad jungtinėmis koordinuotomis pajėgomis pavyko inicijuoti Lietuvos valstybės nepriklausomybės pripažinimo teksto projekto atsiradimą 1918 m. vasario 10 d. Vokietijos kanclerio kanceliarijoje. The secession from Russia, the declaration of independence, and the request to recognise the independent state of Lithuania were the three steps which had to be made by the Council of Lithuania (in Vilnius) in order to bring Lithuania back into the international community after 120 years of occupation. The first two steps were made after all members of the Council of Lithuania signed the Statement of 11 December 1917, but it was not made public anywhere. Part I of the Statement was the Declaration of Independence, which declared the termination of all state ties which formerly bound the state to other nations and proclaimed the re-establishment of the independent state of Lithuania. Another step that ensued the secession and the declaration of independence had to be a request for the recognition of the independent state of Lithuania for it to become a full-fledged member of the international community. However, first and foremost, it had to be announced publicly. The article publishes the note handed over by the Lithuanian National Council (in Lausanne) to the German envoy on 8 February 1918 and to the envoys of the Entente Powers and neutral states on 9 February 1918 and analyses its text and context. The text of the note in French is identical. The note includes the first request to recognise the independence of the Lithuanian state based on the modified text of Part I of the Statement of 11 December 1917 signed by the Council of Lithuania (in Vilnius). The note dated 7 February 1918 was submitted to the German envoy in Bern and the note dated 9 February 1918 was handed over to the diplomatic and consular representatives of the Entente Powers (France, Great Britain, the USA, Italy) and neutral states (the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Sweden) in Switzerland and the Swiss Political Department. Historiography includes no mention of the note delivered to Gisbert von Romberg, the German envoy in Bern, on 8 February 1918. The démarche made by Pranciškus Karevičius and Konstantinas Olšauskas at the same time, on 7–9 February 1918, to Gen. Erich Ludendorff and the German Chancellor Georg von Hertling in Berlin is not mentioned either. Both démarches, one by the Lithuanian National Council (in Lausanne) in Bern and the other by the two Lithuanian priests in Berlin, were, in fact, coordinated. The reaction to the note and the evaluations of the démarches found in historiography are similar, but the fact that on 10 February 1918, in the aftermath of the said démarches, the Chancellery of the German Chancellor prepared the draft document on the recognition of Lithuania’s independence has not been known before. The aim of the research is to investigate the context and the text of the first request to recognise Lithuania’s independence expressed on 8–9 February 1918, to reveal the reaction towards it and the results achieved. The chronological boundaries of the research cover the period from the sitting of the Lithuanian National Council (in Lausanne) of 25 January 1918, which put forward the idea to issue a memorandum with annexes, to 25 February 1918, when the German Military Administration completed the investigation into the circumstances of authorising the Lithuanian National Council (in Lausanne) to represent Lithuanian affairs abroad. The research employed the logical-analytical method (the notional analysis of the content of the note and the information provided by the sources in German, French, Norwegian, English languages was conducted), synthesis (the new material of the sources was supplemented with the information circulating in historiography), comparison (the facts from Lithuanian, German and Norwegian archives and the Lithuanian, German and Swiss press were compared), comparative analysis (the texts of documents in different languages were compared), descriptive, inductive, and interpretive methods (the idea and meaning of the content of the sources was reconstructed with regard to the question wording). gard to the question wording). The research consists of three parts. The first part analyses the context of the origin of the note (25 January 1918–7 February 1918) and concludes that: (1) the uncoordinated efforts of the Lithuanian National Council (in Lausanne), the Council of Lithuania (in Vilnius), and the Supreme Lithuanian Council in Russia to send Lithuanian delegates to the negotiations in Brest-Litovsk clearly demonstrated the equal rights of all three councils in representing the interests of the Lithuanian nation without any of them being more superior than the others; (2) the Lithuanian National Council (in Lausanne) and the Council of Lithuania (in Vilnius) sought to declare the independence of Lithuania and to obtain the recognition of Lithuania’s independence first from Germany and then from the Entente Powers and neutral states on the basis of the Statement of 11 December 1917; only the (non)presentation of the parts of the text in the documents of the notification of the Lithuanian National Council (in Lausanne) and the Council of Lithuania (in Vilnius) and the wording of different text parts differed; [...]

Straipsnyje tiriami žymiems Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės didikams, valstybės veikėjams ir karvedžiams, Jonui Karoliui Chodkevičiui ir Aleksandrui Chodkevičiui, dedikuoti muzikos leidiniai. XVII a. pradžioje Venecijoje publikuotus leidinius didikams dedikavo italų kompozitoriai Giovanni Valentini ir Giulio Osculati. Ryšys su jais užsimezgė ne Italijoje, kur didikai studijavo ir keliavo, bet Abiejų Tautų Respublikoje. Kompozitoriai kurį laiką tarnavo jungtinės Lietuvos ir Lenkijos Valstybės valdovo Zigmanto Vazos muzikų kapeloje. Motetų rinkiniai tiriami iš viešosios tarptautinės reprezentacijos perspektyvos. Matyti, kad greta suprantamo G. Valentini ir G. Osculati viešumo siekio, noro įamžinti, skleisti savo kūrybą Europoje, šie muzikos leidiniai atliepė kitų asmenų viešumo interesus. Leidiniai reprezentuoja Zigmantą Vazą, dosnų meno mecenatą, parodomas jo pirmaujantis socialinis statusas. Dedikacijos laiškai skirti Chodkevičiams pagerbti, didinti jų žinomumą Abiejų Tautų Respublikoje ir už jos ribų. Jie aukština didikų nuopelnus karo kampanijose, mini svarbias ano meto politines aktualijas – pergales Livonijos kare, Chodkevičių nuopelnus ginant valstybę. Ano meto konfesinių pokyčių – reformacijos ir kontrreformacijos – kontekste šie notografiniai šaltiniai vertintini kaip didikų konfesinės tapatybės atspindys. Publikuojamų kūrinių žanras – katalikiški sakraliniai motetai – atliepia nuoseklų Chodkevičių konfesinį pasirinkimą. The article deals with the collections of printed music dedicated to the distinguished nobles, statesmen and military commanders of the Grand Dutchy of Lithuania, brothers Jan Karol and Aleksander Chodkiewicz. These collections were printed in Venice in the beginning of the 17th century and dedicated to the Lithuanian magnates by Italian composers Giovanni Valentini and Giulio Osculati. However, it was not in their home country where composers became acquainted with the above-mentioned noblemen who had studied and travelled extensively in Italy but in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In fact, both composers had served for certain periods of time as musicians in the Polish court chapel under Sigismund III Vasa. The said collections of motets are being examined here with an emphasis on publicity and international representation. The author notes that besides the reasonable expectations of both Italian composers to raise their public profiles, to publish and disseminate their work in Europe, these personal aspirations also resonated with the interests of other public figures. They both represent Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, as a generous patron and a leading social figure. The dedications were intended to glorify the Chodkiewicz and raise their profile within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and beyond. They account for the magnates’ victories in major military campaigns of the time, such as those achieved during the Polish–Swedish war of 1600–1611, as well as Chodkiewicz’s merits in defence of the state. Within the context of shifting confessional identities at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries (i.e. the Reformation and the CounterReformation movements) these notated sources should be considered as a reflection of the magnates’ confessional identity. The very genre of printed works – motets for Catholic church service – reflects Chodkiewicz's firm selfdetermination as Roman Catholics.

In this chapter, I will focus on the case of Lithuanian detainees and follow the development of how Eastern European offenders became a new folk devil in Danish society. As pointed out by Ana Ivasiuc (Chapter 8), who writes about perceptions of Roma in Italy, we deal with both a figure who is constructed in public discourse and the people behind, who do not resemble the created figure. I will argue not only that the emphasis on the threat from Eastern Europe singles out a particular group of young men as deviant but also that this demonization and moral panic in turns helps shape not only the Danish political scene but also the ways in which inmates are perceived in prisons. [...] By providing an analysis of both society’s concern with the ‘eastern criminal’ and an exploration of Lithuanian inmates’ detention regimes in Denmark, my objective is to investigate the interrelations between public and political discourse and the direct and indirect effects it has on local-level administrations in Danish prison facilities. I then build on the assumption that prison life offers a unique vantage point from which to analyse current transformations in society, as perceptions of different groups of inmates are embedded in what James Scott (2015) calls ‘the everyday construction of borders’ through media representations, political discourses and institutional practices. Thereby I wish to point out the very real consequences a consistent devilish media image has for the group of people being portrayed in this manner. In my example, the stereotyping of Lithuanian inmates as particularly brutal and hardened has direct effects on how prison staff per se perceive them, despite the fact that their day-to-day interaction with the inmates contrasts this picture.

In this chapter we focus on four countries and their capital cities: Rome (Italy), Lisbon (Portugal), Budapest (Hungary) and Vilnius (Lithuania) to illustrate how shared light sustainable mobility spread in different political, social and economic contexts. The current status of sustainable mobility practices, policies and discourses in these countries is characterized by a series of common trends but also by elements of absolute divergence. The existence of light mobility sharing schemes in these capitals is an indicator of a potential to expand the rates of active mobility. Furthermore, it is also a relevant factor of digitalization and commodification of mobility as a service, in line with the EuropeanGreenDeal, hence it concurs to simplify transportation systems and urban logistics, to free public space, while reducing environmental, social and economic costs.With an increased rate of 45% per year, bike sharing has been the fastest growing mode of urban transportation since 2007 (Lopes, 2015). It is therefore interesting to discover the specificities that characterize the landscape and the policy framework of the analysed countries and capital cities, what limits are found in the use of bicycles and/or electric scooters (e-scooters) sharing schemes, and where to leverage to favour the transition towards more sustainable modes of transport. The primary goal of the comparative research we propose, is to identify similarities and differences between these countries and cities, in order to understand how shared light sustainable mobility is developed in European capital cities of different characteristics and opportunities. For this purpose the analysis compares and contrasts cultural, societal, institutional and political traits related to light mobility, with a specific focus on the bike sharing and e-scooter initiatives, in order to understand and identify various evolution patterns as well as key institutional actors and measures. The following section defines sharing mobility and describes the reality of bike and e-scooter sharing in the four cities; Section 4.3 sheds light on the broader mobility cultural contexts and institutional actors; in Section 4.4 we analyse national policy frameworks; in Section 4.5 we discuss the impact of the pandemic, before presenting some final remarks.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic exposes individuals to multiple stressors, such as quarantine, physical distancing, job loss, risk of infection, and loss of loved ones. Such a complex array of stressors potentially lead to symptoms of adjustment disorder. Objective This cross-sectional exploratory study examined relationships between risk and protective factors, stressors, and symptoms of adjustment disorder during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Data from the first wave of the European Society of Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS) longitudinal ADJUST Study were used. N = 15,563 participants aged 18 years and above were recruited in eleven countries (Austria, Croatia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, and Sweden) from June to November 2020. Associations between risk and protective factors (e.g. gender, diagnosis of a mental health disorder), stressors (e.g. fear of infection, restricted face-to-face contact), and symptoms of adjustment disorder (ADNM-8) were examined using multivariate linear regression. Results The prevalence of self-reported probable adjustment disorder was 18.2%. Risk factors associated with higher levels of symptoms of adjustment disorder were female gender, older age, being at risk for severe COVID-19 illness, poorer general health status, current or previous trauma exposure, a current or previous mental health disorder, and longer exposure to COVID-19 news. Protective factors related to lower levels of symptoms of adjustment disorder were higher income, being retired, and having more face-to-face contact with loved ones or friends. Pandemic-related stressors associated with higher levels of symptoms of adjustment disorder included fear of infection, governmental crisis management, restricted social contact, work-related problems, restricted activity, and difficult housing conditions. Conclusions We identified stressors, risk, and protective factors that may help identify individuals at higher risk for adjustment disorder., HIGHLIGHTS We examined symptoms of adjustment disorder in 15,563 adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.The prevalence of probable adjustment disorder was 18.2%.We identified stressors, risk, and protective factors that may help identify individuals at higher risk for adjustment disorder.

This study was funded by a project Learning to Be: Development of Practices and Methodologies for Assessing Social, Emotional and Health Skills within Education Systems (#4120034) in the framework of Erasmus+ KA3 program (582955-EPP-1-2016-2-LT-EPPKA3-PI-POLICY). We are also grateful for funding by the Academy of Finland (#308352) and Finnish Strategic Research Council (#327242)., In recent years, the school curricula in many European countries have introduced social and emotional learning (SEL). This calls for the teachers to have SEL competencies. The present study evaluates teachers’ and their students’ readiness for SEL during an intervention in five European countries. The participants were teachers (n = 402) in five European countries; Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia, and Spain. The pre- and post-measuring points for both the intervention and the comparison group were at approximately the same time before and after the intervention. Comparison data consisted of 159 teachers in the same countries. The training for the intervention group lasted 16 h for the teachers and a maximum of 16 h for the principles and headmasters. An additional 9 h of further monitoring took place. There were two student groups participating in the study: the age group of 8–11 years (pre puberty) and the age group of 12–15-years (adolescents). Students, whose teachers had participated in the intervention, formed the intervention group (n = 2,552). Those students, whose teachers did not participate in the intervention, formed the comparison group (n = 1,730). The questionnaire data were collected at the beginning and at the end of the school year for both age groups. The results indicated that there was a favorable development in the intervention group in some of the measured skills among students, but the effects were different for the two age groups. This study adds to both theoretical and practical development of continuing teacher training about SEL and its possible role in reducing problem behavior among the students., Development of Practices and Methodologies for Assessing Social, Emotional and Health Skills within Education Systems 4120034, Erasmus+ KA3 program 582955-EPP-1-2016-2-LT-EPPKA3-PI-POLICY, Academy of Finland European Commission 308352, Finnish Strategic Research Council 327242

After proclaiming independence in 1918, one of the most important tasks was creation of new visual-architectural and design identity which was called ‘Lithuanian Style’ or ‘National Style’. That search for a new image had to be established by an intentional, wilful act which could be able to create a desired object in accordance with the pre-planned model. Because of the multi-national origin of the artists, their distinct education in various countries (Germany, Italy, Poland, Russia, etc.), and the multiculturalism of customers, the same idea of countries’ identity was realised in very different visual forms. This variety of Lithuanian interior design approaches was strived to be untangled for the first time in the scientific monograph Lithuanian Interwar Interiors 1918–1940. Meanwhile, the current article (due to the space limit) presents the idea of national tendencies in the interior design. The latter prompts the understanding that theoretical formulation of Lithuanian National Style was ultrarational, attractive, and suitable for different aesthetic tastes – above all, it truly represented various social strata and nations living in Lithuania at that time.

The study shows that corporate governance systems varies from centralized ones in Finland, France and Spain, a dual one in Italy and decentralized ones in the United Kingdom, Lithuania and Latvia. The different models have been described in detail, identifying the entities supervising the discussed type of entreprises.

XX a. 3-4 dešimtmetyje Lietuvos kariuomenės karinio rengimo tikslas – parengti kariuomenės pajėgas ginkluotai šalies gynybai, kad jos galėtų efektyviai veikti vykdant bendrus veiksmus ir kovoti. Siekiant užtikrinti efektyvų ir standartizuotą kariuomenės rengimą reikėjo parengti standartizuotus norminius dokumentus – statutus. Pirmieji tokio tipo dokumentai Lietuvos kariuomenėje buvo parengti dar tebevykstant Nepriklausomybės kovoms, o mūšiams pasibaigus statutai buvo pakeisti, papildyti ir atnaujinti. Sisteminis statutų rengimas prasidėjo 1928 m., kai buvo patvirtintos oficialios Lietuvos kariuomenės statutų rengimo taisyklės. Dauguma paskirtų atsakingais už naujų statutų rengimą karininkų buvo aukšto rango ir kompetentingi savo srities specialistai, praktiškai susipažinę su Vakarų Europos valstybių karo mokslo teorijomis ir galėję juos pritaikyti Lietuvoje. Matyti, kad Lietuvos kariuomenės kovos statutuose buvo pritaikytos Prancūzijos, Belgijos, Čekoslovakijos, D. Britanijos ir Italijos karybos žinios. Nors 1929 m. bandyta peržiūrėti galiojančius kovos statutus, bet dažniausiai apsiribota išleidžiant tuometinių kovos statutų redakcijas, kuriose visiškai nieko nebuvo pakeista. Daugiau iniciatyvos parodyta tik rengiant pėstininkams, kaip pagrindinei sausumos pajėgų rūšiai, skirtus dokumentus, o kitoms pajėgoms numatyti norminiai leidiniai buvo leidžiami fragmentiškai. Taip pėstininkams skirti kovos statutai buvo pagrindiniai dokumentai, apibrėžiantys visų ginkluotųjų pajėgų veiksmus mūšyje. Nuo 1935 m. pradėta reguliariai rengti naujus statutus ir atnaujinti esamus. Tuo metu buvo atnaujinti pėstininkų statutai, pasirodė naujos artilerijos, kavalerijos, karo aviacijos bei priešlėktuvinės gynybos statutų redakcijos. Lietuvos kariuomenės kovos statutuose buvo nurodyti principai, kuriais grindžiami efektyvių pajėgų kovos veiksmai: taktinė žvalgyba, visų pajėgų sąveika, veiksmų sparta ir netikėtumas, judri kova, ugnies galia ir manevras, tikslus ugnies valdymas, kovos veiksmų pobūdžio keitimo geba, išgyvenamumo didinimo priemonės, tikslinis vadovavimas ir paskutinis, bet svarbiausias – kovos dvasia. Kovos dvasia, pagrįsta aukšta kareivių motyvacija, padedančia jiems įveikti visus iššūkius ir nugalėti priešą, buvo visų principų, turėjusių užtikrinti karinių operacijų sėkmę ir būti nuolat bei nuosekliai taikomų, kertinis akmuo. In the 1920s and 1930s, the aim of the combat training provided to the Lithuanian Army was to prepare the forces for armed defence of the state so that they could effectively interact under the conditions of war and carry out combat actions. Standardized combat normative documents – statutes – were required to provide effective and standardized training of the forces. The first war statutes were issued when the Lithuanian Army participated in the battles for independence, and when the battles came to an end these statutes were amended, supplemented and updated. The systematic preparation of publication of the statutes began in 1928 when the official rules for preparation of the statutes of the Army were approved. Most often high-ranking and competent officers who were directly acquainted with the Western-European military science theories and who could adapt them in Lithuania were nominated as responsible compilers of the war statutes. Thus, in the war statutes prepared for the Lithuanian Army, French, Belgian, Czechoslovakian, British and Italian warfare knowledge was used. Some efforts to revise the existing statutes were made in 1929, but most of the publications were newly issued without any changes. In the sphere of publication of the war statutes, any dynamics were related exceptionally to the forces of the infantry as the main combat units, while documents devoted to other forces were only occasionally published. Also, the standardized combat publications for infantry forces were the main documents defining the actions of all the armed forces during a battle. Since 1935, regular preparation and publishing were carried out in order to update the statutes of the Lithuanian Army. At that time, the combat statutes were renewed for the infantry forces, and new publications regulating the activities of the artillery, the cavalry, military aviation and anti-aircraft defence forces in battle were issued. According to the war statutes of the Lithuanian Army, effective combat actions were mainly based on the following preconditions: tactical intelligence, interaction of all forces, speed and unexpectedness of action, mobile combat, fire power and maneuver, precise fire control, ability to change the nature of combat actions, actions to increase survival, and the last but the most important – the combat spirit. The combat spirit based on the high motivation of the soldiers enabling them to overcome all challengers and defeat the enemy was the cornerstone for the other principles that might have ensured the success of military operations and had to be applied continuously, consistently and systematically at all stages of the operations.

Introduction: Little is known about the impact of restrictive measures during the COVID-19 pandemic on self-image and engagement in exercise and other coping strategies alongside the use of image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPEDs) to boost performance and appearance.Objectives: To assess the role of anxiety about appearance and self-compassion on the practice of physical exercise and use of IPEDs during lockdown.Methods: An international online questionnaire was carried out using the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI), the Appearance Anxiety Inventory (AAI), and the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) in addition to questions on the use of IPEDs.Results: The sample consisted of 3,161 (65% female) adults from Italy (41.1%), Spain (15.7%), the United Kingdom (UK) (12.0%), Lithuania (11.6%), Portugal (10.5%), Japan (5.5%), and Hungary (3.5%). The mean age was 35.05 years (SD = 12.10). Overall, 4.3% of the participants were found to engage in excessive or problematic exercise with peaks registered in the UK (11.0%) and Spain (5.4%). The sample reported the use of a wide range of drugs and medicines to boost image and performance (28%) and maintained use during the lockdown, mostly in Hungary (56.6%), Japan (46.8%), and the UK (33.8%), with 6.4% who started to use a new drug. Significant appearance anxiety levels were found across the sample, with 18.1% in Italy, 16.9% in Japan, and 16.7% in Portugal. Logistic regression models revealed a strong association between physical exercise and IPED use. Anxiety about appearance also significantly increased the probability of using IPEDs. However, self-compassion did not significantly predict such behavior. Anxiety about appearance and self-compassion were non-significant predictors associated with engaging in physical exercise.Discussion and Conclusion: This study identified risks of problematic exercising and appearance anxiety among the general population during the COVID-19 lockdown period across all the participating countries with significant gender differences. Such behaviors were positively associated with the unsupervised use of IPEDs, although no interaction between physical exercise and appearance anxiety was observed. Further considerations are needed to explore the impact of socially restrictive measures among vulnerable groups, and the implementation of more targeted responses.

Intensification of destabilizing processes in the world economy, increasing the impact of global challenges and the spread of uncertainty in the conditions of economic activity actualize scientific research to ensure a high level of economic security of countries and regions. This in turn requires a thorough systematic analysis and assessment of the level of security and the state of the security environment based on the development of appropriate methodological tools. Taking it into account, the presented research is aimed at developing a system for monitoring and assessing the level of security development of the countries of the European region, based on the tools of multidimensional assessment and construction of complex integrated indicators. The article is aimed to development of the system for monitoring and assessing the EU security level, which consists of comprehensive assessment of the formation of security development factors, construction of the security level integrated indexes, which allowes to classify the EU countries according to the security level, to identify the features and intensity of the influence of the different determinants on the security level formation, to establish the peculiarities of the EU countries distribution within the regional security space. The object of the study is the regional security complex of the EU, based on the monitoring system – 24 indicators, which are systematized by nature (economic, sociodemographic, environmental) and direction of impact (incentives, disincentives), which are assessed for the period 2010–2019. The results show a high assessment of the integrated level of security in countries such as Ireland, Sweden, Denmark, Austria, Cyprus, Finland, Slovakia, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany; Ireland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Lithuania, and Denmark have the highest security positions in terms of the economic component of the security level, Cyprus, Slovenia, Ireland, Luxembourg and Slovenia in terms of socio-demographic, and Sweden, Austria, Denmark, Finland and Portugal in terms of environmental security. The reduced impact of the economic security component factors, maintaining a moderate impact of the socio-demographic security component factors, the increasing influence of the environmental factors are determined. Statistical analysis of the distribution of the EU countries by security level in 2010–2019 confirmed the tendency to equalize the level of security development of the EU countries within the regional security complex, to reduce the level of variation of integrated assessments of security levels, to increase the share of countries with high levels. Building a matrix of positioning of the EU countries by the integrated level of security and the intensity of its dynamics allowed to divide the countries and zones of relative security and danger, and to determine that the most risky positions are in Italy, Bulgaria and Romania. The practical significance of the results of the study lies in the possibility of applying the proposed system of monitoring the level of security in the development and implementation of regional security strategy of the EU development, which will more effectively monitor changes, prevent risks and threats, prevent negative consequences.

Foreword / by Anngret Simms -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- Introduction: Languages and I -- 1 Dialect Continua in Central Europe, Ninth Century -- 2 Central Europe’s Writing Systems in the Ninth Century -- 3 Dialect Continua in Central Europe, c 1050 -- 4 Central Europe’s Writing Systems, c 1050 -- 5 Dialect Continua in Central Europe, c 1570 -- 6 Central Europe’s Writing Systems, 1570 -- 7 Dialect Continua in Central Europe, c 1721 -- 8 Central Europe’s Writing Systems, 1721 -- 9 Europa Media anno 1721: The Latin-Language Geography of Early Modern Central Europe -- 10 Official Languages in Central Europe, 1721 -- 11 Ethnic Cleansing in Central Europe Before the Balkan Wars -- 12 Dialect Continua in Central Europe, c 1910 -- 13 Central Europe’s Writing Systems, 1910 -- 14 Isomorphism of Language, Nation, and State in Central Europe, 1910 -- 15 Central Europe in 1910 as Seen Through the Lens of Ottoman Turkish -- 16 tsentral-eyrope in 1910: Yiddish Geography -- 17 Centra Eŭropo en 1910: Geographic and Place Names in Esperanto -- 18 Short-lived Polities in Central Europe, 1908–1924 -- 19 Ethnic Cleansing in Central Europe During the Balkan Wars, World War One, and in the Aftermath -- 20 Isomorphism of Language, Nation, and State in Central Europe, late 1918 -- 21 Non-State Minority, Regional and Unrecognized Languages, and Written Dialects in Central Europe, Nineteenth Through Twenty-First Centuries -- 22 Linguistic Areas (Sprachbünde) in Central Europe, c 1930 -- 23 Linguistic Areas (Sprachbünde) in Central Europe: An Alternative Classification, c 1930 -- 24 Central Europe’s Writing Systems, 1930 -- 25 Isomorphism of Language, Nation, and State in Central Europe, 1931 -- 26 Ethnic Cleansing in Central Europe During the 1930s -- 27 Ethnic Cleansing in Central Europe During World War Two, 1939–1940 -- 28 Ethnic Cleansing in Central Europe During World War Two, 1941–1944 -- 29 Ethnic Cleansing in Central Europe After World War Two, 1945–1950 -- 30 Ethnic Cleansing in Central Europe During the Cold War, 1951–1989 -- 31 Isomorphism of Language, Nation, and State in Central Europe, 1974–1989 -- 32 Moldavian and Central Europe: Еуропа Чентралэ ын анул 1980 (Europa centrală īn anul 1980) -- 33 Dialect Continua in Central Europe, c 2009 -- 34 Central Europe’s Writing Systems, 2009 -- 35 Central Europe’s Writing Systems in 2009 and the Past -- 36 Isomorphism of Language, Nation, and State in Central Europe, 2009 -- 37 Management of Difference: Borders and Multiethnic Regions in Contemporary Central Europe -- 38 Management of Difference: Multiethnic Regions in Contemporary Central Europe -- 39 Central Europe’s Universities with Other Media of Instruction than the State or National Language, 2009 -- 40 Roma Settlements in Central Europe, 2009 -- 41 Mitelojropa w 2009: The Silesian Language and Central Europe -- 42 Isomorphism of Language, Nation, and State in Central Europe, and in East and Southeast Asia, 2009 -- Glossary -- Bibliography -- Index. With forty-two extensively annotated maps, this atlas offers novel insights into the history and mechanics of how Central Europe’s languages have been made, unmade, and deployed for political action. The innovative combination of linguistics, history, and cartography makes a wealth of hard-to-reach knowledge readily available to both specialist and general readers. It combines information on languages, dialects, alphabets, religions, mass violence, or migrations over an extended period of time. The story first focuses on Central Europe’s dialect continua, the emergence of states, and the spread of writing technology from the tenth century onward. Most maps concentrate on the last two centuries. The main storyline opens with the emergence of the Western European concept of the nation, in accord with which the ethnolinguistic nation-states of Italy and Germany were founded. In the Central European view, a “proper” nation is none other than the speech community of a single language. The Atlas aspires to help users make the intellectual leap of perceiving languages as products of human history and part of culture. Like states, nations, universities, towns, associations, art, beauty, religions, injustice, or atheism—languages are artefacts invented and shaped by individuals and their groups.

Publikacijoje pateikiamas pluoštelis tapytojo Algimanto Jono ŠVĖGŽDOS (1941-04-22–1996-07-04) eseistikos, kuri sudaro didelę jo rašytinio palikimo dalį. Dailininko tekstai – tai mintys, pastebėjimai, prisiminimai apie savo gyvenimą, gimtuosius namus, Lietuvos bei pasaulio įvykius, pastabos apie politines aktualijas, dailininkus, parodas, paveikslus, keliones į Lietuvą, Italiją, Paryžių ir kt. Eseistika daug kur pratęsia Švėgždos laiškų temas, bet į stebėjimų ir vertinimų lauką įneša daugiau stiprios emocinės nuotaikos, subjektyvumo ir minties gaivumo. Pirmieji eseistikos tekstai atsirado apie 1982 metus, taigi jau išvykus iš Lietuvos. Visas dailininko rašytinis palikimas – dienoraščio sąsiuviniai, laiškai, eseistika, eilėraščiai, įvairūs dokumentai – saugomas Vilniaus dailės akademijos bibliotekoje. In his article, the art historian Viktoras LIUTKUS presents a small extract from the volume of essays by the artist Algimantas Jonas ŠVĖGŽDA (1941–1996), which makes up a large section of his written legacy. The artist’s writings include his thoughts and observations, recollections about his life, birthplace, and national and international events, and his thoughts on politics, other artists, exhibitions, pictures, and journeys around Lithuania, Italy, Paris and elsewhere. Švėgžda’s essays often complement the themes in his correspondence, and lend greater depth to his opinions and observations. He first started writing essays around 1982, by which time he had already left Lithuania. His whole written legacy , consisting of diaries, letters, essays, poems and miscellaneous documents, is kept in the library of Vilnius Academy of Art.

Bibliofilinės lietuvių dailininko knygos ištakos, siekiančios XX a. pirmą pusę, siejamos su grafikos meno klasikų Viktoro Petravičiaus, Pauliaus Augiaus Augustinavičiaus kūryba. Naujas šiuolaikinės dailininko knygos laikotarpis Lietuvoje įsibėgėjo atkūrus nepriklausomybę. Kūrybinis duetas – Kęstutis Vasiliūnas ir Roberta Vaigeltaitė-V. (Roberta Vaigeltaitė-Vasiliūnienė) yra tarp pagrindinių šiuolaikinės lietuvių dailininko knygos kūrėjų. Straipsnyje apžvelgiamos jų sukurtos dailininko knygos, aptariami meninės raiškos ypatumai, koncepcijos, sąveika su poligrafine knyga. In Lithuania, the era of a contemporary artist’s book began with the restoration of Independence. The year 1993 saw the opening of “The Book”, the first international show of artist’s books (Vilnius Contemporary Art Centre; cur. Kęstutis Vasiliūnas) which was followed by various presentations of book art in many other international art fairs abroad. Since 1997 Vasiliūnas has been curating the triennials dedicated to artist’s book (including “Diary: Eight Days”, “Love”, “The Rabbit and the House” and “23 Sins”). The 8th triennial “Memento Mori” (2018) took place in Vilnius Martynas Mažvydas Public Library, later the exposition was brought to the USA, Italy and Germany. The triennials dedicated to the artist’s book have been organised across the entire world. Since 1993, over 40 international shows and symposiums were held in Lithuania, Germany, USA, Austria, France, South Corea and elsewhere. Vasiliūnas has managed to assemble a growing international community dedicated to the genre of artist’s book. The extensive international interest in the Lithuanian artist’s book trienials testifies to the lasting importance of Vasiliūnas’ curatorial work. R. Vaigeltaitė-V. became part of the contemporary artist’s book movement back in the early 1990s. During the next 30 years she has created over 60 artist’s books, all unique in terms of their form and structure. Most of her books have a traditional format of a leafed codex, but she also made leporello concertinas and book-objects. The books were made of various types of paper, including hand-made paper, as well as plastic, linen fabric, natural materials and found objects. The artist’s books often involve mixed media such as linocut, wood block, colography, collage, stiching, ink jet print. The subjects of these diary-like records of everyday and travel experiences include mythology and religion. In terms of printing technique, Vaigeltaitė-V’s book art is related to graphic printing: the ideas she comes up with during the making of the artist’s book are then explored in graphic prints, and vice versa. The artistic scope of Prof. Kęstutis Vasiliūnas (Graphic Art Department, Vilnius Academy of Arts) is truly universal – he is a graphic artist, artist’s book designer, installation artist and curator. Vasiliūnas got interested in the artist’s book in the early 1990s. His first work – The Book of Creation – was exhibited at “The Book” (1993), a show dedicated to the genre of artist’s book. Vasiliūnas usually makes singular books and small print runs. Among the techniques he uses are coloured wood block print, longhand writing, drawing, ink jet print and movable type print. Vasiliūnas’ books retain their visual link with the traditional block-shaped book. Despite of what they are made of – be it wooden panels, paper, tea bags – they all have landscape or square-shaped rectangluar pages and they all feature lapels. The series of of tea bag book-objects was launched in the naugthties. Vasiliūnas also works as a graphic designer. His work is defined by an interplay between these two disciplines.

In 2019, Wojciech Tygielski published a new book, the fruit of in-depth research on the relations between early modern Poland-Lithuania and Italy, and on the Italian settlement within the borders of the Commonwealth. The purpose of this discussion article is to present the biography of Giovanni Battista Jacobelli as an original narrative resulting from an unconventional methodological approach, and more broadly, as a significant example of contemporary biographical writing. Particular attention is paid to the numerous digressions that appear in the narrative, here considered a deliberate methodological procedure aimed at filling the gaps created by the relatively poor primary sources which constitute the basis of the research. Moreover, the relevance of the reviewed study from the point of view of the present day is raised, as the reviewed book prompts making comparisons between historical reality and modernday experiences, and reflecting on the permanence of certain social phenomena. The discussion article also contains comments on the extensive source edition contained in the appendix to the reviewed book. The article challenges the author’s approach to presenting the early modern Italian correspondence to the reader, and to the degree of required modernisation.

Straipsnis skirtas apžvelgti 1907-1941 m. Lietuvoje leistų humanitarinių ir socialinių mokslų tęstinių leidinių ir mokslinių žurnalų istorinės tematikos tekstus. Darbe įvairiais pjūviais analizuojami Lietuvos ir užsienio šalių praeitį aprašantys tekstai, parodomas jų santykis su kitomis publikacijomis, kiekybinis pasiskirstymas aptariamu laikotarpiu, svarbiausi aprašomų temų ir istorinių laikotarpių kiekybiniai skirtumai, pateikiamos dažniausiai aprašomos užsienio šalys. Tekste analizuojama 20 skirtingų leidinių, leistų Lietuvos universiteto, mokslo draugijų ar institutų iniciatyva, apimančių kalbotyros, literatūros, filosofijos, religijos, istorijos, etnologijos, teisės, ekonomikos mokslus. Bandoma atskleisti ryškiausius skirtingų leidinių grupių požiūrius į praeitį. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo gausų istorinio pobūdžio tekstų skaičių akademinėje spaudoje, siūloma kelti hipotezę apie bent penkis skirtingus įvairių mokslo disciplinų konstruotus istorinius pasakojimus. In Lithuania, the first half of the twentieth century was the beginning of the Lithuanian scholarly journals. Lithuanian humanities and social sciences, which were held in high esteem by Lithuanian society, were making efforts to reflect both the development of science and research in the country’s scientific past and to shed light on some of past events in Lithuania. History, therefore, was an important topic in first scholarly journals. This article is focused on historical texts (articles, reviews, bibliographies, publications of historical sources) in twenty different Lithuanian scholarly journals on history, language, literature, philosophy, religion, ethnology, economics, law, and some other disciplines from 1907 to 1941. The article starts with the first Lithuanian scholarly journal Lietuvių tauta and ends with the last historical journal of the interwar period released during the Second World War. It analyses all general sets of texts in the journals. This quantitative research attempts to show the frequency of historical texts in the scientific periodical press, the most common types of texts, the frequency of the publication of these texts during the analysed period, and the type of history (local or foreign) that was more important for each of the journals or serial publications. In addition, this article points to the historical themes and historical periods that used to recur most frequently and to the countries that were represented in historical texts. The results of the survey show that approximately 49% of all the articles in the surveyed periodical press could be described as historical: such texts comprised from 21 to 100% of all texts in each of the academic journals The most common type of such texts was the historical article (at least 70% of all texts), followed by the review and the publication of historical sources. The largest number of historical texts was published in the second half of the 1930s and the lowest in the period of 1900s to 1910s and in the second half of the 1920s. The history of Lithuania was represented in 60% of all texts and foreign history in 48% of them. Eight out of 20 analysed scholarly journals demonstrated preference for foreign history rather than local. The most common was the history of Germany, France, Russia, Italy, Poland, England, and the Baltic countries. The most common themes of historical texts in the scholarly periodical press were biographies, social, cultural, and political history. Historical themes were mostly related to different interests of sciences and there were huge differences between these groups. The survey also shows that although Lithuanian medieval history was much less important to almost all scholarly periodical press, it was interesting to the general public, and that some nineteenth-century Lithuanian historical events received more attention. The nineteenth century and the early twentieth century were the most analysed historical periods, but some journals were predominantly interested in ancient history. Some historical and language-related periodicals focused on the medieval and early modern history of Lithuania.

Galerijoje 'Spicchi dell’Est' (lietuviškai būtų „Truputis Rytų“) mano parodos atidarymas įvyko 1991 m. Apsilankė Romos kultūrinis elitas, net kino režisierius Franco Zeffirelli’s, aktorė Claudia Cardinale ir kt. Įžangą katalogui parašė garsus meno istorikas Vittorio Sgarbi’s, kurio tekstas man pasirodė įdomus, prasmingas, netikėtas. Grįžęs iš Romos, užsakiau to teksto vertimą net į dvidešimt kalbų. Kodėl? Buvau pakviestas į Reszel pilies plenerą – nutariau ten imtis aliejinės tapybos. Ieškant naujo saviraiškos būdo, į galvą dingtelėjo mintis paveikslą praturtinti tekstu. Taigi fone tapiau Vittorio Sgarbi’o tekstą, siedamas jį su vaizdiniu – tas motyvas, aišku, dominuoja. Sukūriau dvidešimt paveikslų su dvidešimčia skirtingų reginių, dvidešimčia skirtingų kalbų. Sakyčiau, koncepcija tokia: jei lankytojas tą kalbą moka, galės foną perskaityti, jei nemoka, žiūrės kaip į ornamentą. Galerija 'Spicchi dell’Est', sužinojusi apie šį ciklą, kitais – 1992 – metais surengė parodą „Žmogus žmogui vilkas“. Tai buvo gigantiškas, iki šiol įspūdingiausias mano parodos atidarymas. Jį filmavo ir transliavo Italijos televizija. Susirinko daug žmonių, kalbą sakė politikas Andreoti’s... [...] Artist‘s essay on his creative life and interesting stories about his art works.

A comparative analysis of energy poverty transitions and persistence can provide valuable suggestions for long-term policy actions. This study examines the dynamics of energy poverty in 17 European countries based on the longitudinal household data from the EU Survey on Income and Living Conditions, waves 2015–2018. The study pursues two goals. First, we explore households’ chances of transitioning in and out of energy poverty in each country following the discrete-time Markov process. On average, the probability to stay in energy poverty is 51.5%, and there is a lot of heterogeneity across countries. Households in Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, and Lithuania are quite close to the energy poverty trap. Second, we identify factors that help energy-poor households leave energy poverty. Demographic, technical, and socio-economic factors are the drivers in escaping energy poverty, which suggests common EU policy. Keywords: energy poverty; persistence; dynamics; subjective indicator; mixed effect model; European countries.

Background: During the current COVID-19 pandemic, the people in Europe are exposed to self-isolation, quarantine, job loss, risk of contracting COVID-19, or grief of loved ones. Such a complex array of stressors may lead to symptoms of adjustment disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder. This research protocol describes a study launched by the European Society of Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS) to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on symptoms of adjustment disorder across European countries.Objective: The longitudinal online cohort study aims (1) to explore psychosocial reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic across ten European countries; (2) to examine the relationships between risk and resilience factors, stressors and symptoms of adjustment disorder during the pandemic; and (3) to investigate whether these relationships are moderated by coping behaviours.Method: In ten countries (Austria, Croatia, Georgia, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, and Sweden), between 1,000 and 2,000 participants will be recruited, depending on the size of the country. Participants will be assessed at two timepoints with a six-month interval. Following a conceptual framework based on the WHO’s social frame-work of health, an assessment of risk and resilience factors, COVID-19 related stressors and pandemic-specific coping behaviours will be measured to estimate their contribution to symptoms of adjustment disorder. The Adjustment Disorder New Module 8 (ADNM-8) will be used to assess symptoms of adjustment disorder. As a secondary measure, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder will be measure using the Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5). Data analysis: The relative contribution of risk factors, resilience factors, and stressors on symptoms of adjustment disorder or symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder will be esti-mated using multilevel analysis. To determine the moderating effects of different types of coping behaviours on these relationships, a multilevel mediation analysis will be carried out. Keywords: COVID-19; pandemic; disaster; coronavirus; mental health; stressors; stress- related disorders; coping style; adjustment disorder; posttraumatic stress.

Purpose: Besides the evident positive effect on body development, physical activity has proven to boost executive functions, especially if the exercises are enriched with cognitive stimuli. Previous studies have shown that introducing challenging exercises in the physical activity routine can also enhance motivation. Therefore, enriching a physical education program with cognitively challenging exercises may also foster children’s motivation during physical education classes, where the motivation is high at the beginning of the school year and low at the end of it. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to test if a sport program enriched by cognitive stimuli may improve kids’ motivation or take them out from a state of amotivation along the school year. Methods: A sample of 342 school children (203 boys, 139 girls) took part in the study. Participants were asked to complete a battery of motivation and perceived social support questionnaires before and after they completed the ESA Program, a sport program enriched with cognitive stimuli. Moreover, parents of these children attended four seminars about the importance of supporting children for the practice of regular physical activity (PA). A control group consisting of children that attended the ordinary physical education school class was also included. Results: A repeated measures MANOVA model showed that the ESA Program was able to improve children’s general motivation, in particular the intrinsic motivation. The program was not effective in social support, but, independently from the group, the family social support in sports activities decreased for females. Conclusion: Apart from cognitive improvement, the ESA Program can have beneficial effects on children’s sports motivation in physical education, but not on perceived social support. Keywords: motivation, social support, enriched sport program, physical education, gender difference.

Aggression and violence among youth are researched as social phenomena in sport. This paper was designed to determine the occurrence of these behaviors as well as prosocial behaviors among young athletes. The current paper is a research report aiming to detect the frequency of aggressive behavior, social exclusion, prosocial behavior and cohesion in the youth environment, the frequency of personal experience of peer violence or social exclusion, and to evaluate cross-national differences in terms of occurrence of these phenomena.The field research was conducted in six European countries (Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Italy, Lithuania, and Serbia) on a sample of 482 children aged 6 to 16. The conducted questionnaire consisted of pre-existing scales and measures for specific behaviors and social aspects that formed the Youth Environment Assessment and Youth Characteristics Questionnaire. Previous personal experience of violence and social exclusion determined groups in the sample. One-way ANOVA and discriminant analysis were conducted to compare various variables and groups within the sample. The results have shown that aggressive and social exclusion behaviors are rare or very rare, predominantly in the form of verbal aggression in the sports club environment. The results of the conducted discriminant analysis indicate that prosocial and cohesion behaviors occur “quite often” to “often” among sports club athletes’ samples. The percentage of athletes who have had personal experience of violence or social exclusion in the last two years and whose feeling of hurt by that experience was assessed as “a lot” or “fully” on the measurement scale is estimated to be approximately 25 %. Mild cross-national differences emerged in the overmentioned variables, probably due to the sample specificity, or to cultural variety. The results indicate the need for longitudinal research on this topic since the sport is an environment in which cohesion can be developed among young athletes, but it is not free from social exclusion or aggression. Keywords: aggression; social exclusion; motivation; youth; sport.

Švietimo įstaigos vadovo veiklos sritys apima mokyklos administravimą ir valdymą, žmogiškųjų ir materialinių išteklių tikslingą naudojimą ugdymo kokybei užtikrinti. Mokyklos kontekstas daro įtaką vadovų darbo dienai ir jų laiko paskirstymui, todėl aktualu atlikti tyrimus, siekiant įvertinti kontekstinius veiksnius, lemiančius vadovų darbo laiko planavimo galimybes ir apribojimus. Tyrimo tikslas – ištirti ikimokyklinės įstaigos vadovų darbo laiko paskirstymą skirtingoms funkcijoms atlikti ir atskleisti darbo laiko planavimo galimybes ir apribojimus. Tyrimas atliktas 2018–2019 m. Pirmojo tyrimo etapo metu apklausta po vieną trijų Europos šalių (Lietuvos, Prancūzijos, Italijos) ikimokyklinės įstaigos vadovą. Apklausos rezultatai parodė, kad veikloje pastebimi tam tikri veiklos panašumai dėl vadovo darbo specifikos, pradedant strateginių tikslų formavimu, tėvų ir socialinių partnerių įtraukimu į įstaigos veiklą, baigiant įstaigos veiklos kokybės vertinimu. Atsižvelgiant į tai, kad skirtingų šalių vadovai dirba gana skirtinguose kontekstuose, skirtingomis darbo sąlygomis, daryti apibendrinančias išvadas netikslinga, tačiau gautus duomenis galima panaudoti rengiant analogiškų tyrimų metodiką. Antrojo etapo metu analizuota ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaigų vadovų darbo laiko planavimo problematika. Jame dalyvavę Šiaulių m. ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaigų vadovai atskleidė, kad daugiausia laiko skiria darbui su įstaigos dokumentais, personalo klausimų sprendimui ir finansiniams klausimams. Kitaip tariant, Lietuvos ikimokyklinių įstaigų vadovų darbe vyraujanti veikla, kuriai skiriama daugiausia laiko – administraciniai-biurokratiniai procesai, kai tuo tarpu patys vadovai linkę dalį tam skiriamo laiko išnaudoti ugdymo proceso priežiūrai ir tobulinimui bei savo profesiniam tobulėjimui. Ir nors viena iš vadovo funkcijų – tinkamas ir savalaikis veiklos, taigi ir savo darbo laiko, planavimas, praktikoje susiduriama su laiko planavimo trukdžiais, susijusiais su žmogiškųjų ir materialinių išteklių valdymu ir daugiaveika, kai vienu metu atliekamos kelios, skirtingos savo turiniu ir apimtimi, veiklos. Raktiniai žodžiai: darbo laiko planavimas, ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaiga, ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaigos vadovas, pasidalytoji lyderystė. Activity areas of the head of the educational institution include school administration and management, purposeful use of human and material resources to ensure the quality of education. The school context influences the heads’ working day and their time distribution; therefore, it is relevant to conduct research to evaluate the contextual factors determining the opportunities and limitations of heads’ working time planning. The aim of the research is to investigate the distribution of working time of pre-school institutions’ heads for performance of different functions and to reveal the opportunities and limitations of working time planning. The study was conducted in 2018-2019. During the first stage of the study, one head of the pre-school institution from each of three European countries (Lithuania, France, Italy) was surveyed. The results of the survey have shown certain similarities in heads’ activities due to the specificity of the head’s work, starting with the formation of strategic aims, parents’ and social partners’ involvement in the institution’s activities and finishing with the assessment of the quality of the institution’s activity. Given that heads of different countries work in quite different contexts and under different working conditions, it is not appropriate to draw summarising conclusions, but the obtained data can be used in developing the methodology of analogous research. During the second stage, the topics of planning the working time of the heads of pre-school educational institutions were analysed. The heads of Siauliai pre-school educational institutions, involved in the study, have revealed that they spend most of their time working with the documents of the institution, solving personnel and financial issues. In other words, the activity prevailing in the work of the heads of Lithuanian pre-school institutions is administrative-bureaucratic processes, while the heads themselves are inclined to use part of that time for supervision and improvement of the educational process and for their own professional development. Although one of the head’s functions is proper and timely planning of activities, and thus, of their own working time, in practice obstacles to time planning, related to management of human and material resources and multi-tasking, when several activities differing in content and scope are performed simultaneously, are encountered. Keywords: working time planning, pre-school educational institution, head of the pre-school educational institution, distributed leadership.

Tyrime analizuojami keturi Antrojo pasaulinio karo metais gausiausiais tiražais leisti periodiniai leidiniai, stengiamasi nustatyti kultūrinės atminties būdingiausias tendencijas ir kaitą pereinant nuo tautininkų valdytos Lietuvos prie Lietuvos įtraukimo į Sovietų Sąjungą ir Vokietijos okupacijos. Taikomi kiekybinis ir kokybinis turinio analizės metodai, įtraukiama beveik 600 skirtingų kultūrinę atmintį ir istorijos vertinimą perteikiančių straipsnių. Analizė rodo, jog kultūrinė atmintis esant kiekvienam politiniam režimui buvo unikali, skiriasi kiekybinis tekstų pasiskirstymas aprašant skirtingas epochas ar temas, išaukštinami ir sumenkinami skirtingi istoriniai laikotarpiai, skiriasi praeities herojų ir priešų pasirinkimas, užsienio šalių praeities vertinimai. During World War II Lithuania was ruled by three completely different political regimes. In the first year Lithuania was authoritarian state ruled by group of nationalists, in 1940 Lithuania was occupied by Soviet Union and in 1941 State was occupied by Nazi Germany. All these political powers was undemocratic and propagated their ideologies. One of the most important aspect of every ideology is to suggest new concept of time. This change of perception of time could be seen in the change of cultural memory. Article try to analyze this change using the most popular Lithuanian periodical press of the period. This research analyzed main historical periods and the most popular themes represented in the main newspapers. Using theories of Anthony D. Smith and Raoul Girardet research showed what historical periods was seen positively and what negatively, what was main historical heroes and enemies; also how foreign history was represented in the periodical press. The quantitative content analysis showed that while representations of history in the so called independent Lithuania and in Lithuania occupied by Nazis was quite similar, historical representations during first Soviet occupation was unique. Qualitative content analysis showed that there was three very different paradigms of cultural memories, represented in periodical press. Lithuanian nationalist mostly tried to promote Lithuanian medieval times and especially Lithuanian dukes and historical capital Vilnius, also they tried to justify their politics creating myth of great welfare during their rule. They praised Soviet history, criticized Poland and poles, but wrote about most of the countries quite neutral. During Soviet occupation all Lithuanian history was harshly criticized and showed as negative times, this regime promoted only few Lithuanian heroes who died young or was known for their left wing politics. Main historical past represented in the newspapers was history of Soviet Union, other countries was ignored. Main enemies of Soviets was Lithuanian gentry, and Lithuanian rulers of the past. During Nazi occupation there was more Lithuanian national history than German history, but the main appreciable historical periods was Lithuanian prehistory and the 19th Century. Regime promoted history of Lithuanian culture and language, but tried to ignore Lithuanian state. Foreign history was mostly binary – propaganda criticized Soviet Union as well as Tsarist Russia, USA and United Kingdom, but appreciated history of Italy, Japan, Finland, Turkey, Spain etc. Main historical enemies were of course Bolsheviks and Jews.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas vagystės kriminalizavimas Lietuvos ir kitų šalių baudžiamuosiuose įstatymuose, pateikiama vagystės sąvokos istorinė apžvalga, analizuojamas objektyviųjų ir subjektyviųjų požymių taikymas kriminalizuojant vagystę. Atliekant sisteminę baudžiamosios teisės teorijos ir teismų praktikos analizę, identifikuojami kai kurie probleminiai vagystės kriminalizavimo Lietuvos baudžiamajame kodekse aspektai ir formuluojami pasiūlymai vagystės kriminalizavimo tobulinimui. Rengiant šį darbą, buvo naudotasi Lietuvos ir kitų užsienio šalių baudžiamaisiais įstatymais, teisės aktais, analizuojami lietuvių, rusų ir anglų teisininkų mokslininkų darbai, kurie yra susiję su aptariama tema. Šiame darbe, be kita ko, yra analizuota teismų praktika, kuri susijusi su kai kurių pagrindinių vagystės požymių nustatymo problematika. Darbe yra lyginamos užsienio šalys bei pabrėžiama, kiek ir kokie požymiai taikomi apibrėžiant vagystę minėtų šalių baudžiamuosiuose įstatymuose. Šio darbo tikslas yra atskleisti vagystės kriminalizavimą Lietuvos BK, nustatyti tokio kriminalizavimo privalumus ir trūkumus. Šiame tyrime yra pateiktos išvados, kurios padės geriau suprasti esmę. Išvadose minėtina, kad lyginant vagystės sąvoką su kitų užsienio šalių baudžiamaisiais įstatymais, vagystė dažniausiai suprantama taip pat kaip ir pagal Lietuvos baudžiamąjį įstatymą, tik išskyrus Rusijos ir Ukrainos baudžiamuosius įstatymus. Taip pat, pažymėtina, kad vagystės dalyko išplėtimas nėra tikslingas, tačiau diskutuotina dėl siauresnio vagystės dalyko nustatymo. Pabrėžtina, kad, norint pasiekti tinkamą vagystės reglamentavimą Lietuvos baudžiamajame įstatyme, būtų tikslinga Lietuvos BK 178 straipsnio 1 dalies dispozicijoje įtvirtinti vagystės subjektyviosios pusės požymį – pasisavinimo tikslą. Article is aimed to analyze theft, as it is foreseen in Article 178 (theft) of The Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania. The aim of this study is to reveal the advantages and disadvantages of criminalizing theft in Lithuanian criminal law and to submit proposals to the legislator regarding adding and amending features of the act. In order to achieve these goals, the following tasks are set: to provide a historical overview of the criminalization of theft, to perform a detailed analysis of the criminalization of theft in the criminal laws of Lithuania and other countries, to submit proposals to the legislator of the Republic of Lithuania regarding the establishment of a certain subjective features of theft, to find out whether it is necessary to expand the subject matter of the theft in Lithuanian criminal law. While trying to evaluate the current legal regulation established in the CC of Lithuania, at the same time the authors examine the criminal laws of other countries (Germany, Poland, Hungary, France, etc.)In their article, the authors also examine the identification of objective and subjective features in criminalizing theft. The authors point out that, for example, criminalization of theft in criminal law, in some countries, including Lithuania, name property of another (Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Russia, Italy, Australia, England) as theft, others a object of another (Germany, Hungary, France, Turkey), and still others (Canada and England) use a broader term to define the subject of theft - money, any other movable and immovable property, as well as the right of claim and other intangible property. Moreover, the authors point out that subjective features (motive and purpose) in criminalizing theft are not enshrined in Article 178 of the CC of Lithuania. Meanwhile, the criminal laws of some foreign countries also define theft as a sign of selfishness - seeking to obtain (material) benefits (Danish CC, Italian CC, Russian CC). The authors, having performed the analysis of legal acts, doctrine and criminal cases, present their conclusions in the article. The authors of the study found that: 1) after assessing the current legal regulation established by the CC of Lithuania, it is considered that the extension of the subject of theft is not expedient, but it is debatable regarding the narrower determination of the subject of theft; 2) unlike the CC of Lithuania, the definitions of theft provided in the laws of many countries also indicate the purpose of seizure (hijacking) of property of another: with the aim of misappropriation (Estonia, Germany, Poland, Hungary, Sweden, Turkey); 3) in the absence of an article of the CC of the Republic of Lithuania, regulating criminal liability for temporary use of a vehicle, it is more difficult to substantiate the purpose of embezzlement as a necessary feature of hijacking; 4) the Lithuanian legislator should define theft in Article 178 of the CC (theft) as the abduction of another's property with the aim of appropriation, which would ensure the principles emphasized by the Lithuanian Constitutional Court and the European Court of Human Rights that the legal description of an act as criminal in criminal law must be complete, accurate and include clear implementation.

Spausdinamas dokumentas – 1927–1935 m. Kaune rezidavusio Italijos pasiuntinio Džiovanio Amadorio (Giovanni Amadori) konfidencialus raportas apie Lietuvos vidaus ir užsienio politinę padėtį, ypač apie šalies valdžios specifiką. Pagrindinis Dž. Amadorio akcentas – Antano Smetonos, Juozo Tūbelio šeimų ir kai kurių su jais susijusių asmenų politinio gyvenimo dominavimas, kas, dokumento autoriaus nuomone, stabdė Lietuvos raidą. The printed document is a confidential report of the Italian envoy Giovanni Amadori, who resided in Kaunas from 1927 to 1935, on the domestic and foreign political situation in Lithuania, especially on the specifics of the country’s government. The main highlight of the Amadori report is the dominance of the political life of the families of Antanas Smetona, Juozas Tūbelis and some people related to them, which, in the opinion of the author of the document, hindered the development of Lithuania.

Naujųjų laikų kelionės ir keliautojai vis dažniau tampa istorijos bei raštijos tyrimų objektu. Ši prieiga leidžia naujai pažvelgti į socialinę, kasdienybės istoriją. Straipsnio tikslas yra pristatyti dar gana menkai tyrinėtus Apšvietos epochos Lietuvos jėzuitų kelionių po Vakarų Europą raštijos pavyzdžius ir aptarti juos bendrame Apšvietos epochos Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės kelionių raštijos kontekste. Šiuo tikslu straipsnyje bus lyginami skirtingų epochų, socialinių sluoksnių bei lyčių kelionių aprašymai, siekiant nustatyti, ar analizuojami jėzuitų kelionių aprašymai skyrėsi nuo kitų sluoksnių amžininkų kelionių raštijos; ar jėzuitų socialinė padėtis ir išsilavinimas turėjo įtakos lankant ir aprašant objektus. Tokia prieiga suteikia galimybę analizuoti keliautojų asmeninę ir kolektyvinę patirtį bei pastarosios ypatumus aptariamuoju laikotarpiu. The history of travel is becoming increasingly attractive to cultural historians. Although the number of studies is growing, insufficient attention has so far been paid to travel writings within particular social groups. The aim of the paper is to present insuff iciently researched examples of eighteenth-century travel writings by Lithuanian Jesuits, in which they relate of their journeys in Western Europe, and to discuss them against the overall context of travel writing of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Age of Enlightenment. With his aim in mind, in this paper the author compares travel journals of different epochs, social strata, and sexes, assuming that Jesuit travel diaries might reflect the influence of the Jesuitic social status and education on the objects visited and on the prevailing narratives of travel writing. The study is based on the descriptions of three journeys of eighteenth-century Jesuits: the travel journal of Adalbert Bohuszewicz, rector of the Jesuit College of Polotsk, about his journey to Rome and back, a description of European travel by the former Jesuit Franciszek Ksawery Bohusz, and a travel guide to Rome by the former Jesuit Kazimierz Kognowicki. These travel diaries by eighteenth-century Lithuanian Jesuits follow the common trends of travel writing of their time: they display the presence of critical thinking and evaluation as well as a changed relation between the author and the ostensible reader. Although the aims of the three texts differ, it is evident that the authors made efforts not only to preserve information but also to stir the interest of the future travellers. Since urban secular and sacral spaces are often separated in travel descriptions, the article accentuates the descriptions of these spaces and possible shifts in them. The author of the paper expands on the descriptions of the urban space as it is there that the changes of the epoch can best be felt. The descriptions of cities become somewhat more cautious and critical. The examined travel writings show that their authors were acquainted with the latest literature and were aware of travel trends, as demonstrated by their visits to newly-discovered archaeological sites in Rome and southern Italy. The impact of the epochs is best seen in the descriptions of sacral buildings. The travel journals of the eighteenth century no longer contain vivid stories of martyrdom, which flourished and were very descriptive in the travel diaries of the Baroque period. The investigation shows that compared to travel writings by the laity and the representatives of other monastic orders, the travel diaries of the Jesuits tend to focus on ‘Jesuit’ objects: descriptions of colleges and sacral buildings. More emphasis is given to the personalities of Ignatius of Loyola and Stanislaus Kostka. However, speaking in general, the examined sources more reflect the period’s established traditions of travel writing than manifestations of the collective identity of a social group.

Lietuvių kalbos kurso atsiradimas Parmoje buvo svarbus žingsnis, užtikrinęs lietuvių kalbai savarankiškos disciplinos statusą Italijos universitetuose. Pradedant šį kursą, nesitikėta didelio lankytojų skaičiaus, nes paprastai studentus labiau traukia tos fakultatyvinės kalbos, kurios gali rasti platesnį pritaikymą ir labiau praversti profesinei veiklai, pvz., kinų ar arabų kalbos (šiemet konkurenciją dar padidino naujai įvestas japonų kalbos kursas). Ir vis dėlto reikia tik džiaugtis, kad ir nedideliame rate buvo galima paskleisti skambesį ir svarbą tos senosios kalbos, kurios vaidmuo, deja, ir pačioje Lietuvoje kartais jau imamas menkinti. Pasidžiaugiant ir Klaipėdos universiteto kolegos prof. Balsio iniciatyva, kasmet atnaujinant bendradarbiavimo sutartį, ir nemokamai kursą skaičiusios Birutės entuziazmu, belieka tikėtis, kad analogišku pavyzdžiu kur nors įsižiebs naujas lietuvių kalbos dėstymo židinėlis. Unikalią lietuvių kalbą pirmiausia turi saugoti ir branginti patys lietuviai.

Įvadas -- Interneto svetainių blokavimas kaip autorių teisių gynybos būdas. Interneto svetainių blokavimo kaip autorių teisių gynybos būdo atsiradimo prielaidos Lietuvos teisinėje sistemoje ; Interneto svetainių blokavimo reglamentavimas ir reguliavimas Lietuvos teisės sistemoje ; Interneto svetainių blokavimo techninė ir praktinė pusė -- Kitų valstybių praktika. Italijos Respublikoje taikomas autorių teisių gynimo internete mechanizmas ; Prancūzijos Respublikos "HADOPI" reguliavimas -- Probleminiai klausimai. Ar interneto svetainių blokavimas kaip autorių teisių gynimo būdas yra efektyvus? ; Ar LRTK įpareigojant tarpininkus, o teismui tik sankcionuojant LRTK sprendimą, nėra pažeidžiamas teisingumo principas? ; Prieigos prie interneto svetainių blokavimo problematika žmogaus teisių kontekste ; Reguliavimo mechanizmo, kurį įgyvendina viešojo administravimo subjektas, persikėlimas į kitas teisines sritis. Tai pažanga ar nuosmukis? -- Išvados. Moksliniame darbe didelis dėmesys skirtas prieigos prie interneto svetainių blokavimui, kaip vienam iš pagrindinių autorių teisių gynybos būdų internetinėje erdvėje. Atskleista šios autorių teisių gynimo priemonės samprata ir turinys. Išsamiai analizuotas interneto svetainių blokavimo efektyvumas ir veiksmingumas. Praktiniu aspektu atskleistas pats prieigos prie interneto svetainės blokavimo veikimo mechanizmas. Lyginti Italijos ir Prancūzijos pasirinkti autorių teisių gynimo internetinėje erdvėje būdai su Lietuvoje taikomu modeliu. Nagrinėtas teismo ir viešojo administravimo subjekto tarpusavio teisinis santykis ir pakitęs minėtų subjektų vaidmuo. Sistemiškai apžvelgtos Lietuvos Aukščiausiojo Teismo nutartys ir Europos Sąjungos Teisingumo Teismo praktika. Analizuota tokios priemonės įgyvendinimo žmogaus teisių kontekste problematika. Aptartas tokio reguliavimo mechanizmo persikėlimas į kitas teisines sferas ir jo įgyvendinimas jose. The research is mainly focused on blocking acces to websites as one of the main measure of copyright protection in the online space. The concept and content of this copyright measure have been disclosed. The effectiveness and efficiency of website blocking has been thoroughly analyzed. From the practical aspect, the mechanism of blocking acces to a website has been disclosed. Italian and French ways of copyright protection on the internet were compared with the Lithuanian model. The legal relationship between the court and the public administration entity as the role of these entities were also examined. The rullings of the Lithuanian Supreme Court and the case law of the European Court Of Justice have been systematically reviewed. The problem of implementing such a measue in the context of human rights was analyzed. The transfer of such a regulatory mechanism to other legal spheres and its implementation therein was discussed.

Straipsnyje analizuojamos kūrinio sukūrimo aplinkybės, išaiškinami spausdinti ir kiti šaltiniai, kuriais rėmėsi autorius kurdamas savo kūrinį, analizuojama senovės Romos poetų, pirmiausia Vergilijaus, įtaka, aptariami panašūs poetiniai kūriniai, skirti šiam karo žygiui, ir "Panegirikos" vieta tarp jų. Basilius Hyacinthius’ "Panegyricus in excidium Polocense" (hereinafter "Panegyricus") is the first book to have been written and published by a resident of Vilnius in the territory of present-day Italy. The aim of the paper is to determine the background of "Panegyricus" and the historical sources, which the author resorted to in writing the book, and to reveal its literary sources and influences. In the absence of any other sources, the circumstances of the work’s creation can only be inferred from the author’s own words in the dedication. In it, he mentions that his information on the course of the 1579 Polotsk campaign was provided by his friends’ letters from Lithuania, the vivid stories of travellers who had come to Italy, and by some ‘writings’. The author of the Panegyricus had at hand and relied mainly on the official printed source of the 1579 Polotsk campaign: ‘The King’s ordinance (on the celebration) of Holy Mass for the achieved victory over Muscovy’ (Edictum regium de supplicationibus ob rem bene adversus Moschum gestam). Other sources included the aforementioned letters sent by friends and informing about the circumstances of the 1579 campaign; these must have been accompanied by some manuscript material, such as a list of the noblemen of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, who hired soldiers at their own expense and brought them to the military camp; the list took more than 100 lines of the poem. The last group of sources consisted of the poet’s own first-hand information about people and facts that, although unrelated to the story of the Polotsk campaign, were woven effectively into the poem. To sum up Basilius Hyacinthius’ sources and their use, he did not use or indicate any unknown sources or facts that would shed more light on the history of the 1579 Polotsk campaign. The author of the poem, however, did not set such an aim to himself: his main task was to glorify King Stephen Bathory and his homeland Lithuania. At the level of the structure of the work and its individual segments, there is little emulation of the ancient Roman authors of epics or other bards. The author took the traditional motif of Fame, the Fame that announces the achieved victory over Muscovy to the whole world; Muses are also addressed several times. Following the example of the ancient Roman epic and other authors, conventional adhortations were used. Based on the poets of Antiquity, the greeting of the Nereids, the goddesses of river, was also introduced. The intervention of the gods in a Christian spirit to save the warriors from mortal danger and the insertion of the dream of Stephen Bathory foretelling the pending battle should be related to the epic authors, in particular Virgil. In different variations, all of this is found in the epics of ancient Rome. The strongest influence of the classical Roman poets is observed at the lexical level of the poem. Basilius Hyacinthius relied mostly on Virgil, especially his Aeneid, as the benchmark for all poets writing in Latin hexameters. The work of the author from Vilnius is permeated with Virgil’s words, especially in the second half of the poem, when the author tries to compensate for the lack of factual historical material by using more and more of the vocabulary of this ancient Roman bard. The poem under analysis was not the only poetic work to commemorate the recapture of Polotsk. Two other works significant in their scope and ambition – Daniel Hermann Stephaneis Moschovitica and Samuel Wolff’s Stephani Primi serenissimi Poloniae regis et magni Lituanorum ducis etc. adversus Iohannem Basilidem, magnum Moscoviae ducem, expeditio carmine elegiaco descripta (The Campaign of Stephen the First against Ivan Vasilyevich, Grand Duke of Muscovy) – were published between 1582 and 1583. Both authors were united in their desire to chronicle all of Stephen Bathory’s wars against Ivan IV. Wolff succeeded in completing it: his poem includes the Pskov campaign of 1581. Neither Hermann nor Wolff took part in the Polotsk campaign and, like Basilius Hyacinthius, relied mainly on official printed information – the aforementioned ‘King’s Ordinance’. From the literary point of view, the three main bards of the march of Polotsk (Hyacinthius, Hermann, and Wolff) demonstrated more or less the same level. None of the three works is a literary masterpiece and will never be; nonetheless, they fully conform to the context and trends of neo-Latin writing of the second half of the sixteenth century. The distinctive feature of Basilius Hyacinthius’ work is the transparent desire to emphasise the contribution of the Lithuanian nobility to the retaking of Polotsk, after having highlighted the merits of Stephen Bathory himself, and to counterbalance, at least to a certain extent, the well-organised glorification of the victory of the Polish arms by the king’s entourage. Basilius Hyacinthius’ personal determination and ability to become the first bard of the recapture of Polotsk abroad is noteworthy and much appreciated.

2020 m. pradžioje COVID-19 virusui sukėlus pandemiją, jos sukeltus ekonominius nuostolius netruko pajusti visos šalys. Tampa aktualu įvertinti globalios ekonominės krizės mastą. Straipsnyje naudojami, lyginami ir analizuojami naujausi Pasaulio banko, Tarptautinio valiutos fondo, Europos bendradarbiavimo ir plėtros organizacijos, Pasaulio turizmo organizacijos, Europos Komisijos ir kt. institucijų duomenys bei ekspertinė analizė, siekiant nustatyti pasaulio ekonomikos bei turizmo tendencijas pandemijos metu. Atskiras dėmesys skiriamas pasaulinėms turizmo tendencijoms, kadangi pandemija privertė valstybes uždaryti sienas ir / arba taikyti kitus judėjimo apribojimus, kas nulėmė tai, jog turizmas tapo labiausiai nukentėjusiu ekonomikos sektoriumi krizės metu. COVID-19 pandemijos sukelta globali ekonominė krizė įvardijama kaip unikali dėl nuosmukio staigumo, „statumo“ ir gylio. Išsivysčiusių šalių ekonomika patiria didesnių ekonominių nuostolių nei likęs pasaulis, tačiau ir jų atsigavimas / augimas prognozuojamas spartesnis. Lietuvos ekonomika nuo pandemijos nukentėjo viena mažiausiai iš Europos Sąjungos šalių. Manoma, kad turizmo ekonomika pasauliniu mastu 2020 m. susitrauks 60 % ir tai 6–7 kartus didesnis nuosmukis nei bendro ekonomikos rodiklio BVP. Šalys, kuriose turizmo sektorius turi didžiausią ekonominę įtaką pagal šalies BVP (8–14 %) ir dirbančiųjų skaičių (7–10 %), patenka tarp didžiausius bendrus ekonominius nuostolius patyrusių šalių (13–20 %) skaičių. Tai Ispanija, Jungtinė Karalystė, Kroatija, Italija, Graikija, Portugalija, Prancūzija, Vokietija. Lietuvoje turizmo sektorius turi ženkliai menkesnę ekonominę įtaką (produkcijos vertė nuo BVP 3 %, darbuotojų skaičius – 4,8%) ir tai sutampa su mažesniais bendrais ekonominiais nuostoliais (1,5–5,5 %). Susidūrusios su didžiuliu ir staigiu ekonomikos susitraukimu, Europos Sąjungos šalys skubiai ėmėsi ekonomikos gaivinimo. Fiskalinės drausmės saugikliai (3 % biudžeto deficito nuo BVP bei 60 % valstybės skolos nuo BVP) buvo suspenduoti, tačiau gelbėjimo planai turės įtakos valstybių biudžeto tvarumui. Lietuvos ekonominės pagalbos planas (5 milijardai eurų, apie 10 % nuo BVP), valstybės skolos (41,4 % nuo BVP pandemijos metu ir 50,2 % 2021 m.), biudžeto deficito (7,0 % pandemijos metu ir 5,5 % 2021 m.) rodikliai išlieka vieni mažiausių ES. When the COVID-19 virus caused a pandemic at the beginning of 2020, all countries felt the economic damage soon. It is essential to assess the extent of the global economic crisis. The article uses, compares and analyses the latest data from the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Tourism Organization, the European Commission and others, as well as their expert analysis to identify global economic and tourism trends during a pandemic. Particular attention is paid to global tourism trends, as the pandemic has forced countries to close borders and/or impose other restrictions on the movement of people, which has led to tourism being identified as the most affected economic sector during the crisis. The global economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic is described as unique due to the “fastest and steepest” of the recession. The economies of developed countries are suffering more significant economic losses than the rest of the world, but their recovery/growth is also projected to be faster. The Lithuanian economy has been hit the least of the European Union countries since the pandemic. The global tourism economy is expected to shrink by 60% in 2020, which is a 6-7 times larger decline than the general economic drop (GDP). The countries where the tourism sector has the most considerable economic impact in terms of the country’s GDP (8-14%) and employment (7-10%) are among the countries with the highest total economic losses (13-20%). These are Spain, the United Kingdom, Croatia, Italy, Greece, Portugal, France, Germany. In Lithuania, the tourism sector has a significantly lower economic impact (3% of GDP, 4.8% of total workers) and this coincides with lower total financial losses (1.5-5.5% of GDP). In the face of a severe and sharp economic contraction, the countries of the European Union have embarked on an urgent help for economic recovery. Safeguards on fiscal discipline (3% of GDP deficit and 60% of government debt to GDP) have been suspended; however, rescue plans will have an impact on the sustainability of public finances. Lithuania’s economic aid plan (EUR 5 billion, which consists of about 10% of GDP), public debt (41.4% of GDP during the pandemic and 50.2% in 2021), the budget deficit (7.0% during the pandemic and 5.5% in 2021) provide indicators that remain among the lowest in the EU.

Policy-specific actor-constellations consisting of party- and group-representatives commonly drive the effective establishment of new policy programmes or changes in existing policies. In the EU multi-level system, the creation of such constellations is complicated because it practically requires consensus on two dimensions: the European public policy at stake and the issue of European integration. This means that, for interest groups with interests in particular policy domains, and with limited interest in the actual issue of European integration, non-Eurosceptic parties must be their main ally in their policy battles. We hypothesise that interest groups with relevant European domain-specific interests will ally with non-Eurosceptic parties, whereas interest groups whose interests are hardly affected by the European policy process will have party-political allies across the full range of positions on European integration. We assess this argument on the basis of an elite-survey of interest group leaders and study group-party dyads in several European countries (i.e., Belgium, Lithuania, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, and Slovenia) in a large number of policy domains. Our dependent variable is the group-party dyad and the main independent variables are the European policy interests of the group and the level of Euroscepticism of the party. We broadly find support for our hypotheses. The findings of our study speak to the debate concerning the implications of the politicisation of European integration and, more specifically, the way in which party-political polarisation of Europe may divide domestic interest group systems and potentially drive group and party systems apart.

Purpose: The effects of physical exercise on executive functions (EFs) are well documented. EFs are involved in daily activities, and their development determines the quality of people’s future life, both in terms of mental health and quality of life. The purpose of the current paper is to evaluate the effects of a physical education program, elaborated within the Enriched Sports Activity Program (ESA Program), an Erasmus + Project, on EFs, namely, visuospatial working memory, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and task switching. Method: Data were collected on November 2017 (t1) and May 2018 (t2). At t1, a sample of 357 children from four European countries (Italy, Germany, Lithuania, and Turkey) performed a cognitive test battery made up of Digit Span Forward/Backward, Stroop Task, and Trail Making Test (TMT), whose order was randomized. From November until May, classrooms from the experimental group followed the ESA Program, while classrooms from the control continued with the ordinary physical education class. At t2, children from both experimental and control groups performed again the cognitive battery. Result: The repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant effect of the ESA Program on the TMT B and on Digit Span Backward, but no significant effects were found on Digit Span Forward and Stroop Task. Conclusion: The introduction of a sport program enriched with cognitive stimuli has beneficial effects for children working memory and cognitive flexibility. Keywords: training program, high-order cognitive abilities, cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, physical education class, working memory.

In the latest study of London’s news press during the Thirty Years’ War, Jayne E.E. Boys – having inspected the datelines of the English corantos – argues, rightly, that as far as news transmission in early modern Europe is concerned, news generally tended to travel towards England through the Continent in a north-westerly direction. This statement is followed by a more detailed analysis of the issue: The oldest news came from the central and eastern Habsburg lands and from Italy and Constantinople. German news came next. The freshest news was usually Dutch, though news from France, the Spanish Netherlands and Westphalia, when it was available, was seldom more than few days older and was often added at the end. News from places north of the Netherlands, such as Denmark and Sweden appeared less frequently, and via a variety of routs, but the activities of Danish and Swedish troops in Germany were eagerly reported. Surprisingly, in this description, Boys completely ignores the largest European state of the period, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, even though there are nearly 200 reports coming from or dealing with Poland-Lithuania, containing more than 250 news items, between 1620 and 1641. This may be an unimpressive number when compared with, for example Germany or the Netherlands, but it is definitely enough to argue that, in spite of the geographical distance, the coranto readers were not only aware of Poland-Lithuania’s existence, but also were in a position to form their own opinions on this country based on what they had read in these publications. The aim of this chapter is to analyse these reports and answer two main questions. Firstly, about their contents and the contexts in which the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was presented to the English readers, and secondly about this country’s place in the early European news networks used by the coranto editors.

2020 metų lapkričio 25-ąją Lietuvos akademinę bendruomenę pasiekė skaudi žinia iš Parmos (Italija) – čia staiga mirė Lietuvos mokslų akademijos užsienio narys, Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademijos akademikas, Klaipėdos universiteto Garbės daktaras prof. habil. dr. Gvidas Mikelinis (Guido Michelini).

The person of the Belarusian physician Francysk Skaryna unites the cultural-historical space of Western and Eastern Europe in the first half of the 16th century. He was the first publisher in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and records about his life and activities can be found in a number of archives in Italy, Poland, Lithuania, Germany, Russia etc. The focus of this study is to examine materials from Prague and Vienna, particularly looking at Skaryna’s horticultural activity (at the court of Ferdinand I in Prague) and at anthroponyms, which may help to make the search for new documents more effective.

Skirtingai nuo Gvidubaldo (Guidubaldo) ir Prospero (Prospero) Bonarelli della Rovere, nusipelniusių žymių literatų vardų, grafaitė Izabelė (Isabella, m. 1602), Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės ekscentriško bajoro Teodoro Lackio žmona, italų istoriografijoje tėra antraeilė, vos žinoma veikėja. Remiantis visai nedaugeliu esamų šaltinių, teikiančių informacijos apie jos biografiją, galima teigti, kad ji buvusi Markės regiono italo grafo Petro (Pietro) Bonarelli sesuo, ir su juo slapta pabėgusi iš Urbino miesto, kai šis pateko į naujo miesto valdovo nemalonę. Visa jų šeima galiausiai apsistojo Novelaroje, Emilijos regione. Vietinės istorijos tyrėjas Giuseppe Campori,1821–1887) rašo, kad viena iš grafo dukterų, kurios vardu abejoja (jis pateikia tik jos vardo pirmąją raidę – „N.“), buvo maritata a Teodoro Laczki gentiluomo polacco („ištekėjusi už lenkų bajoro Teodoro Lackio“). Šios žinios neprieštarauja vienos kitoms, tačiau nėra suderinamos su lietuviškais šaltiniais, visų pirma su laidotuvių kalba (ir ją lydinčiu eilėraščių rinkiniu), parašyta Jono Kimbaro Izabelės garbei. Reikia pripažinti, kad italų tyrėjai turėjo tiesioginę prieigą prie originalių vietinių dokumentų, kita vertus, nevalia užginčyti Izabelės mirties proga parašytoje kalboje pateiktos informacijos: juk Kimbaras buvo tų įvykių liudininkas, tarnavo Lackiui ir tiesiogiai bendravo su šio šeimyna. Atmetus gal šablonines, klasikinei laidotuvių panegirikai būdingas liaupses, neatrodo tikėtina, kad šis eruditas savo kūriniuose galėjo pateikti neteisingos informacijos apie italę grafaitę. Juolab kad šis rinkinys buvo specialiai skiriamas žmonėms, kurie pažinojo velionę net geriau nei autorius, o vėliau buvo parengtas ir spausdintas leidinys. Dėl šių priežasčių klausimas, ar Izabelė galėjo būti Petro Bonarelli sesuo, o ne dukra, logiškai mąstant net negali būti keliamas. Tačiau minėtieji neatitikimai, italų šaltinių klaidos reikalauja paaiškinimo. Sugretinus įvairaus pobūdžio dokumentus, kur minimi tų dviejų kartų Bonarelli šeimos nariai, ir net tuo pačiu asmenų gyvenimo tarpsniu datuojamus tekstus, paaiškėja daugiau atvejų, kai painiojami datų, vardų, vietovių pavadinimai o kartais net pateikiamos skirtingos svarbių įvykių versijos. Nors ne visos iškeltos hipotezės patvirtintos, šiame straipsnyje pateiktas Bonarelli šeimos genealoginio medžio vaizdavimas neturėtų būti labai toli nuo istorinės tiesos. Unlike Guidubaldo and Prospero Bonarelli della Rovere, who rose to literary fame, Countess Isabella (d. 1602), wife of the eclectic noble of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Teodor Lacki, is a figure of little importance in Italian historiography. According to the few sources mentioning her it is clear that she was the sister of the noble Count Pietro Bonarelli, from Italy’s Marche region, and with him she fled hastily the city of Urbino when he fell into disgrace of the new prince. The family moved eventually to Novellara and the scholar of local antiquities Giuseppe Campori (1821-1887) reports that a daughter of the count, whose name he is not certain of (he gives only its initial, ‘N.’), was maritata a Teodoro Laczki gentiluomo polacco (“married to Teodor Lacki, Polish gentleman”). These reports are not in contrast with each other, but are nonetheless inconsistent with Lithuanian sources, primarily the Funeral oration (and the collection of poems that accompanies it), written in honor of Isabella by Johannes Kimbar. Whilst Italian scholars had the advantage of direct access to original documents in loco, on the other hand, one cannot doubt the information that can be deduced from Isabella’s eulogy. Not only for chronological reasons, but especially because Kimbar was at the service of Lacki as well as personally acquainted with his circle, he deserves more credit, conventional formulas of the apologetic repertoire put aside. It does not seem possible that this literate could have reported inaccurate information in his erudite works, later given to the press, in which he recalls moments in the life of the Italian noblewoman, especially since his occasional speech is expressly dedicated to people who knew the deceased even better than the author did. Therefore, the question whether Isabella was the sister of Count Pietro Bonarelli, rather than his daughter, looks pointless from a logical point of view. Still the discrepancies between the mentioned sources require an explanation. A comparison of Italian documents of various types referring to the members of the Bonarelli family from those two generations, even texts which date to their same period, highlights disagreements on dates, names, places and even significant life events. For these reasons, while some hypotheses remain yet to be proved, the reconstruction proposed here should not be far from the truth.

In January 1939, the first issue of the Italian magazine “Geopolitica” came out: it would go on monthly until 1942. Founded in the scientific circles of Trieste by two geographers, Giorgio Roletto (1885–1967) and Ernesto Massi (1909–1997), who went on to become editor and co-editor-in-chief, respectively, the magazine was inspired by the German periodical “Zeitschrift für Geopolitik” by Karl Haushofer. However, its approach to geopolitical issues used autonomous conceptional bases quite different from those of the German school. In the intentions of its founders, “Geopolitica” should have contributed to a re-evaluation of didactics of geography and to support the imperialistic politics of Mussolini’s regime, even though it never got to have a substantial role in Italy’s governing policies. It never even obtained full recognition by the academic geographical establishment that in fact denied geopolitics its own scientific autonomy.Frequent issues discussed in the magazine were the Mediterranean basin, the Balkans and Africa, close to the Italian geostrategic interests; but there was also cautious interest towards Poland, considered to be fully integrated into the German Lebensraum. Therefore, we could say there was some reticence in approaching this theme, along with a sort of reverence towards the German ally who was also “competition”, despite the fact that its territory saw strategic and political events of utmost importance during the entire four years of the magazine’s life.On the other hand, the attention towards the Baltic region was free of any conditioning. It was perceived as a sort of a “Nordic Mediterranean”, wanted both by Germans and Soviets, and an object of desire also of the states who wanted to defend their difficult neutrality in the war that was raging throughout Europe. W styczniu 1939 roku ukazał się pierwszy numer włoskiego magazynu „Geopolitica”, który wydawany był co miesiąc do 1942 roku. Założony został w środowisku naukowym Triestu przez dwóch geografów – Giorgio Roletto (1885–1967) i Ernesto Massiego (1909–1997), którzy zostali odpowiednio redaktorem naczelnym i współredaktorem. Magazyn inspirowany był niemieckim czasopismem „Zeitschrift für Geopolitik” Karla Haushofera. Jednak w podejściu do kwestii geopolitycznych zastosowano własne podstawy koncepcyjne, całkowicie odmiene od tych w geopolityce niemieckiej. W zamyśle założycieli „Geopolitica” powinna była przyczynić się do ponownej oceny szkolnej dydaktyki geografii i wspierać imperialistyczną politykę reżimu Mussoliniego, chociaż nigdy nie musiała odgrywać znaczącej roli w polityce rządzącej Włochami. Nigdy nawet nie uzyskała pełnego uznania ze strony akademickiego środowiska geograficznego, które w rzeczywistości odmówiło geopolityce cech autonomii naukowej.Najczęściej poruszanymi problemami w tym magazynie były basen Morza Śródziemnego, Bałkany i Afryka, regiony bliskie włoskim interesom geostrategicznym; ale było też ostrożne zainteresowanie Polską, uważaną za w pełni zintegrowaną z niemieckim „Lebensraumem”. Można zatem powiedzieć, że „Geopolitica” podchodziła do tego tematu z pewną powściągliwością, a także ze swoistą czcią wobec niemieckiego sojusznika, który był także „konkurencją”, pomimo faktu, że na jego terytorium przez całe cztery lata obserwowano wydarzenia strategiczne i polityczne o najwyższym znaczeniu.Z drugiej strony uwaga skierowana na region bałtycki była wolna od jakichkolwiek uwarunkowań. Był on postrzegany jako swoisty „nordycki region Morza Śródziemnego”, pożądany zarówno przez Niemców, jak i Sowietów, a także jako obiekt pożądania państw, które chciały bronić trudnej neutralności w wojnie szalejącej w Europie.

Straipsnyje pristatoma Studentų akademinės motyvacijos skalė (SAMS-21), rengta remiantis svarbiausiomis hierarchinio savideterminacijos teorijos modelio prielaidomis ir siekiant išlaikyti jos siūlomą motyvacijos tipų struktūrą. Tyrimo tikslas – sukurti trumpą akademinės motyvacijos vertinimo skalę ir ištirti jos struktūrą bei psichometrines charakteristikas studentų imtyje. Tyrimas vyko dviem etapais, iš viso jame dalyvavo 621 dviejų universitetų įvairias studijų programas studijuojantis studentas. Akademinė motyvacija tirta SAMS-21 skale, siekiant įvertinti konvergentinį ir divergentinį skalės validumą, naudota Bendrosios motyvacijos skalė (GMS-28; Guay, Mageau, & Vallerand, 2003; Urbanaviciute, Kairys, Juodkune, & Liniauskaite, 2013), taip pat studentų klausta apie jų semestro pažymių vidurkį ir pasitenkinimą studijų programa. Gauti rezultatai leidžia išskirti septynis motyvacijos tipus, minimus hierarchiniame motyvacijos modelyje. Atlikta analizė rodo, kad skalė patikima, taip pat surinkta jos validumo įrodymų. The Student Academic Motivation Scale (SAMS-21), which was developed on the cornerstone attitudes of the self-determination theory and hierarchical model (Vallerand, 1997; 2000), while seeking to retain the suggested structure of motivation types, is presented in this article. There are suggested seven types in the Vallerand hierarchical motivation model (Vallerand, 1997; 2000) that correspond with the original proposal from Deci and Ryan: three types of intrinsic motivation (intrinsic motivation to know, to accomplish things and to experience stimulation), three types of extrinsic motivation (external regulation, introjected and identified), and amotivation. There are some scales to evaluate academic motivation, (Hegarty, 2010; Martin, Yu, Paporth, Ginns, & Collie, 2014; Moyen & Doyle, 1978), the most popular among them is the Academic Motivation Scale (AMS; Vallerand et al., 1992). There are more than a few studies that have confirmed the scale’s validity and reliability (Cokley et al., 2001; Vallerand et al., 1992). AMS is adjusted in some countries, for example, in Croatia (Koludrović & Ercegovac, 2014), Italy (Alivernini & Lucidi, 2008), Turkey (Can, 2015) and in others. Despite the evidences of scale validity, it does have some shortages. It could be shorter; the structure of the scale is not identical with the theoretical model (Cokley, 2000; Fairchild, Horst, Finney, & Barron, 2005) and the wording of items of extrinsic introjected motivation subscales is not entirely matching the theoretical concept of introjected motivation. All those reasons, as well the opportunity to have choice of the instruments that are assessing the same construct, stimulate us to create the Student Academic Motivation Scale (SAMS-21). The aim of the research is to develop a short scale for the assessment of academic motivation and examine its structure and psychometrical properties in the sample of students. The research was conducted in two stages; 621 students that are studying in different study programs from two universities participated in it. The SAMS-21 scale was used to examine academic motivation. The Lithuanian version of the General Motivation Scale (GMS-28; Guay et al., 2003; Urbanaviciute et al., 2013) was used to evaluate the convergent and divergent validity of the SAMS-21 scale. Students were asked about their term grade averages and the satisfaction with their study programs. Obtained results confirmed the seven types of motivation that are traditionally distinguished by the authors of self-determination theories; however, the validity of second order factors (intrinsic and extrinsic motivation) was not confirmed. All subscales of SAMS-21 correlated in a statistically significant manner with corresponding GMS-28 subscales; however, a relatively higher correlation (rs = 0.74) was obtained between SAMS-21 and GMS-28 for the intrinsic motivation to know. The intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation and amotivation subscales correlated stronger not with the corresponding GMS-28 subscales, but with other GMS-28 subscales. The present findings provide adequate support for the reliability of the scale as well as the proof of scale validity.

Daily life in the world is accompanied by a variety of global social problems such as discrimination, ignorance, suicides, poverty, hun- ger, environmental pollution and several others frequently caused by human beings. These have been particularly exacerbated by the recent and arguably ongoing economic crisis. Traditional global mar- ket makers and participants are gradually getting involved in the creation of social welfare while acting in a socially responsible manner, however, such actions are often led by a certain “fashion” or public pressure. Social entrepre neurship is cited as one of those alternatives. This business model is driven by the desire to have so- cial impact, it is one of the main tools being used as a response to fight against growing social exclusion and unemployment, dealing with sensitive regional problems. According to European Commis- sion, one of four start-ups each year is a social business company. It is being championed as a new opportunity to reduce inequality and exclusion so as to encourage econ omic growth. However, although social entrepreneurship has won the attention of scientists, its in- consistent theoretical basis and very limited perception are widely argued. It is claimed that poor pe rception of the social business mo- del is a major barrier to the development of such entrepreneurship in Europe. Lithuania is mentioned as one of seven countries where social entrepreneurship development lags behind and, therefore, is not involved in most of comparative reports of European countries. Accordingly, a lack of concrete data about this business model deve- lopment and perception in Lithuania and its comparability with other countries is noted. The main object – Lithuanian, Italian and British social business models. .The aim of article – compared Lithuanian, Italian and British social business models. The main results of study. [...]

Į lietuvių kalviškųjų saulučių-kryžių tradiciją žvelgiama kaip į vizualų ženklą, tampantį socialinės-kultūrinės galios instrumentu. Nagrinėjama, kaip bendruomenės jame gali matyti ir skirtingus, ir panašius kodus, suteikti jam ir skiriančias, ir vienijančias interpretacijas. Pasitelkus kalvių pasakojimus, aiškinamasi, kaip kalviškųjų saulučių ženklai buvo pasitelkiami kuriant tautinę tapatybę, saugant kultūrinę savastį arba kurstant tarpkultūrinį konfliktiškumą, plėtojant atsiribojimą ir rezistenciją prieš sovietinę kultūrinę kolonizaciją; kaip, bendraujant su valdžios institucijomis, jiems būdavo priskiriama kitokia kompromisiškai nekonfliktinė interpretacija, priimtina sovietinei ideologijai. Taikant semiologinę, istorinę bei komparatyvinę vizualių simbolių analizę, atveriami sudėtingesni, tarptautiškesni tiriamų ženklų sanklodos, reikšmės, kilmės ir migracijos aspektai. Banguotų spindulių saulučių motyvas kildintinas ne tik iš ikikrikščioniškų vaizdinių, bet ir iš Šiaurės Italijos gotikos/renesanso dailės. Išsaugojus sovietmečiu kalviškų saulučių tradiciją kaip liaudies kultūros reiškinį, drauge išliko ir jų krikščioniškoji semantika. The article analyzes the tradition of Lithuanian iron minted sun-like crosses, as the visual sign and instrument of socio-cultural power. It examines how communities and state authorities could have seen the unifying and dividing codes at the same time in the same signs. The personal stories of blacksmiths reveals how the iron sun-like crosses were used in various ways: the construction of national identity, the preservation of cultural peculiarity or initiating the conflicting intercultural communication, and the isolation and resistance to soviet cultural colonisation. The investigation uncovers how another non-conflicting and more acceptable interpretation for the soviet ideology was attributed to the smithed sun-like crosses. This interpretation came about through communication with the government institutions. Through a precise semiotic, historical and comparative analysis, the complicated and international aspects of their meaning, origin and migration are disclosed. The origins of the serpent-like rays may be traced not only from pre-Christian imaginery, they are found in the Gothic/Renaissance art motifs of Northern Italy. By the preservation of sun-like crosses the folk art tradition during the soviet period made their Christian semantics viable at the same time.

XVIII a. antroje pusėje Roma tapo kosmopolitiniu miestu, išaugusiu dėl čia ilgam ar trumpesniam laikui atvykstančių turistų, menininkų, prekeivių iš visos Europos. Tuo metu kilmingųjų europiečių ugdymo programoje Grand Tour sudarė vieną iš esminių elementų, o Roma buvo neabejotinas šios edukacinės kelionės centras. Visų tautų keliautojai, įskaitant lenkus ir lietuvius, amžinajame mieste elgėsi panašiai — lankė tas pačias vietas, keliavo tais pačiais maršrutais, užsakinėjo portretus, įsigydavo senienų, dalyvavo intelektualiniame gyvenime, nes mokėjo italų arba prancūzų kalbas. Pranciškus Smuglevičius (1745-1807) atvyko į Romą 1763 m., būdamas vos aštuoniolikos, ir pragyveno čia iki 1784-ųjų. Iš pradžių jis studijavo popiežiaus Benedikto XIV įsteigtoje Piešimo mokykloje (L'Accademia del Nudo in Campidoglio), pavaldžioje Šv. Luko akademijai, o nuo 1765 m. - šioje akademijoje, kur susipažino su tokiais iškiliais dailininkais kaip Pompeo Batoni, Antonas Raphaelis Mengsas ir Antonas von Maronas.

This article, we presented the results of the analysis of donor and recipient countries on the balance of migration movements for the period from 2006 to 2017. As a result, we identified 23 countries that are most attractive to migrants, of which the largest number migrants are: Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Sweden, France, Switzerland. Ten countries that actively leave migrants were withdrawn: Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Greece, Croatia, Portugal, Bulgaria, Estonia, Moldova. It is to these countries that migrants annually spend more than 18 trillion euros to support their families in their former homeland. The study made it possible to identify two key factors contributing to the successful acquisition by pre-term migrants of citizenship in host countries: the level of labor productivity (which depends on education and professional competencies) and the presence of basic or higher basic digital skills. Thus, the level of education, competencies, qualifications, have an impact on the growth of labor productivity and, consequently, contribute to the successful acquisition of citizenship by migrants in receiving countries.

Negausūs mokyklos konsultantų įvairių darbo aspektų tyrimų rezultatai yra nevienaprasmiai, kartais net prieštarauja vieni kitiems, tačiau atskleidžia pakankamai daug nepageidaujamų karjeros / mokyklos konsultantų darbo aspektų. Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti ir palyginti konsultavimo mokykloje profesionalų darbo ypatumų raišką Lietuvoje, Italijoje, Graikijoje ir Airijoje. Tyrimas atliktas vykdant projektą SUCCESS*. Konsultavimo mokykloje profesionalų apklausa vyko 2018 m. vasario ir kovo mėnesiais. Apklausti 289 mokyklos konsultantai iš Lietuvos, Italijos, Airijos ir Graikijos. Duomenims surinkti buvo naudota internetinė apklausa pagal specialiai sukurtą klausimyną. Tyrimas atskleidė, kad tiek karjeros, tiek akademinio konsultavimo funkcijos mokyklose skirtingose šalyse priskiriamos skirtingų kvalifikacijų mokyklose dirbantiems profesionalams. Rezultatai parodė, kad visose šalyse mokyklos konsultantai vykdo įvairias konsultavimo veiklas, bet skiriasi tiek šių konsultavimo veiklų atlikimo dažnis įvairiose šalyse, tiek ir konsultantų pasirengimo konsultuoti lygis. Tyrimas atskleidė, kad konsultavimo mokykloje profesionalų pasitenkinimas darbu aukštesnis nei vidutinis. Nepaisant požiūrio į konsultantų profesinį tobulėjimą skirtumų, visi konsultantai nurodė didesnį nei vidurkis poreikį tobulinti savo profesines kompetencijas. The technological revolution, the ever-changing economic and political conditions, and the resulting changes in life and work environments impede career planning for young people and pose challenges for career counselors in career orientation. Nowadays, career counselors have to not only assist students in planning and implementing individual, social, academic, and career goals, but they must also help the school community to ensure the effective functioning of schools in general. There is a lack of studies focusing on various aspects of career counselors’ professional activities, with the existing studies providing inconsistent or even contradictory results. Another problem lies in the huge gap between the theoretical, methodological, and methodical career counseling models and real counseling experience. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of analyzing and comparing the characteristics of career counselors’ professional activities in Lithuania, Italy, Greece, and Ireland. The study was part of the project “Strategies to Utilise and Cultivate Positive Characteristics & Employability Skills in Schools” (SUCCESS, 2017-12-LT01-KA201-035247). In total, 289 school career counselors from Lithuania, Italy, Ireland, and Greece were surveyed. Most of the participants (90 percent) were female, and their age varied between 25 and 60 years. In all countries, the professional experience of career counseling varied between 1 and 10 years. The results of this study revealed that across different countries, career professionals with different educational backgrounds perform career counseling. In Lithuania, career counselors are mainly psychologists, in Italy – teachers, in Ireland – consultants, and in Greece – teachers, psychologists, and consultants that carry out career counselling. The results have also shown that in all these countries career counselors perform various career counseling activities: career information, career assessment, career education, and career consulting using (non)psychological methods, although the frequency of these activities and the subjective readiness for them is different across countries. The counselors in all countries are satisfied with their jobs. Despite the existing differences in needs for professional development, all counselors expressed a higher-than-average need to develop their career counseling competencies.