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The increase in aquaculture businesses in the coastal areas of Seruway District, Aceh Tamiang Regency, has resulted in high conversion of mangrove forests into ponds. If management is not carried out, it will have an impact on coastal environmental degradation. Therefore, it is necessary to look for a sustainable pond management model. One model is silvofishery. In developing this silvofishery model, biophysical environmental data, social and economic conditions of pond cultivation are needed. The aim of this research is to determine the biophysical, social performance, income level and feasibility of a silvofishery system pond business. The research was conducted using descriptive methods with survey techniques. The research results show that the silvofishery ponds at the research location use a partite pond model. From the analysis of biophysical properties, overall results were obtained, the conditions were suitable for the development of milkfish and tiger prawn cultivation. From social performance, the results showed that silvofishery system pond farmers are still of productive age and have an average pond area of 5 ha. The income obtained from silvofishery system ponds is IDR 19,560,000/ha/year/farmer. Silvofishery pond system If the R/C value is greater than 1, then silvofishery pond farming is worth pursuing.

The global aluminium industry faces a serious challenge in reducing greenhouse gas emissions as the demand for aluminium continues to increase. The aluminium industry has a responsibility to streamline its energy consumption, especially in the production process. There have been many studies discussing energy consumption performance in the industry. However, most of them only discuss energy saving partially, without involving energy consumption with various items produced. This paper proposes an energy savings measurement in the manufacturing industry. An energy baseline consumed per unit volume has been developed using the equivalent volume method with an energy management control system (EMCS). The study takes a case example from the automotiveâaluminium component industry. The steps taken in the study are: examining the production process, converting the production volume to equivalent, calculating the energy consumption ratio, developing an energy baseline, simulating the savings performance, and then proposing an EMCS with key performance indicators (KPI) for sustainability. The results show that the development of a baseline using the ratio of energy and an equivalent volume of production gives a better data correlation with an R2 value close to one. From the baseline, the best­demonstrated performance (BDP) can be used as a reference to set energy goals. Furthermore, the data and the deviant deleted have the same baseline value. They differ in energy reduction goal percentages. The practical application of this study is not only in the manufacturing industry but in other industries as well, such as building management. This study contributes to energy savings achieved with EMCS.

Abstract. Rats are the main agricultural pests and one of the factors causing crop failure for farmers, especially in Pademawu. Farmers generally use pest control methods using poisons that can pollute the agricultural environment. The application of the Trap Barrier System (TBS) is needed to overcome the rat pestproblem. The service aims to increase partners' insight into implementing rat pest control using TBS. Community service activities in the form of outreach and training. The method used is descriptive quantitative, namely data collection through filling out questionnaires including knowledge skills, level of interest, posttest and pretest for partner knowledge evaluation. The results of the participant's assessment of the benefits of the training through Evaluation of farmers' understanding of the application of TBS technology showed results of 82%. The assessment shows the skills and insights obtained by the farmers are in the good category after carrying out the activities. The participants also showed interest in participating in the activities shown by the participants actively asking and listening during the discussion. TBS has been proven to be able to reduce the level of rat attack on rice by up to 80% so that farmers are interested in using the TBS trap system. Even so, the TBS system cannot break the life cycle of rats and further guidance is needed regarding sustainable cropping and cultivation patterns to overcome this in the farmers' environment in East Pademawu Village.

The purpose of this study was to examine the chemical and organoleptic properties of milk pie substituted with pumpkin seed flour as a snack SOURCE of zinc. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 1 factor and 2 replications. The factor in this study was the addition of pumpkin seed flour as a substitute for wheat flour which consisted of 3 levels, namely F1 (50% : 50%), F2 (40% : 60%), F3 (30% : 70%), and F0 (100% : 0%) as control. Analysis of physical and chemical properties includes water content, ash content, protein content, fat content, carbohydrate content, total energy, and zinc content. The best milk pie formula was selected based on the hedonic test and the hedonic quality test using 50 untrained panelists. The results showed that the addition of pumpkin seed flour as a substitute for wheat flour in milk pie formulation had a significant effect on ash content (p=0,000), fat (p=0,000), carbohydrates (p=0,000), zinc (p=0,000), and energy total (p=0,001). The results hedonic and hedonic quality test showed that the addition of pumpkin seed flour as a substitute for wheat flour in milk pie formulation had a significant effect on hedonic texture (p=0,005), hedonic color (p=0,000), hedonic taste (p=0,002), overall (p=0,022), quality of texture (p=0,003), and quality of color (p=0,000). F1 (50% : 50%) become the selected milk pie formula with nutritional content per 100 g, 454 kcal energy, 11 g protein, 25,8 g fat, 44,3 g carbohydrate, and 2,05 mg zinc. The nutritional content of selected milk pie in one serving size is 140 kcal of total energy, 3 g of protein, 8 g of total fat, 13 g of total carbohydrates, 7 g of sugar, and 4% of zinc from the RDA.

Eleutherine bulbosa bulbs, an endemic plant in Indonesia, have enormous potential as raw materials for pharmaceutical products. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen and develop extraction methods that are easy, rapid, and efficient to enrich targeted secondary metabolites. This study aims to optimize the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method conditions for polyphenol metabolite from E. bulbosa bulbs. The MAE method (with different conditions) was applied to extract total polyphenol content (TPC) from E. bulbosa bulbs. TPC values were determined using a 96-well microplate reader spectrophotometry method and Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. The variables of MAE, as an experimental design-independent variable, were involved. The MAE method condition was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) and Box–Behnken design based on the TPC value. The MAE condition was optimized with 60% ethanol, sample–solvent ratio of 1:10 g/mL, and 50% Watts of microwave power for 10 min. The quadratic regression analysis was achieved to predict the TPC value using the equation: TPC value = 28.63–5.545A +2.211B –0.741C +1.995D – 4.045AB +0.856AC –7.541BC +1.961CD –8.342A2–0.071B2 +1.840C2–1.535D2. For the scale-up confirmation test, a 50-g sample was used to prove the validity of the equation to predict the TPC value, yielding 35.33 ± 2.13 mg gallic acid equivalent/g samples. The optimum of the MAE condition recommended based on the results of RSM analysis can be applied directly to the enrichment of polyphenols metabolite constituent of E. bulbosa easily, cheaply, quickly, and efficiently.

Extracted stevia leaves can be natural sweetener in pudding. This research aimed to obtain formulation of functional pudding with stevia leaf extract as a substitute for granulated sugar. This research used a simple randomized block design consisting of three replications. The treatments added were the proportion of sugar and stevia leaf extract, which consisted of six treatments, namely 170 g and 0 g, 136 g and 0.17 g, 102 g and 0.34 g, 68 g and 0.51 g, 34 g and 0.68 g, 0 g and 0.85 g. Variables of the tests carried out are rate fiber food, syneresis test, texture test, color test, pH test, and organoleptic test. The best treatment was pudding sugar 0 g and extract stevia leaves 0.85 g with average rate fiber 0.21 %, syneresis test 2.7167 mg min-1, gel strength 50.1 N, intensity color: brightness (L) 31.26, redness (a) 0.33, yellowish (b) 1.13, organoleptic: color 3.50 (fair), aroma 2.5 (no smell), taste 3.47 (enough delicious), texture 3.47 (enough soft), pH 7.41. Differences in the proportion of stevia leaf extract did not have a significant effect on the redness level and organoleptic variables of the pudding aroma but has a real effect on other variables, i.e rate fiber, syneresis, gel strength, brightness level, yellowish level, pH, color, taste, and texture.

Plastic waste is now a major environmental problem worldwide, and it has worsened in the last few years. Scientists are studying how much plastic is in the environment, how dangerous it is, and how to learn it. This study looked at research papers on microplastics’ effects on plants listed by Scopus from 2011 to 2022. The goal was to see how this body of knowledge has grown and expanded over time and guess what it will do. The authors used the VOSviewer package and Scopus analytics for the bibliometric study. A total of 380 manuscripts, written by 159 authors, were taken out. Much study is being done on particle size, quantity, bioaccumulation, and environmental and community effects. Rillig, M.C., Das Berlin-Brandenburgisches Institut für Biodiversitatsforschung, Germany, is thought to be the most productive and often-cited researcher. The Ministry of Education China is the most essential printing house. China is the leader in terms of the number of papers and study partnerships. It is best to look at the International Journal of Pharmaceutics.

Ecotourism, natural resource protection, and local livelihood are considered a kind of nature-based tourism that targets two key attributes: the enhancement of livelihoods and the protection of biodiversity. Bibliometric analysis is a quantitative review approach that employs statistics, data mining, and mathematics to identify new academic trends. To evaluate the evolution and extension of this body of knowledge and to forecast its future path, the present study analyzed Scopus-indexed research publications on ecotourism in agriculture from 2012 to 2022. To perform the bibliometric analysis, the VOSviewer software and Scopus analytics were used. VOSviewer has two separate visualization modes: network and overlay. A total of 274 journal articles (n = 181) and conference papers (n = 46) were extracted. The number of research documents published by 269 authors was steadily increasing annually. China is the leading country in the number of publications and research collaborations. In addition, monitoring the carrying capacity of ecotourism locations and giving vocational training to the untrained local people would increase the overall efficacy of the ecotourism industry. For a successful ecotourism company, it would be advantageous to get a thorough understanding of the ecotourist’s role and the importance of eco-certification.

The presence of microplastics (MPs) in agricultural soil has the potential to contaminate plants and agricultural products with negative impacts on humans and living creatures. Therefore, identifying and quantifying MPs in potato farms is essential to evaluate. This study aims to estimate MPs pollutants in potato farms. This study found that potato farm components (potato seedlings, soil, organic fertilizer, potato, irrigation water and potato chips) had a total MPs content of 104 particles. The higher abundance of MPs 2.83 mL–1 was recorded in Pujon Kidul irrigation water and lower abundance of MPs 0.03 g–1 was noted in Potato chip – “OK” brand. Considering size of microplastic the maximum size of MPs 5.449 mm was calculated in Pujon Kidul irrigation water and minimum size of MPs 0.172 mm was noted in Pujon Kidul 3rd growing media. The colors of MPs identified are transparent, black, blue, red, yellow, and green. In addition, the MP’s shape was 68.2 % of fibre, 26.9 % of filament, 3.8 % fragment, and 1.1 % of granules in potato farm components. The emerging pollutants must be addressed because microplastic degradation causes them to spread more widely, accumulating over tens to hundreds of years as a hidden danger.

Microplastic (MPs) contamination investigations have been carried out on 16 cooking oil brands, especially palm cooking oil. MPs analysis used modified fenton oxidative degradation and identification through light optical microscopy. The investigation results presented that all cooking oil brands were dirtied with MPs. The most minor abundance of MPs (0.07 ± 0.09) mL–1 particle is in the Tl. brand, a premium cooking oil. that matches imported canola oil (Ma. brand). Bulk cooking oil is contaminated with the highest MPs (0.37 ± 0.05) mL–1 particle, but the contamination can be reduced with packaging, as shown in the Minyakkita brand (0.28 ± 0.05) mL–1 particle. Red palm oil has contamination i.e., (0.23 ± 0.05) mL–1 to (0.50 ± 0.05) mL–1 particle. Investigations at three street vendors of fried food showed that the snacks were contaminated with MPs. Black fiber particles dominate the pollution in cooking oil and fried snacks. It’s suspected that MP pollution has occurred during the CPO process. Considering MPs’ harmful impacts on human health, comprehensive research should be conducted to minimize MP pollution in palm cooking oil. This action must be carried out as a campaign for healthy Indonesian palm oil cooking.

Over the course of the previous decade, there has been a growing apprehension regarding the presence of MPs. This concern has arisen because of the detrimental effects of MPs pollution on the well-being of both animals and people. This study explores the potential implications of MPs contamination on mice. This study examined the impact of microplastics on mice by feeding four food experiment; P0 (pellet BR1), P1 (potato from Pujon Farm), P2 (potato mixed 300 µg PET) and P3 (potato mixed 600 µg PET). Body weight, feces weight, and left feed were observed in this study. Food contaminated with microplastics (MPs) has a negative effect on appetite, feces weight and body weight of mice. This process has an impact on reducing the weight of feces, appetite, body weight of mice and weight of mice. It is suspected that MPs in rat digestion increase concentrations of mice corticosterone metabolites and carcass fat, suggesting an adaptation of metabolism to this situation. Another impact is expected the decrease in microbial richness in the intestines of mice, causing a decrease in mice weight and body weight of mice. The high concentration of MPs entering the digestive tract can also reduce the rats’ appetite.

The book of Job contains about suffering and feelings of injustice. Job felt and asked why he as a godly person experienced suffering, so he sought justice to God. The word justice is related to haššātān and court. The authors want to find and describe the context of the word haššātān by the judicial or court tradition history perspective in the book of Job. The result of this research is that the dialogue and the setting of the dialogue in the sky is the atmosphere of the court which was attended by the Judge (God) and the prosecutor (haššātān), that the prosecutor stated that there was an act of injustice that occurred in the life of the defendant (Job) which was committed by God (as well as the accused), which is also as a discussion of theodicy and Judgment Traditions in the book of Job.

Background: Indonesia has the third-highest leprosy prevalence, and the transmission continues. Objectives: The present study aimed to describe some of the characteristics of leprosy contacts, such as the profile of the serological antibody IgM anti-PGL-1, socioeconomic factors, environmental factors, and behavioral factors. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 77 leprosy contacts from an endemic area in Winongan, Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia. The households or neighbors of the leprosy case recorded at Winongan Health Center, voluntarily participated in this study. Informed consent was obtained before starting the study. Three of them were excluded because they showed skin lesions as leprosy symptoms. Serum samples were assayed for IgM antibodies PGL-1 titers using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The questionnaire was used to collect information about demographic, socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioral aspects of contact. The data were analyzed descriptively using Fisher’s Exact Test. Results: Of 74 contacts, all of them were contacts of MB cases, and 6 (8.11%) were seropositive, with a cut-off point ≥ 605 ug/ml. Although none of the contact characteristics were significantly associated with IgM anti-PGL-1 seropositivity, potential risk markers and indirect transmission of leprosy were identified, including 56.76% manual labor, 90.54% living in poverty, 83.78% drinking from unprotected springs, only 20.27% boiling water to drink, and 48.65% bathing in open water bodies. Conclusions: The seropositivity among contacts, especially perimeter contacts, may identify potential active infection and transmission of leprosy in this population. Identified potential risk markers of leprosy should be noticed for prevention programs supporting leprosy elimination.

The cosmological view of the Madurese up to the 19th century, both macrocosmic and microcosmic, perceived themselves as an integral part of nature, following natural laws even if they were meta-empirical in nature. This is a belief that is believed to originate and refer to the pre-Islamic Madurese belief model. In the view of the adherents of determinism, the actions and beliefs of humans and society are influenced by a variety of factors such as geographic, biological, psychological, sociological, economic, religious, environmental, customs, traditions and social norms, because of these different factors the moral of society is not same. The religiousness and social stratification of the Madurese community does not provide much of a cosmological-philosophical dimension regarding environmental preservation. Broadly speaking, the social stratification or stratification of the Madurese community consists of three layers, namely oreng kene or what is called oreng dume as the lowest level of society, ponggaba as the middle layer, and parijaji or priyayi as the top layer of society. Religion does not provide much of a cosmological-philosophical dimension in the religiosity of Madurese society. Based on this analytical descriptive research, it can be seen that their cosmological tradition up to the nineteenth century was very strongly influenced by Javanese cosmology which put forward the principle of harmony and harmony with nature and supernatural beings.

Ecotourism of the Gunung Pandan Natural Baths, which is located in Selamat Village, Tenggulun District, is one of the priority scales for tourism development in Aceh Tamiang Regency. The development of ecotourism is believed to be able to maintain the conservation of natural resources and improve the welfare of the surrounding community. This study aims to assess the feasibility of developing ecotourism at the Gunung Pandan Natural Baths. The assessment of potential tourism objects uses the Guidelines for Operation Areas for Natural Tourism Attractions (ADO-ODTWA) issued by the Director General of PHKA of the Ministry of Forestry in 2003. The results of the ADO-ODTWA analysis show that the Gunung Pandan Natural Baths as a conservation area are worthy of being developed as an ecotourism destination, with a recapitulation potential value index of 83.39%. Some criteria that need attention and improvement are accessibility and security. Improving the two components is a priority to develop the Gunung Pandan Natural Bath Ecotourism area into a leading ecotourism destination.

The use of radiopharmaceuticals for infection detection has gained increasing attention for their application in nuclear medicine. The administration of [99mTc]Tc-ketoconazole may altere pharmacological aspects including interaction data with some antifungals especially ketoconazole as a common drug for candidiasis treatment. The current study investigated the ex vivo biodistribution and pharmacokinetic interaction of [99mTc]Tc-ketoconazole after ketoconazole administration in BALB/c mice. In this research,The [99mTc]Tc-ketoconazole was prepared with radiochemical purity 94.59% (n=3). The ex vivo biodistribution uptake in infected muscle as a target organ showed 0.16±0.13%ID/g for control, 0.17±0.12 for 1 h, and 0.05±0.04 for 3 h after ketoconazole administration. The Target/Non-Target (T/NT) ratio between infected muscle compared with normal muscle showed 1.19±0.13 for the control group, 2.56±1.71 for 1 h and 0.86±0.67 for 3 h. The ex vivo biodistribution also showed high radioactivity uptake on the liver, lung, spleen and kidney. Pharmacokinetics analysis using PKSolver showed [99mTc]Tc-ketoconazole half-life elimination (t1/2 beta) for the therapy group showed shorter elimination time 13.78±4.77 h compared with the control group 44.77±2.74 h after ketoconazole administration. Pharmacokinetics parameter change also occurred on the area under the curve of therapy group (AUC 0-inf) that is 26.10±18.97 %ID/g*h and maximum concentration (Cmax) 13.05±9.48 %ID/g which was related with radiopharmaceutical absorption rate. This study proves that based on biodistribution and pharmacokinetics evaluation, the [99mTc]Tc-ketoconazole application was recommended at 1 h post ketoconazole administration.

Mangrove ecosystem is an area that serves as a interface between the land and sea, but at the moment has a lot of damage. The phenomenon of damage to the mangrove forest ecosystem also occurred in Langsa City. This study aims to analyse biophysical conditions of mangrove forest ecosystems in Langsa City. The method used in this study is to combine qualitative and quantitative descriptive approaches. Results of the study show that the area of mangrove forest in the study has increased as large as 324.29 ha in the period of 6 years (2007-2013). The mangrove flora in Langsa City consist of a group of true mangrove flora and mangrove associates, consisting of 14 families and 25 species. The criticality of mangrove forests in the research location is classified as damaged (1,955.96 ha) and severely damaged (2,556.82 ha).

Trash fish has several weaknesses, such as having tight spines, having little meat, and being highly perishable. The purpose of this study was to determine the functional characteristics of trash fish through fillet preparation techniques and types of fish. This study used a completely randomized design method. The first factor is the type of fish consisting of Orangefin ponyfish (Leiognathus bindus Valenciennes, 1835), Chacunda gizzard-shad (Anodontostoma chacunda Hamilton, 1822) and Sardine (Sardinella Fimbriata Valenciennes, 1847). The second factor was the type of preparation technique which consisted of mechanical, blanching, 1 % acid immersion and 1 % papain enzyme immersion. The data obtained were then analyzed descriptively from the preparation technique for each observation parameter and presented in tabular form and plotted in graphical form. The results of this study indicate that Orangefin ponyfish, Chacunda gizzardshad and Sardine fish have a range of functional properties of the three types of fish, namely: foaming power (17.68 % to 61.87 %), foam stability (50 % to 57.14 %), emulsifying power (3.31 % to 4.29 %), emulsion stability (1.91 % to 3.37 %), WHC (33.9 % to 46.64 %), and OHC (24.75 % to 29.57 %).

A popular beverage globally attributable to its energizing properties and distinctive flavor, coffee is one of the majorly produced agricultural merchandise. With the reputation, nonetheless, comes a sizeable waste in its production process. Reduce, reuse, recycle, and improve circular economy —coffee pulp and husk waste into functional food, i.e., coffee cherry flour. This study examined the amino acid composition and contents originating from four locations: Ijen Farm, Karang Ploso Farm, Mengani Farm, and La Boitê. In triplication, samples were filtrated, derivated, and analyzed through high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The obtained data were then computed to determine the amino acid retention times and peak areas to facilitate the quantification of amino acid concentrations within the samples. ANOVA was involved in evaluating the significance of amino acid level variations, and then nonparametric correlation and cluster tests were conducted for a dendrogram presentation. The result stated that Serine, Histidine, Threonine, Alanine, Cysteine, Methionine, and Isoleucine are positively correlated to the area characteristics, while Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid, Glycine, Arginine, Proline, Tyrosine, Valine, Lysine, Leucine, and Phenylalanine are of negative association. This finding suggests that locally-grown coffee cherry flour should be feasible for functional food beneficial to health.

Compost is considered not only to improve soil nutrients but also as a carrier of microplastic (MPs) pollution on agricultural land. Bibliometric analysis is a quantitative review approach that employs statistics, data mining, and mathematics to identify new academic trends. It is increasingly more prevalent and is utilized in several academic disciplines. To evaluate the evolution and extension of this body of knowledge and to forecast its future path, the present study analyzed Scopus-indexed research publications on compost from 2018 to 2022. To perform the bibliometric analysis, the VOSviewer software and Scopus Analytics were used. A total of 111 journal articles (n = 77) and conference papers (n = 3) were extracted. The number of research documents published by 111 authors was steadily increasing annually. China is the leading country in the number of publications and research collaborations. The current results offset global scientific efforts on MPs contamination in compost and inform that there is potential for compost to be a carrier of MPs contaminants in plants.

Broiler farms in tropical areas have to deal with heat stress. Dried rice, a waste recycle product cheaper than corn, contains resistant starch that is mostly excluded from calorie-emanating metabolism yet advantageous for digestion. This study analyzes its potential to function as heat stress suppressor. Employing completely randomized design of three treatments in five repetitions, variables observed were panting frequency, heart weight, and blood profiles (leukocyte, heterophile, lymphocyte, and H:L ratio). The data gained were run through ANOVA, followed by LSD. T1 was of 100 % basal feed, T2 20 % dried rice spread atop 80 % basal feed, and T3 20 % dried rice thoroughly mixed with 80 % basal feed. The lowest panting frequency was of T2 (2.7 s −1 ), significantly different from T3 (2.9 s−1 ) and T1 (3.1 s −1 ). The lowest heart weight was also of T2 (0.44 mg 100 g −1 ), followed by T3 (0.49 mg 100 g −1 ) and T1 (0.57 mg 100 g −1 ). As of blood properties, the lowest H:L ratio was of T1 (0.22), significantly different from T3 (0.47) and T2 (0.59). To sum it up, dried rice is influential in relieving heat stress in broiler.

This study aims to obtain the incentives strategy that can increase the participation of energy users greater than or equal to 6000-TOE in fulfilling their obligations on energy conservation through energy management with Sustainable Energy Performance (SEP). Several steps need to be carried out. First, data collection on industries that must carry out energy management, and will be analyzed to determine the level of compliance of energy users. Second, ensure that already have carried out an energy-saving program with the SEP. Third, formulating incentive schemes for energy users. Fourth, the interest deduction for the company when they implement the SEP. The results show that only 10.25 % fully comply with the regulation, 36.89 % are partially compliant and 52.87 % are not compliant with energy management activities at all. For industries that have implemented energy conservation and SEP, several benefits are obtained, including capital expenditure (capex) savings when purchasing new imported equipment for creating another energy efficiency, by up to 30 % and incentives in the form of lowering interest rates by up to 4 %.

Aceh Tamiang District is currently developing cocoa plantations. The cocoa plantation management problem is the high attack of Plant Pest Species, especially the Cocoa Pod Borer (CPB), which causes cocoa productivity to decline. This study aimed to determine the percentage and intensity of CPB pests attacks on cocoa plantations. This research was carried out in three sub district in Aceh Tamiang District, Aceh Province. The research location was determined purposively. The selected garden samples had four different care levels: not being treated for, being treated for in moderation, being treated conventionally and practicing IPM. The results showed that CPB pests attacked all of the cacao plantation maintenance criteria. In sequence, the percentage and intensity of CPB pest attacks from the highest to the lowest were found in the criteria for farm care that practiced IPM, were treated conventionally, were treated for and not treated. The farms that were not treated had the highest percentage of attacks and CPB attack intensity. The lowest percentages in the criteria of farms that have been treated with IPM practice. The regression analysis of the relationship between the intensity of the attack and the loss of yield due to the CPB attack. The results showed that the levels of incursions by CPB pests was different depending on the classification level of the plantation The findings highlighted the importance of implementing the practice of IPM to reduce instances of CPB incursion.

Perkembangan teknologi di abad ke-21 telah membuat perubahan yang sangat besar dalam peradaban manusia modern sekarang ini. Teknologi internet telah mengubah setiap kehidupan manusia menggunakan smart tekhnologi di dalam genggaman tangan. Dalam konteks pendidikan, khususnya strategi pembelajaran visualisasi ini menjadi dampak strategi pembelajaran terbarukan yang membantu dunia pendidikan berjalan dengan cepat, terukur dan mudah diakses kapan dan dimana saja. Penelitian terhadap dampak strategi pembelajaran lewat visualisasi dalam pendidikan agama Kristen di era Masyarakat (Society) 5.0 menunjukan bahwa tantangan penggunaan smart technology menjadi salah satu manfaat yang dihadapi baik pendidik dan peserta didik untuk berinovasi dalam melaksanakan pengajaran. Pertanyaan paling penting dalam pendidikan saat ini adalah bagaimana dampak menerapkan strategi pembelajaran lewat visualisasi yang efektif bagi peserta didik di era Masyarakat 5.0? Hasilnya adalah efektivitas strategi pembelajaran pendidikan agama Kristen lewat visualisasi dapat diukur dengan kemampuan metode dalam memungkinkan target peserta didik mencapai hasil belajar yang diinginkan instruksi.

Langsa City is mostly in the form of land and coastal areas, especially the Kuala Langsa area which has the potential to be developed into an ecotourism development area because the mangrove ecosystem is still natural and preserved. This study aims to determine the level of land suitability for the development of mangrove forest ecotourism in Kuala Langsa. Primary data in the form of mangrove density, mangrove thickness, types of mangroves, tides, and biota objects were obtained through observation at 6 observation locations using Purposive sampling and Line transect point methods, while secondary data included geographical conditions, and tidal data obtained through literature studies. Vegetation data were analyzed by calculating plant species density and tourism suitability analyzed using tourism suitability index (IKW). Mangrove species found at the study site included, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia caseolaris and Xylocarpus granatum. The results showed that the IKW value of 60% included in the S2 category (as appropriate). The limiting factor is the density of mangroves which only have a value of 8 with the S3 conformity category (as conditional). With the limiting factor is the density of mangroves which only have a value of 4 with the suitability category S3 (not suitable). As for suggestions that can be given to the manager of Kuala Langsa mangrove forest Ecotourism so that the existence of Ecotourism can be sustainable is the need for Pentahelix Synergy in the management of the ecotourism.

This study aim to describe the development of carved art motifs in Jepara. The target population of artworks carving is some distribution of works that represent the period, so that the selection of data sources is also tight and considered representative. In this study it is required to produce a qualitative descriptive development study so that it approaches synchronic diachronik. The research step is done through the stages of observation, interviewing, making documentation, comparing historical information and see some works that have never been used by other researchers. The results: (1) Associated with the motive of the Queen of Sima money is considered the earliest is estimated in the VII century by physical evidence has not been found but on the myth is still attached to society carver Jepara. (2) The motifs that are representative of the era is Kalinyamat motif is believed to have existed at the beginning of the XVI century is still intact until now in the Mantingan Mosque Jepara. (3) Some artworks carved R.A. Kartini called Kartini motif by approach with her family can be presented in this research. (4) Various discoveries of masterpiece maestro Jepara artists can still be saved and are in Jepara carving museum. Followed by various colonial works both in the museum and in the home entrepreneur meubelair called the pre booming motif. (5) Contemporary sculpture art works can be found in groups called booming and post booming motifs that mostly reside and are displayed in some show rooms center meubelair Jepara city. Keywords: Jepara, development, carving motifs

Abstract: This article elaborates philosophy that runs into Islamic theology. Islamic theology could not be separated from all outer side. Those were not derived from revelation. Theological orthodoxy argued that each argument of divinity was taken from the revelation. They also consider that others were fault. Then those were categorized into heterodox. Heterodox was killed cruelly for instance al-H}alla>j, Suhrawardi, Siti Jenar. This acrticle describes critical approach and the data were analyzed through philosophical analysis. The article concludes that mostly, theological heterodoxy was inspired by philosophy such Plato, Aristotle and Plotinus. These philosophers delivered some convincing and satisfying arguments about God. Philosophy that characteristically has radical, comprehensive, systematic, independent and speculative delivering the basic insights of orthodox. Philosophy had given theological heterodoxy basis in some aspects such God is impersonal, non-spatial relation between God and creatures, and incretions view of the universe. Finally, this article assumes that heterodox point of view is useful to establish the principle of dissensus truth (mostly disagreement) in the plural-paced life. الملخص: تبحث هذه المقالة فى التفكير الفلسفي الذي يؤثر على العقيدة الإسلامية. العقيدة الإسلامية كنتيجة الفكرة لا يمكن فصلها عن جميع المؤثرات الخارجية لا يستمد جميع مصادرها من الوحي. فرقة دينية أرثوذكسية تستند حجته على الوحي الألوهية تنظر على أن الفكرة التي تخرج من المصادر الأخرى خاطئة. وهذا يؤدي إلى النظر أن الفرقة الألوهية أخرى (هيتيرودوكس) تعتبر مجموعة مبتدعة وهي منحرفة. وحكمت فرقة دينية أرثوذكسية على فرقة هيتيرودوكسية بالقتل، وهذا كما وقع على الحلاج وشهراوردي وستي جنار. من خلال المنهج الوصفي النقدي والتحليل الفلسفي، يخلص الكاتب إلى أن الفكرات العديدة من فرقة هيتيرودوكسية لاهوتية تؤثر من فلسفة أفلاطون وأرسطو وأفلوطين. وقد أعطت الفلسفة أساس هيتيرودوكسية لاهوتية في بعض النواحي، ومن بعض رأيهم أن الله هو شخصي، وكانت العلاقة بين الله والخلق غير المكانية، والنظرة غير الإبداعات فى الكون. وهذا الرأي مفيد لترسيخ مبدأ الحقيقة التي لا توافق الأغلبية في حياة متعددة. Abstrak: Artikel ini akan mengelaborasi pemikiran filsafat yang masuk ke dalam teologi Islam. Sebagai hasil pemikiran, teologi Islam tidak bisa dilepaskan dari pengaruh luar yang tidak semuanya murni bersumber dari wahyu. Kelompok ortodoksi teologis, sebagai kelompok yang menganggap setiap argumen ketuhanan diambil dari wahyu, menganggap pemikiran dari sumber lain dianggap sebagai kesalahan. Para pengusung argumen ketuhanan lain tersebut kemudian dianggap sebagai kelompok heterodoks, yaitu kelompok yang menyimpang. Dengan kejam, kelompok ortodoks menghukum kelompok heterodoks dengan pembunuhan, al-H{alla>j, Suhrawardi, Siti Jenar adalah beberapa kasus yang bisa diberikan. Melalui pendekatan diskriptif kritis dan analisis filosofis, penulis berkesimpulan bahwa heterodoksi teologis banyak diinspirasi oleh filsafat, baik dari Plato, Aristoteles maupun Plotinus. Para filsuf ini memberi argumen yang meyakinkan dan memuaskan akal pikiran tentang Tuhan. Filsafat yang memiliki watak radikal, menyeluruh, sistematis, bebas dan spekulatif mempertanyakan pandangan-pandangan dasar ortodoksi. Filsafat telah memberi basis heterodoksi teologis dalam beberapa hal, yaitu pandangan bahwa Tuhan bersifat impersonal, relasi non spasial antara Tuhan dengan makhluk dan pandangan non kreasi semesta. Akhirnya, artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa heterodoks ini berguna untuk membangun prinsip kebenaran disensus (kebenaran yang tidak harus disepakati oleh mayoritas) dalam kehidupan yang serba plural.

Leprosy stills a public health problem in West Sulawesi which has a Case Detection Rate (CDR) around 43.69/100.000 population. Household contacts of leprosy are a high risk group to be infected, due to droplet infection mode of transmission of the disease. A nose swab examination and serological study was conducted to detect exposure of M. leprae of people who live in leprosy endemic area. Detection of M. leprae in the nasal cavity will represent the exposure rate from outside and the measurement of specific antibody is represented the result of exposure to the immune system. Two group of inhabitants (30 household contacts of leprosy and 30 nonhousehold contacts) were involved in the study. They live in Banggae district, a leprosy endemic area of Majene Regency, West Sulawesi. Sixty nose swab samples and sixty capillary blood samples from the same invidividuals of the two groups were collected and sent to Leprosy laboratory of the Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University Surabaya. A Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed to the nose swab samples for detection of M. leprae. The blood samples were examined serologically to measure the level of anti PGL-1 antibody. PCR examination of nose swab samples showed 1/30 positive result in the household contact group and also 1/30 positive result in non-household contact of leprosy (statistically no significant difference, p > 0.05). Serological study showed higher sero-positive result in the household contact group (15/30 or 50%) compared to non-household contact (11/30 or 36%), but statistical calculation revealed no significant difference between the two groups (p > 0.05) on sero-positive results of leprosy. It is concluded that household and non-household contact in leprosy have the same risk to be affected by the disease. The term of household and non-household contact need to be redefined. The possible role of exposure from the environment was also discussed, especially from non-human resource of M. leprae.

Leprosy in twins is rarely reported. A 19 years-old male student, from Lamongan district, was diagnosed as Multibacillary (MB) leprosy in the Skin and STD Clinic of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya. Multiple anesthetic skin lesions were found, but the bacteriologic examination was negative for Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB). Histopathology examination support the diagnosis of BL type of leprosy. His twin brother that has been lived together since born until present seems healthy without any complaints of skin lesions and have no signs of leprosy. When a serologic examination for leprosy was performed, a high anti PGL-1 antibody level was found in patient (IgM anti PGL-1 2937 and IgG anti PGL-1 3080 unit/ml) while his healthy twin brother showed only low level (IgM 745 and IgG 0 unit/ml). Interestingly when a PCR study was performed to detect M.leprae in the blood, both of them showed positive results. Using the TTC method, a genomic study of for M.leprae, it is revealed that both samples were identic ( 27x TTC repeats). According to patient’s history, he had a traffic accident and got a wound in the knee seven years ago, while the skin lesions seems started from this area around three years ago before it spread to other parts of the body. The patient was treated with Multi-drug therapy (MDT) while his sibling got a prophylactic treatment for leprosy. After 6 months of treatment, the leprosy skin lesions were diminished and the serologic anti PGL 1 has been decreased. His healthy brother also showed a decrease in anti PGL 1 level and no skin signs of leprosy.

This study aims to determine the diversity of endophytic fungi Tread Dara (Catharanthus roseus) as one of the potential plants that can produce medicinal efficacious compounds. This study includes the isolation and identification of endophytic fungi on Tapak Dara plant using PDA medium. Based on the results obtained 6 endophytic fungal isolates originating from roots and leaves Tread Dara.

Background: The intensity of Mycobacterium leprae exposure to people who live in leprosy endemic area could be measured by serological study and detection of the bacilli in the nose cavity. Different geographical altitude might have some influences to this exposure since the bacilli prefer to live in warm areas. Aim: A combined serological and PCR study of leprosy was conducted in Selayar island, South Sulawesi to 80 school children (40 from low land and 40 from highland altitudes) in order to compare the exposure intensity between the two areas. Method: Anti PGL-1 IgM antibody (ELISA) and PCR study to detect M.leprae in the nasal cavity were performed simultaneously from each person. Result: Seropositive cases were found in 23/40 children from low land compared to 16/40 children from high land, but statistically no significant difference (p>0.05). PCR positive for M.leprae in the nasal cavity only found in 1/40 children, both in low and high altitude. Conclusion: It is concluded that although the existence of M.leprae in nasal cavity is minimal, the intensity of exposure to this bacilli still high as indicated by serological study.

Ada dugaan kuat, bahwa percikan-percikan ckspmi x n i rupa Islam dapat menjadi inrpirasi para perupa modern. Pengaruh ini mulai tern, kclib Islam masuk di Andalusia, Spanyol pada tahun 711 M. Setelah melewati mas perangsalib pada abad XI - XII, seni Islam krpengaruh kembali mclalui masa renairsns dan herlanjul sampai masa modern. BerdasarLan pengalaman dcngan memiliki xni Huik yang kncmakan gereja. mab seni rupa modern yang bcrkembang di Empa telah mcnyngkat harkat para ncruru untuk men~enhuiia ti dirinva. Dalam dunia.wni me& kbar.mcnciotakan biiintar. ~cn~amibi~uaLunr -unsu; Islam o~chpe rupa modern, mcrupabn pengcmh. raan mcrcka dalam mcnciplakan puncak brya seni pada sbad XX.

The history of prophecy in general and the existence of Prophet Mohammad in particular are the evidence of the important role of Islam as religion of liberation. It means that Islam intends to pose human position into precise site, the caliphate. Muhammad Iqbal states this position as co-cretio of God. Furthermore, revelation of the Quran, according to Farid Esack, is progressive revelation. Quran is a scripture of liberation. Even though, this spirit is often arrested in the interpretations of Quran. These interpretations are often constructed only for the interest of power or the pursuit of elite. Therefore, spirit of Quranic liberation misses its strength and vitality. At this point, Farid Esack gives his attention and his intellectual concern. The weakness of Quranic interpretation inspires Farid Esack to formulate methodology of Quranic interpretation. Esack named this methodology as “liberative hermeneutics”. Esack focuses to humanize human, based on (criticizing) power system and structure of South Africa. Farid Esack gives a strong foothold to his hermeneutic theory on theological system. The choice built by him is very precise. Esack’s excess compared to other intellectual such as Arkoun and Fazlur Rahman is that Esack involves in the act of liberation and the intensity of the dialectic in the field with people of other faiths and ethnic groups and races

Multidrug therapy (MDT) regiment has been used for leprosy all over the world for more than 20 years. Drug resistances of Mycobacterium have been reported from many areas. The resistance mostly occurred due to mutation on the gene coding protein targeted by anti-leprosy drugs. Two hundreds and seventy M. leprae isolates from some area in Indonesia were examined for studying the profile of mutation among isolates collected during 2003-2011. Drug resistance determining region of the folP1 gene and the rpoB gene was sequenced. The results showed 5 isolates of M. leprae harboured mutation only in the folP1 gene and another isolate harbored mutation in both the folP1 and rpoB gene. The point mutation in the folP1 gene that was found in 2 isolates occurred in codon 53 (ACC→GCC; Thr→Ala). Double point mutations on codon 53 that was found in two isolates were ACC→AGA (Thr→Arg) and ACC→AGG (Thr→Arg). The point mutation in the folP1 geneoccurred in codon 55 were found in two isolates were CCC→CTC (Pro→Leu) and CCC→CGC (Pro→Arg). Whereas mutation in the rpoB gene in one isolate occurred in codon 410 was GAT→TAT (Asp→Tyr). These mutations that altered the amino acids of the protein revealed that isolates of M. leprae were resistant to drug with variable profiles

Polytheism and unjust social power haven been conceptu­ally rejected by the Qur’an. Unfortunattely, its religious message is not properly understood by many Moslem scholars. They interpret it to legitimate their own interests which are sometimes contradictory to the spirit of the Qur’an. This phenomenon happens in South Africa. Farid Esack, a Muslim intellectual in this region, proposes to read the Qur'an in different direction, namely to deconstruct reading which is according to him perpetuate political interest and oppression. Esack critically reconstructs tafsir-method of the Qur'an for the purpuse of liberating Moslems. To do so, he proposes the interpretation concept which is based on some principles and key words of the Qur'an. His concern of liberating Moslems is transparent in his hermeneutical endeavour. For that reason discussing Esack’s hermeneutics is still significant and relevant to the discourse on current Qur ’anic studies. Esack’s proposals are elucidated in this article.

The “Iceberg phenomene” has been used to explain this situation which indicate that these new leprosy cases is originated from Subclinical Leprosy. Fifty eight healthy school children who live in Jeneponto Regency, a leprosy endemic area in South Sulawesi were recruited. The first examination was performed in 2007 and sera samples were kept in deep freeze refrigerator. In 2010 these children were re-examined for clinical leprosy and sera were collected again. ELISA study was performed simultaneously to these 58 pairs of sera (2007 & 2010) for measuring the titer of IgM anti PGL-1 antibody (ELISA) and the level 605u/ml was regarded as cut off value. After three years evaluation, none of these children showed any clinical signs of leprosy, but 20 of 22 ( 90.9%) children were remained sero-positive and only 2 (9.1%) became sero-negatives. In other sites, 5 children that previously sero-negatives became sero-positives after 3 years. Eight of 10 (80%) children who showed sero (+) with high titer (>1.000u/ml) in 2007, were also remained in high titer. The mean titer of 2007 was 627.8 u/ml, and after3 years became 723.9 u/ml (p

Leprosy still a health problem in Indonesia, where many leprosy pocket areas still persists, especially in the eastern part of the country. Although the program of WHO – Multidrug Therapy (MDT) regiment has been conducted elsewhere since 1980s, only the prevalence can be reduced but not the incidence of new leprosy cases. Theoretically after the source of leprosy (the infectious leprosy cases) has been treated, no more transmission of the disease and should be no more new leprosy cases will be found. To explain this phenomenon, the non-human resource of M.leprae became a new topic of debates, especially the existence of bacteria in the environment. A field study of the existence of M.leprae in the environment of leprosy endemic area had been conducted in a leprosy endemic area of the northern part of East Java. The aim of the study is to find any correlation of the existence of these bacteria in the environment with the presence of leprosy patients who live in that area, in order to study its role in the transmission of the disease. Ninety water samples from wells in the house of inhabitants who live in one endemic sub district were collected. The owner of the well was interviewed whether any leprosy patients who routinely use the water for their daily life activities. Water samples were examined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method to detect M.leprae DNA, using the LpF-LpR and Lp3-Lp4 nested primers (99bp). The PCR results showed positive band for M.leprae in 22 out of 90 (24%) water samples. Water samples from wells that used by leprosy patients showed positive PCR in 11/48 (23%), while 11 out of 42 (26%) water samples from wells that never been used by leprosy cases showed positive result. Statistically there was no difference (p>0.05) in the positivity of M.leprae between the two groups. It was concluded that the existence of M.leprae in the daily water resource was not correlated with the present of leprosy cases in the area. Possible symbiosis between protozoan and mycobacterium in the environment were discussed.

East Java province still has some pocket of leprosy endemic areas. In order to solve the problem, molecular typing will make it feasible to study the transmission pattern of Mycobacterium leprae in leprosy endemic area. The present study is to analyze the presence of M.leprae DNA in the environment and to study variation number of TTC repeats and their distribution. Poteran Island is located in Madura, East Java and was chosen because this island has a high prevalence of leprosy and remains stable for the last five years. All samples were analyzed by PCR and the numbers of TTC repeats were confirmed by direct sequencing. Of all collected samples, 26.4% isolates of water resources (24); 61.9% nasal swabs (26); and 35.3% skin tissues (24) are positives. No statistically difference in the pattern distribution of TTC repeats between skin tissues of patients and nasal swab of households contact (p=0.594); also distribution of TTC repeats between skin tissues of leprosy patients and those of water resources (p=0.441); and distribution of TTC repeats between nasal swab of households contact with water resources (p=0.906). It means that the transmission of M.leprae in leprosy endemic area has closely related in 3 aspects: agent, host & environment.

Recent order of world civilization seems to be constructed by Western civilization through project of orientalism which assumes East as the passive receiver of anything West actively offer; East is considered uncivilized, primitive, and dominated by myth and superstition. Based on the assumptions, West wants to inject modernity awareness into East cognitive sphere. But, East finds the want as a West tricky way to dominate East, a new kind of colonialism, and a hegemony.West hegemony covered under orientalism—to use Pierre Boudeau’s term—is a kind of symbolic violence. The term refers to a violence insulted smoothly; it is differed from domination which refers more to physical violence. Orientalism symbolic violence can be traced through orientalists’ works on East that are scientifically and massively published. The violence should be wisely responded by East through creating balance discourse based on scientific and intuitive capabilities.

Cigarette smoke is one of free radical source that can cause oxidative stress, emphysema, and inflamation on lung. Leaves of Premna cordifolia Linn. is one of antioxidant that can neutralize the free radical in body. The purpose of the research is to find the antioxidant activity of Premna cordifolia leaves in reducing lung’s damage and to find the effective dose that can reduce lung’s damage after exposure of cigarette smoke. Dried leaves of Premna cordifolia are maserated with ethanol 70%. Rats are divided into five groups, Group without treatment (CMC control), group that exposed to smoke, three groups that treated with 200 (P1), 400 (P2), and 600mg/kgBW (P3) of ethanolic extract of Premna cordifolia leaves after smoke exposure, and one group that treated with 18mg/kgBW of vitamin E as positive control after smoke exposure. All groups were treated with three cigarette without filter for 14 days. All rat were terminated on the fifteent day. Right lung were collected and subjected to necropsy and stained with Hematoksilin-Eosin. The result show that all doses of ethanolic extract of Premna cordifolia reduce lung damage in enlarge alveolar, thickening of alveolar’s wall, and infiltration of inflmation cells in rats. The effective dose is 600mg/kgbw because the potential of Premna cordifolia leaves extract was same with the potential of positive contol in reducing the lung damage. Keywords: Antioxidant, Premna cordifolia, Lung histopathology, Cigarette smoke ABSTRAK Asap rokok merupakan salah satu sumber radikal bebas yang dapat menyebabkan stress oksidatif, emfisema dan peradangan paru. Daun buas-buas (Premna cordifolia Linn.) merupakan salah satu antioksidan yang dapat menetralisir keberadaan radikal bebas dalam tubuh. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan daun buas-buas dalam menurunkan derajat kerusakan paru pada tikus pasca paparan asap rokok dan dosis efektif daun buas-buas yang dapat menurunkan derajat kerusakan paru tikus akibat asap rokok. Simplisia daun buas-buas dimaserasi dengan etanol 70%. Tikus dibagi menjadi 5 perlakuan, yaitu kelompok yang hanya diberi suspensi CMC (kontrol CMC), kelompok yang hanya diberi paparan asap rokok (kontrol negatif), kelompok perlakuan P1, P2, P3 masing-masing diberi paparan asap rokok dan ekstrak etanol daun buas-buas dengan dosis 200, 400, serta dosis 600 mg/kgBB dan kelompok perlakuan kontrol Positif diberi paparan asap rokok dan suspensi vitamin E dosis 18 mg/kgBB. Semua kelompok diperlakukan setiap hari dengan menggunakan 3 batang rokok tanpa filter selama 14 hari . Kemudian pada hari ke 15 semua tikus diterminasi dan diambil paru sebelah kanan untuk selanjutnya dibuat preparat histopatologi menggunakan pewarnaan Hematoksilin-Eosin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun buas-buas dapat menurunkan tingkat kerusakan paru-paru pada pelebaran lumen alveolus, penebalan dinding alveolus dan infiltrasi sel radang pada tikus yang terpapar asap rokok. Dosis ekstrak etanol daun buas-buas dosis 600 mg/kgBB merupakan dosis efektif untuk menurunkan tingkat kerusakan paru-paru hingga tidak berbeda signifikan (p>0,05) dibandingkan dengan kontrol positif. Kata kunci: Premna cordifolia, Antioksidan, Histopatologi paru, Asap rokok

Microplastics (MPs) are a pollutant that increasingly threatens freshwater ecosystems and requires effective solutions for their removal. The aim of this study is to review current filtration methods used to remove MPs from freshwater environments. This study uses a systematic review method of existing literature regarding filtration techniques for removing MPs. Data were collected from various scientific sources published between 2015 and 2023. The filtration techniques analyzed include traditional filtration and advanced filtration technology. The study results show that advanced filtration technologies such as nanofiltration and biofiltration have a high potential in removing MPs from freshwater. However, each technique has its own challenges, including removal efficiency and implementation cost. The conclusion is that filtration is an effective method for dealing with MP pollution in freshwater ecosystems; however, further study is needed to address the existing challenges. This study provides in‐depth insights that can help develop more efficient policies and technologies for managing MP pollution in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs), which are emerging pollutants in terrestrial ecosystems, could potentially impact plant growth. One of the least explored aspects of crop development is seed germination, a crucial stage in the plant's lifecycle. This study conducted soil cultivation trials to investigate the effects of 1% (w/w) concentrations of polyethylene (PET), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) MPs on rice growth over a 15‐day period. Parameters such as fresh weight, shoot height, root length, chlorophyll levels, and MPs identification in the roots were observed. The findings revealed the accumulation of 6–9 MP items in the roots. PET MPs inhibited root elongation (15%–20%), reduced shoot height (15%–30%), and decreased rice fresh weight (12%–37%). MPs PET, PP, and PS contamination reduced the content of chlorophyll a (15%–43%), b (21%–41%), and total (11%–40%) in rice leaves. This study enhances our understanding of the ecotoxicological effects of these three types of MPs on rice. The utilization of this data will further inform our understanding of MPs' behavior in soil vegetation and provide valuable insights into their land‐based impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ditch irrigation is an important route that potentially discharges microplastics (MPs) into environment. Samiran ditch irrigation is the largest urban irrigation in Pamekasan City, Indonesia. Water and sediment samples were collected in Samiran ditch irrigation to identify MPs including their color, shape, size, and number of MPs. From all sampling locations, MPs were found in both the water and sediments of the Samiran ditch irrigation with sizes ranging from 0.1 mm to 2.9 mm. The abundance of MPs in water ranged from 0.5 to 0.9 items/L, while MPs in sediments 0.14 to 0.23 items/g with colors of black, blue, and yellow. The polymer types of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and polypropylene (PP) were found both in surface water and sediment sample. MPs such as fragments, filament, fiber, and pellet were found in Samiran ditch irrigation with fiber was dominant found in the surface water (40%) and fragment was dominant in sediment (25%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the realm of the global economy, agriculture holds a prominent status, acting as a vital source of employment and revenue for nations. Despite its crucial role, the agricultural sector contends with recurrent annual losses attributable to market fluctuations. One noteworthy contributor to the decline in agricultural productivity is the adverse impact of microplastics (MPs). This study aims to estimate the production losses suffered by key crops—rice, wheat, maize, tomato, and peas—due to MPs, along with the resulting economic consequences arising from the direct damage inflicted by MPs. To assess production losses caused by MPs, secondary data from diverse sources were employed for five plant varieties. The economic losses resulting from MPs were calculated for the period spanning 2017–2023, with cumulative data aggregated from all states. The study's findings indicate that the presence of MPs corresponds to an annual global output decline ranging from 0.4% to 34.7%. This decline translates to a reduction of approximately 0.01 million to 66.97 million tons per year in the production of food, fiber, and biofuels. The aggregate yearly economic losses are estimated at around USD 46.5 billion. These findings carry substantial implications for governmental policy in the agricultural domain, underscoring the necessity for current statistics on global losses incurred due to MPs. Moreover, they emphasize the importance of implementing a systematic surveillance system to monitor such losses effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although microplastics (MPs) in solid organic waste have been intensively studied, the presence of MPs in organic fertilizer and their potential as new emerging pollution to environment because of their use in agriculture has not been explained completely. Therefore, the identification and quantification of MPs in commercially available compost is important. This study aimed to estimate the quantity of MPs in commercial composts. The characteristics of MPs (shape, color, size, and type of polymers) were identified. This study found that MPs in commercial compost samples were found, reaching up to 160 particles/200 g of compost with various colors (blue, black, red, yellow, and white). The identified MPs had various sizes (0.1–1 mm) and shapes (81.8% fragment, 16.2% fiber, and 2% filament). The findings of this study are very important and significant to inform community and policymakers regarding the presence of MPs in commercial compost, hence, their intensive use in agriculture must be controlled and careful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]