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Heart disease is a major contributor to mortality and disability on a global scale. Hence, there is a need for research to improve non-invasive diagnostic techniques. Diseases in dogs with characteristics very similar to those of human pathologies hold promise as a source of data for evaluating and developing echocardiographic techniques and devices. Methods: We conducted a structured literature search from June 2022 to January 2023 to evaluate the relevance of dogs as a translational model for echocardiographic clinical research. We searched various academic databases, including PubMed Central (PMC), Core, DIGITAL.CSIC, DOAB, DOAJ, EBSCO host, Elsevier B.V, Redib, Scopus, and Web of Science, available through the Academic Information System of the Autonomous University of Baja California. Results: Out of the 243 articles initially screened, we identified 119 relevant articles that met our inclusion criteria for further analysis. This review is an introduction to the canine model by analyzing the cardiovascular anatomical similarities between the two species, the pathophysiological overlaps in some diseases, the parallels in echocardiographic techniques in dogs compared to humans, and the suitability of dogs with a naturally occurring cardiac disease as a model for translational clinical research compared to other animal species. Conclusions: This review emphasizes the importance of canine patients as an ideal cardiac disease symmetrical clinical model since they share common heart diseases with humans. Furthermore, dogs have a shorter lifespan, leading to the relatively rapid evolution of these diseases, which makes studying these pathologies and developing echocardiographic techniques more feasible. The results strongly indicate the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and translational medical research to create innovative echocardiographic technologies and improve the connection between veterinary and human cardiac imaging research.

The behavioural response and blood parameters were compared in immunocastrated and surgically castrated bovine males. In total, 720 Holstein males, 7-8 months old and approximately 240 kg body weight were used. One group was immunocastrated by vaccination with Bopriva (commercial anti-GnRH vaccine) on days 1, 21, 101 and 181 days of the fattening and the other group was surgically castrated at birth. Blood samples were taken on vaccination days for testosterone determination and on days 181 and during slaughtering to analyse blood cortisol. Sexual behaviour (mounts and flehmen signs) and aggressive (threats and head butting) and social behaviour (sniffing, grooming, lowered head, and vocalization) were evaluated, finding no significant differences between treatments. Testosterone concentration in both treatments was below 1 ng/ml in all samples. Cortisol levels on day 181 of fattening were lower (p, Se comparó el comportamiento conductual y parámetros sanguíneos en toros inmunocastrados y quirúrgicamente castrados. Se utilizaron 720 machos Holstein de 7-8 meses de edad y peso aproximado de 240 kg. Un grupo fue inmunocastrado mediante vacunación con Bopriva (vacuna comercial anti-GnRH) los días 1, 21, 101 y 181 días de engorda y el otro grupo fue castrado quirúrgicamente al nacimiento. Se tomaron muestras de sangre los días de las vacunaciones para la determinación de testosterona y los días 181 y durante el desangrado en el sacrificio para analizar cortisol sanguíneo. Se evaluó el comportamiento sexual (montas y signos de flehmen), agresivo (amenazas y topetazos) y social (olfateos, acicalamiento, cabeza baja y vocalizaciones) no encontrándose diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. La concentración de testosterona en ambos tratamientos fue por debajo de 1 ng/ml en todos los muestreos. Los niveles de cortisol en el día 181 de engorda fueron más bajos (p