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Remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) play a significant role in deep and shallow water missions for exploration, inspection, and extraction. This research article aims to control and stabilise the position of ROV. The motions of ROV are guided and controlled by a human pilot present on a surface through a single cord providing power. This study presents the mathematical modelling, kinematic model, and hydrodynamic model of the designed underwater vehicle. It also designs a proportional, integral, and derivative (PID) controller with the nonlinear observer model for ROV which helps in controlling and stabilising its position. The PID controller helps in controlling the altitude of the vehicle while a nonlinear observer model with PID controls and stabilises the attitude. The designed scheme was applied to the model of six degrees of freedom (DOF) ROV. The simulation results show that the designed control scheme is highly accurate and effective. It also shows higher stability and better transient response (TR).

A simple optical technique is described for the measurement of complex mode amplitudes in multimode fibers. The technique used in this experiment involves launching a laser beam into the core of low moded optical fiber, exciting a mixture of normal modes. The emerging mode patterns are stored in microcomputer. The complex modes are then extracted from these recoded intensities with help of modified version of Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm. Many experimental results are recorded in photographic form and comparison with computer analyzed pattern is made. The evaluation of complex mode amplitudes in multimode fiber can yield useful information about the mode filling of such fiber.

Pakistan has been in severe energy crises since the year 2004. Major reasons behind energy crises are lake of use of modeling tools in power planning and policy development, dependence on imported energy sources and poor governance. In this paper, electricity demand forecasting for Pakistan up to the year 2030 and a proposal for utilizing domestic energy resources such as coal, natural gas and solar resources available in Baluchistan province of Pakistan for the electricity needs of the country are presented. Long-range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) software is used to develop energy demand model for Pakistan that forecast energy demand under two scenarios, i.e., baseline scenario and energy conservation scenario for the period from 2018 to 2030. Electrical power generation capacity of coal, natural gas and solar resources is also calculated considering the capacity factor of each type of energy asset in MATLAB software. This work suggests that Pakistan's energy demand forecast is 399 TWh under the baseline scenario and 312 TWh under the energy conservation scenario. The power generation potential of domestic energy assets available in Baluchistan is 500.041 TWh in total, which includes Natural Gas 392.768 TWh, Solar 84.935 TWh and Coal 22.338 TWh. This research would help relevant government departments in Pakistan for power capacity development as per the required energy demand and alleviate energy crises in Pakistan.