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The presence of serum parietal cell and intrinsic factor antibodies has been examined in 51 subjects including eight patients with pernicious anemia. Parietal cell antibodies were found only in patients with atrophic gastritis (in 16 out of 30) and mainly in those with complete or almost complete loss of parietal cells (in 14 out of 20). Blocking intrinsic factor antibodies were present only in the latter group (in 8 out of 20). Binding intrinsic factor antibodies were found only in one patient with complete loss of parietal cells. Parietal cell and intrinsic factor antibodies were found in patients with pernicious anemia (in respectively 6 and 4 out of 8) as well as in patients with severe atrophic gastritis without pernicious anemia (in respectively 8 and 4 out of 12). There is a good correlation between the results of the Schilling test and the occurrence of these antibodies. No correlation is observed between the severity of lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration and the occurrence of parietal cell antibodies, whereas a reverse correlation exists with the occurrence and the titer of intrinsic factor antibodies.

Tiivistelmä. Kirjallisuuden sivuaineen tutkielmani käsittelee haltian henkilöhahmon alisteista asemaa Andrzej Sapkowskin teoksessa Viimeinen toivomus -teoksessa. Fantasiakirjallisuutta lukiessani olin tottunut siihen, että haltiat esitetään tavallisesti muita henkilöhahmoja ylevämpinä ja parempina olentoina, mutta Sapkowskin teoksessa he olivatkin marginaaliin työnnettyjä, ihmisten halveksimia olentoja. Lähdin selvittämään haltioiden asemaa Sapkowskin fiktiivisen maailman modaliteeteista, teemoista ja moodista käsin, hyödyntäen tässä työssä viitekehyksenäni Lubomír Doleželin teoriaa mahdollisista maailmoista, jonka hän esittelee vuonna 1998 ilmestyneessä teoksessaan Heterocosmica. Fiction and Possible Worlds. Päädyin analyysissäni siihen johtopäätökseen, että Sapkowski on heikentänyt teoksessaan fantasiakirjallisuudessa esiintyvää haltian tyyppiä muun muassa riisumalla heiltä pois muissa genren teoksissa esiintyviä yli-inhimillisiä kykyjä ja tuomalla heidät pitkäikäisyyttä lukuunottamatta ihmisten tasolle. Tämä näkyy muun muassa siinä, että haltiat voivat sairastua puutostauteihin ihmisten tavoin. Lisäksi fantasiamaailmassa rajoitetaan haltioiden oikeuksia ihmisten asuttamissa kaupungeissa ja heitä on ajettu pois omilta mailtaan, jotta ihmiset ovat saaneet nämä viljavat alueet käyttöönsä. Haltioiden henkilöhahmoihin liittyy myös demonisointia ja virheellistä tietoa. Haltian henkilöhahmon heikentäminen ja alisteiseen asemaan asettaminen selittyy teoksen teemojen kautta. Eräs läpäisevistä teemoista on toiseus ja ihmiskunnan ulkopuolisten olentojen joutuminen ihmisten pyrkimysten uhreiksi. Nämä teemat ilmenevät toistuvina motiiveina, joissa ”toiset”, hirviöt ja haltiat joutuvat ihmisten ahneuden ja vallanhimon uhreiksi. Haltioiden kohtalo on eräs näiden teemojen motiiveista. Jotta haltiat voisivat joutua tällaiseen tilanteeseen, on ollut loogista karsia heidän kykyjään, jotta alisteiseen asemaan joutuminen olisi ylipäätänsä mahdollista. Haltioiden alempaan statukseen vaikuttaa myös teoksen moodi, jota voisi lähinnä luonnehtia groteskiksi. Groteski moodi tukee myös teoksen teemoja, sillä eräs groteskin ominaisuus on normaaliuden ja inhimillisyyden määritelmien kyseenalaistaminen. Myös tämä kysymys nousee yhdeksi teoksen teemoista.

To ascertain the views of physicians and the general population concerning oral contraceptive (OC) use and the risk of thrombosis after the pill scare and, moreover, to investigate whether respondents' smoking habits had any impact on these perceptions.A questionnaire on family planning was mailed to randomly selected Finnish health-center physicians (n = 351) and to a random sample of Finnish women (n = 393) and men (n = 395). All were asked to evaluate statements concerning OCs using a visual analog scale from 0 (strongly disagree) to 100 (strongly agree).The response rate for physicians was 69%, for women 56% and for men 45%. Respondents in all subgroups agreed to some extent that OCs increase the risk of thrombosis. Among the population, more women than men were of the opinion that it is dangerous to smoke while using OCs and non-smokers were more aware of the risk of OC use and simultaneous smoking than were smokers. Physicians' personal smoking habits had no evident impact on opinions concerning OC use, risk of thrombosis and smoking.Although differences existed between the perceptions of physicians and those of the general population concerning OCs, their opinions are realistic and in harmony.

Background: We wanted to estimate the prevalence of selective lactose malabsorption (SLM) in Khants, a small Finno-Ugric population living in Western Siberia who have traditionally consumed no milk in adulthood. Methods: A total of 80 Khants, aged 8-57 years and living on the middle reaches of the River Ob, were studied. The diagnosis was based on a lactose tolerance test; general malabsorption was excluded by a glucose-galactose tolerance test whenever possible. In six subjects electronmicroscopic examination of the duodenal mucosa was performed. Results: The prevalence of SLM in the Khants was 94%. Conclusion: This is the highest prevalence found in the previous Soviet Union.

Several large trials have shown that the risk of stroke in patients with non-valvar atrial fibrillation is reduced by treatment with warfarin. Implementing this research evidence requires not only an understanding of the trials' results and of the changes that they imply for clinicians' treatment decisions but also an appreciation of the organisation, quantity, and quality of services required to support these changes. Understanding of these implications is crucial for developing services that allow changes in practice to produce reductions in stroke incidence while minimising the risks of treatment. This article considers the developments in service provision that will probably be required to support the changes in clinical practice suggested by the trials' results. These services will be provided largely by doctors, and their development has implications for doctors in both primary and secondary care.

To study the genetic control of adult lactose malabsorption (L.M.) 252 relatives of 11 probands over 20 years old and 101 spouses of these relatives and probands were examined. A lactose-tolerance test with ethanol administration was used for diagnosis of L.M. General malabsorption was excluded by a glucose-galactose tolerance test with ethanol. Genetic analysis of family series gave strong support for the inheritance of adult L.M. by a single recessive autosomal gene. The number of affected persons observed in different relative groups of probands also supported this idea.

The state of the gastric body mucosa was examined bioptically in randomly selected 16-65-year-old subjects of a Finnish rural community, Pornainen. The series were representative of the whole population as regards sex, age, and occupational distribution.Gastritis was found in 53 per cent of the series, with no difference between the sexes, being superficial in 25 per cent and atrophic in 28 per cent. The prevalence rate of gastritis increased significantly with age, 1.40±0.10 (SD) yearly per cent of the total group of corresponding age. This increase was mainly due to the increase of atrophic gastritis, whereas the prevalence of superficial gastritis remained nearly constant. The results suggest a poor healing tendency of gastritis in general and of atrophic gastritis in particular. The yearly increase in the prevalence rate of atrophic gastritis at all ages examined, was computed to 1.25±0.19 (SD) per cent of the total group of corresponding age.The age-specific prevalence rates of gastritis have not an ...