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Gingivitis dapat menyerang baik orang dewasa maupun anak-anak. Pada kelompok anak berumur antara 11-17 tahun, prevalensi gingivitis yang cukup tinggi pada anak umur 11 dan 12 tahun. Pembersara gingiva merupakan hasil dari adanya faktor iritan lokal seperti plak dan kalkulus, sedangkan perubahan hormonal yang terjadi selama masa pubertas, akan memperberat pembesaran gingiva tersebut. Walaupun demikian selama masa pubertas bila iritan lokal dihilangkan, pembesaran gingiva tidak akan hilang sama sekali tetapi dapat berkurang sesuai dengan meningkatnya usia. Meskipun diketahui bahwa pembesaran gingiva tidak akan hilang selama masa pubertas berlangsung, penyebab utama seperti plak dan kalkulus tetap perlu dihilangkan agar tidak memperberat peradangan yang ada. Sedangkan untuk mencegah kambuhnya penyakit, kunjungan ulang, prosedur kebersihan mulut dan kontrol plak yang sering tidak boleh diabaikan.

Pada umumnya masalah yang dihadapi pada perawatan gigi di Indonesia adalah kurangnya informasi mengenai kemajuan perkembangan bahan kedokteran gigi. Kemajuan teknologi bahan sewarna gigi masih kurang dapat diikuti oleh dokter gigi di Indonesia. Bahan sewarna gigi antara lain semen gelas ionomer banyak digunakan dalam bidang kedokteran gigi anak, antara lain dapat untuk pencegahan karies dengan pit dan fissure sealant, sebagai bahan penambalan sewarna gigi, sebagai bahan penambalan gigi anterior dan posterior pada anak, dan juga sebagai bahan untuk sementasi. Ada tiga macam bahan sewarna gigi yang dipakai dalam bidang kedokteran gigi anak, bahan resin komposit, semen gelas ionomer, dan bahan kompomer. Bahan-bahan tersebut mempunyai sifat fisik dan kimia serta penggunaannya yang berbeda. Masing-masing mempunyai indikasi dan keunggulannya sendiri. Pada dasarnya apabila akan menggunakan bahan tersebut persiapan atau preparasi gigi harus dapat memanfaatkan sifat masing-masing bahan. Pada umumnya prinsip preparasi harus sesedikit mungkin membuang jaringan gigi yang sehat. Dengan bahan (material tunggal), dengan kemasan yang memudahkan memasukkan ke dalam kavitas (dengan bentuk karpul), alat untuk membentuk (tidak melekat pada bahan tumpat dari teplon), dengan pengerasan yang dapat diatur (light curing), dan bahan polesnya, maka pemakaian bahan sewarna gigi menjanjikan teknik yang cukup mudah, dapat diselesaikan dalam waktu yang singkat, dan dapat dipertanggung jawabkan. Hal itu semua sangat diperlukan untuk perawatan gigi anak.

The primary tooth with caries process, could be abscess and became non-vital if inflammation of the pulp tissue extents into the root canals. An effort to maintain the non-vita l primary teeth with fistula is pulpectomy. The primary tooth pulpectomy is a common clinical procedure. The choice of filling material and antibacterial properties against organism to inhabit infected primary root canal is important. The choice of filling material is zinc oxide eugenol and antibacterial medicament is formocresol. One-appointment formocresol pulpectomy procedure is indicated when inflammation of the pulp tissue extends into the root canals, and possibly involves the periapical and/or bifurcation area. In this case, after treatment with one-appointment formocresol pulpectomy in non-vital incisive lateral primary tooth with fistula is successful in one and eight months. This procedure provides an alternative to extraction and space maintenance when the pediatric dentist encounters a non-vital primary tooth.

Non-vital teeth are supposed to be treated with root canal treatment and root canal filling. However, the problem on root canal treatment on deciduous molars, especially with children who is noncooperative because the difficulty to get access to the root canal on children and root canals on deciduous molars are very complex. Mortal pulpotomy is the way to eliminate necrotic pulp tissue in pulp chamber and replace it with material filling. The material is a combination between formocresol and zinc oxide eugenol. The result on formocresol pulpotomy on deciduous teeth can be seen in clinical, radiographic and histological examination of the teeth, abutment tissue and the growth permanent teeth germ. On this patient the mortal pulpotomy treatment had been done with formocresol on one visit. After a month, on the clinical evaluation there are no subjective complaints and no signs of gingival inflammation.

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of application time of Non Rinse Conditioner (NRC) on Compomer (Dyract, Dentsply) penetration in dentin of primary teeth. The simple was 30 mandibular primary incisors divided into 3 groups by application time (10,20, and 30 seconds). The penetration of Compomer was measured from 30 teeth using SEM (2000x mag). One way ANOVA test showed significant differences between the three application times (F=10,7074,738, p=0,001), and Tukey test also indicated significant differences between the groups (p=0,001). Longer periods of NRC application increases the application of Compomer.

The purpose of this study was to determine the different fluor uptake in enamel of primary teeth filled with Conventional and High Viscosity Glass Ionomer Cement. Samples in this study were 20 non-carious primary maxillary incisors. Samples were divided into 2 groups (10 samples for each group) which were; group 1 filled with Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement and group II filled with High Viscosity. All samples were put in saline solution for 7 days. Each sample was divided into 3 areas in 20 µm2 square, making 30 data for every group. The different fluor uptake was observed with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrophotometry (EDS) and the results are in graphic . T-test showed significant difference of fluor uptake in enamel of primary teeth between Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement and High Viscosity Glass Ionomer Cement filling (t=2.36, p=0,025). Fluor uptake in enamel of primary teeth filled with High Viscosity Glass Ionomer Cement was much more than Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement.

Finger sucking habit at child can result anterior open bite, protrusion and another malocclusion. If immediately eliminated, harder situation can be overcome immediately. Besides a psychological approach to eliminate the habit, sometimes the installation of a fixed or removable appliance is also needed. Besides eliminating finger sucking, a palatal crib attached fixed at a five years old child could so improve malocclusion repair.

Mucocele resprented as a lesion that usually happened as an effet of accumulation and extravasation of secret minor salivary gland dof cheek and lip, which gave clinical feature like a bubble of mucosa. This lesion commonly caused by the effect of continuous trauma. Treatment of mucocele was surgery, e.g. excision marsupialization, cryosurgery and ablation by laser. The treatment for mucocele in children was more complex because problem of behavior during treatment so it can be conducted with a few modification without causing trauma. With micro marsupialization or cordage at the handle of mucocele, hence difficulty of excision mucocele in a child can be overcome, although the child is not cooperative.

The objective of this research was to know the difference between the penetration of glass ionomer cement (Chemflex, Dentsply) in dentin of primary teeth with and without conditoner (10% polyacrylic acid). THe primary molar tooth which were observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 100x magnitude ws measured for the length of glass ionomer cement penetration in dentin of primary tooth with and without conditioner. The t test showed that there was no significant difference between the length of glass ionomer cement penetration in dentin of primery teeth with and without conditioner.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether different durations of conditioner application influenced glass ionomer cement penetration in dentin primary teeth. The conditioner being used was 10% polyacrylic acid. Samples in this study were 40 non-carious primary mandibular incisors. Samples were divided into 4 groups (10 samples each): group A, withoud conditioner, group B, with 10 seconds of conditioner application, group C, with 20 seconds of conditioner application, and group D with 30 seconds of conditioner application. Penetration of glass ionomer cement was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with 200x magnification. One-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test showed significant difference between groups. Longer conditioner application resulted in longer glass ionomer penetration in dentin of primary teeth.

DNA damage can have particularly severe carcinogenic influence if it incapacitates the cellular machinery normally protecting the cell from the effects of genomic damage. The protective functions involve not only DNA repair and apoptosis (programmed cell death), but also regulation of the cell cycle and proliferation. Therefore, carcinogenesis can be promoted by inactivating or altering key regulatory proteins like p16INK4a which has the capability to arrest the cell cycle in the G1 phase and prevent inappropriate proliferation. Functionl cyclin- dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p16INK4a binds to Cdk-4 and Cdk-6 thereby preventing Cdk-cyclin complexes from promoting phosphorylation of pRb and releasing the transcription factor E2F needed for the cell cycle to proceed to the S phase. Arrest in G1 accounts for a minority of arresting cells after DNA damage, the majority of arrests taking place in G1 without recognized p16INK4a contribution. However, inactivating alterations of p16INK4a are common in cancers, possibly because of additional functions of p16INK4a in senescence and inhibition of the spreading and migration of cancer cells. Since oncogenic initiation is insufficient for growing significant tumors without spreading and angiogenesis, this could partly expain why inactivated p16INK4a is frequently exhibited in clinical tumors in spite of apparently less exclusive role in cell cycle arrest.On the other hand, multiple oncogenic events are usually necessary to develop cancer and generally both pRb and p53 pathways are impaired in tumors. This suggests that growth regulation in G1 and therefore also its key molecular components including p16INK4a are important in carcinogenesis.

The purpose of this study was to determine fluor uptake difference in enamel of primary teeth between Glass Ionomer Cement and Compomer filling. The sample was 30 maxillary first incisors divided into 2 groups. Each group consisted of 15 teeth. The first group was filled with Glass Ionomer Cement (Fuji IX ART, GC) and the second group was filled with Compomer (Dyract, Dentsply). The measurement was in percentage, using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrophotometry. T test exhibited significant differenc of fluor uptake in enamel of primary teeth between Glass Ionomer and Compomer gilling (t=1.1, p= 0.0001). Fluor uptake of Glass Ionomer Cemeng filling in enamel of priary teeth much more compare to Compomer filling.

Impaction of the permanent maxillary canine is a relative common problem in orthodontic and pedodontic practice. The diagnostic of canin impaction depends upon thorough understanding of clinical and radiological examination. There are several apporaches available for the treatment of these cases. Combination of surgical intervention and orthodontic treatment is one of the choices. The purpose of this case report is to present a case management of a maxillary permanent canine impaction located in the labial surface with vertical position in an 11 years old child. This impacted teeth was brought into the normal position by a combination of surgery and fixed orthodontic treatment.

Maple Syrup Urine Disease is a disparity of leusin decarboxilation, and isoleusin of valin defect that is synthesized with complex enzyme systems. It is a rare disease and represents disparity. In some cases can generate ketosis that grows according to health change and can cause comma. Dental treatment of a child with Maple Syrup Urine Disease was not clearly mentioned, there is only a factor such as infection, which is very dangerous at any age, and can generate irregular metabolism. Dental treatment of a child with Maple Syrup Urine Disease accompanied by mental retardation must be done continuously to avoid infection that can result in the death of the patients.

Cellular responses to stress including DNA damage, show multiple options involving the mechanisms of growth arrest. DNA repair and programmed cell death or apoptosis. Failures in these mechanisms can result in oncogenesis or accelerated senescence. Much of the response is coordinated by p53, a nuclear phosphoprotein with a central role in the defences against physical, chemical and pathogenic agents which challenge the DNA integrity. The p53 pathways for mobilising the cellular defences are linked to the pRB/E2D pathways regulating the cell cycle progression. This paper aims to review the current understanding on the networks and main molecular machinery of these processes. In addition, the implications on cellular decision making for the defences as well as revolutionary aspects of these mechanisms are discussed in brief.

The objective of this research was to know the difference of compomer (Dyract, Dentsply) penetration in dentin of primary and permanent teeth after applied by Non-Rinse Conditioner (NRS). The samples were observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy = SEM (1200x mag.) and the length of Compomer penetration in dentin tubules after applied by Non-Rise Conditioner were measured. T test showed that Compomer penetration in primary teeth was shorter compared to permanent teeth (t=3.474, p=0.001).

The aim of this study was to know the success and differences of pit & fissure sealant materal penetration of composite resin type (UltraSeal XT Plus) into fissure by using syringe blue micro tips and syringe white mini brush tips in fissure closure efforts for caries prevention of permanent teeth. The study was conducted to 30 maxillary first premolar, using syring blue micro tips, and 30 maxilary first premolar using syringw white mini brush tips. The samples, then, were made smears and observed by optic microscope with 300 times magnification. The result of this stuy showed that mean of pit & fissure sealant material penetration of composite resin type into fissure by using blue micro tips was (67.93 ± 13.09)%. By using syringe white mini brush tips was (92.96 ± 6.18)%. With t-test, it showed a significant difference (t = 9.84, p

The purpose of this study was to determine the fluoride content differences in enamel of immature teeth with Glass Ionomer Cement Fuji IX and Ketac Molar filling.The subject for this study was 21 immature premolars teeth, and each tooth divided into 2 parts. The first part filled with Fuji IX (Fuji IX ART, GC) and the second part filled with Ketac Molar (KetacMolar ART, MI, 3M ESPE), so the samples were 21 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrophotometry analysis of Fuji IX and 21 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrophotometry analysis of Ketac molar. The measurement was done to the fluoride content in enamel of immature teeth using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrophotometry in percentage.This study using t-test, exhibited differences but no significant from the percentage of delta the fluoride content in enamel of immature teeth with Fuji IX and Ketac Molar filling (t=1,953 p > 0.05).DOI: 10.14693/jdi.v15i2.74

Intrusion is a displacement of the tooth deeper into the alveolar socket accompanied by comminution or fracture of the alveolar socket following axis of the tooth. This case describe treatment of intrusion with open apex which obsercation until spontan eruption of the tooth. After 4 months, clinically, the intrusion tooth reeruption near incisal edge of adjacent tooth and radiographic showed lengthening the root of the tooth.

This report describes an 11 years old boy with Cerebral Palsy who treated under general anesthesia, because patient extremely uncooperative. Treatment involved 2 GIC restorations and 7 extractions. Under general anesthesia, total oral rehabilitation can be finished at a single operative visit with minimal psychological trauma. At follow-ip visit patient exhibited positive behavior and better coping with dental situation.

The objective of this report is to know the result of endodontic treatment in primary teeth which is obstructed in one root canal. The patient had the problem with her primary teeth which needed treated to eliminate the infection. The treatment was done in pulp treatment procedure. We found there is root canal obstruction and radiolucency in bifurcation. We prepared the other one following root canal treatment procedure. After few month the radiolucency in bifurcation can be reduced significantly.