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Introductioncanola (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important oilseed plants that has been ranked third in the oil production after soybeans and oil palm. Drought is seriously the most important factor limiting the growth and production of canola in Iran. By foliar application of micronutrients, plant growth condition can be improved under stress. Salicylic(SA) acid plays an important role in abiotic stress tolerance, and more interests have been focused on SA due to its ability to induce a protective effect on plants under adverse environmental conditions. It is necessary to know the traits related to drought tolerance and their relationship with seed yield. due to the important role of roots in the absorption and conduction of water and nutrients, recognition the root system and how it is distributed in the soil is special importance. therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the Effect of foliar application of some micronutrients and salicylic acid on root characteristics and seed yield of canola (Brassica napus L.) under water deficit stress.Materials and methodsthe experiment was conducted as split factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Lorestan University, Iran, in two cropping seasons (2016-2018). water deficit was considered as the main factor in levels irrigation at 80 (control) and 30% of field capacity, and the combination of foliar application of micronutrient fertilizer (non-consumption and spraying at a concentration of 0.2%) and salicylic acid concentration of 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM were considered in sub-plots. the time of water deficit stress coincided with the stage of the beginning of regrowth (BBCH32). foliar application of micronutrient fertilizer in rosette stage (BBCH29) and foliar application of salicylic acid in two stage of flowering beginning (BBCH60) and pod filling (BBCH72). the measured traits included root dry weight, root volume, root area, seed yield, oil percentage, and water use efficiency. the data was analyzed by statistical analysis system (SAS version: 9.1). the means were analyzed using the Duncan test at P=0.05.Results and discussionthe results of analysis of variance showed the effect of year on seed yield, effect of salicylic acid on seed yield and oil percentage, double interaction of micronutrient fertilizer in salicylic acid on root volume and triple interaction of stress in micronutrient fertilizer and salicylic acid on root weight, root volume and water use efficiency were significant. the results of comparative analysis of the mean data showed that the highest percentage of oil was obtained from concentration of 1 to 1.5 mM of salicylic acid.the highest root volume (49.90 cm3) was obtained from the treatment composition (foliar application of 1.5 mM salicylic acid and concentration of 2 per thousand micronutrient fertilizers). the highest root dry weight (28.95 gr), root area (4360 cm2) and water use efficiency (1.26 kg m-3) from the treatment composition (no stress + 1.5 mM salicylic acid spraying and concentration of 2 per thousand fertilizers Micronutrients) was obtained. the highest seed yield (4955.7 kg ha-1) was obtained from foliar application 1.5 mM of salicylic acid, In the first year, the highest seed yield (4427.7 kg ha-1) from the combination (no stress + foliar spraying of 1.5 mM salicylic acid and a concentration of 2 per thousand micronutrient fertilizers) and in the second year of the combination (no stress + foliar spraying of 1 mM salicylic acid) and a concentration of 2 per thousand micronutrient fertilizers with an average (4955.7 kg ha-1) was obtained.Conclusiontherefore, a triple micronutrient fertilizer (iron+zinc+ manganese) with a concentration of 0.2% is recommended along with a concentration of 1.5 mM of salicylic acid to reduce the negative effects of water deficit stress and achieving acceptable seed yield.

With the development of genome editing technologies, editing susceptible genes is a promising method to modify plants for resistance to stress. NPH3/ RPT2-LIKE1 protein (NRL1) interacts with effector Pi02860 of Phytophthora infestans and creates a protein complex, promoting the proteasome-mediated degradation of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor SWAP70. SWAP70, as a positive regulator, enhances cell death triggered by the perception of the P. infestans pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) INF1. Using a clustered regularly interspaced short palindrome repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system, a construct was made to introduce four guide RNAs into the potato cultivar Agria. A total of 60 putative transgenic lines were regenerated, in which 10 transgenic lines with deletions were selected and analyzed. A mutant line with a four-allelic knockdown of StNRL1 gene was obtained, showing an ~90% reduction in StNRL1 expression level, resulting in enhanced resistance to P. infestans. Surprisingly, mutant lines were susceptible to Alternaria alternata, suggesting that StNRL1 may play a role as a resistance gene; hence, silencing StNRL1 enhances resistance to P. infestans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato tubers are rich sources of various nutrients and unique sources of starch. Many genes play major roles in different pathways, including carbohydrate metabolism during the potato tuber's life cycle. Despite substantial scientific evidence about the physiological and morphological development of potato tubers, the molecular genetic aspects of mechanisms underlying tuber formation have not yet been fully understood. In this study, for the first time, RNA-seq analysis was performed to shed light on the expression of genes involved in starch biosynthesis during potato tuber development. To this end, samples were collected at the hook-like stolon (Stage I), swollen tips stolon (Stage II), and tuber initiation (Stage III) stages of tuber formation. Overall, 23 GB of raw data were generated and assembled. There were more than 20000 differentially expressed genes (DEGs); the expression of 73 genes involved in starch metabolism was further studied. Moreover, qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression profile of the starch biosynthesis DEGs was consistent with that of the RNA-seq data, which further supported the role of the DEGs in starch biosynthesis. This study provides substantial resources on potato tuber development and several starch synthesis isoforms associated with starch biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important and strategic crops worldwide. Drought stress is one of the important and abiotic stresses that reduces the growth and yield of plants.in arid and semi-arid regions. Today, the economic damage and destructive effects of the environment due to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture are known worldwide, and it is obvious that a suitable alternative must be found for these fertilizers. Currently, biofertilizers are used as an alternative to chemical fertilizers based on the principles of sustainable agriculture and stress tolerance of plants. Salicylic acid is a natural phenolic compound that is involved in reducing the harmful effects of abiotic environmental stresses and regulating vital physiological processes in plants. Materials and Methods This study was carried out to assess the effect of fertilizer nutrition and foliar application of salicylic acid on wheat tolerance of Chamran 2 cultivar to drought stress experiment as a factorial split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design in the 2019-2020 crop year in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Lorestan University in three replications was performed The experimental site was located at a latitude 33°26' N, a longitude 45°17' E, and an altitude of 1210 m with a semi-arid climate, mean annual precipitation of 462.8 mm, mean annual evaporation of 1842.52 mm, and mean annual temperature of 16.6 °C. Main plot includes irrigation levels in two levels of without stress (100% of field capacity) and drought stress (50% of field capacity) and sub-plots including fertilizer in five levels including no use of biofertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizer, application of 100% chemical fertilizer, seed inoculation of nitroxin biofertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizer, seed inoculation of mycorrhizal + 50% chemical fertilizer, (simultaneous use of biofertilizers (nitroxin + mycorrhiza) + 50% chemical fertilizer, and foliar application treatment at two levels (foliar application with water and foliar application with a concentration of 1 mM salicylic acid). Results and Discussion The results showed that drought stress increased grain protein and malondialdehyde and decreased other evaluated traits. Fertilizer nutrition and salicylic acid foliar application treatment alone increased the evaluated traits and decreased malondialdehyde content compared to the no use of biofertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizer and no foliar application of salicylic acid. Combined treatment of fertilizer (nitroxin + mycorrhiza) + 50% chemical fertilizer and salicylic acid could reduce the effect of drought stress on the traits evaluated in this study on wheat of Chamran 2 cultivar. As a result can this treatment suggested to the farmer in order to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers in the cultivation of this wheat variety under drought stress conditions. Conclusion In general, it can be concluded that the application of biofertilizers (nitroxin + mycorrhiza) + 50% chemical fertilizer and salicylic acid foliar application can be used as an effective and alternative fertilizer to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and water shortage in Khorramabad for sustainable agriculture. As a result, this treatment can be recommended to the farmer to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers in the cultivation of this wheat cultivar under drought stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]