106 results on '"Ismaila Shittu"'
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2. Applied One Health: Nigeria National Veterinary Research Institute COVID-19 pandemic response
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Clement A. Meseko, Ismaila Shittu, Olayinka O. Asala, Adeyinka J. Adedeji, Tinuke A. Laleye, Ebere R. Agusi, Dorcas A. Gado, Kayode A. Olawuyi, Nicodemus Mkpuma, Chinyere Chinonyerem, Bitrus Inuwa, Nneka Chima, Ruth Akintola, Patrick Nyango, Hellen Luka, Judith Bakam, Rebecca Atai, Dennis Kabantiyok, Mark Samson, ThankGod Daniel, Joshua Oyetunde, Olajide A. Owolodun, David D. Lazarus, Emmanuel T. Obishakin, Pam D. Luka, Benshak J. Audu, Sunday Makama, Hussaini G. Ularamu, Yiltawe S. Wungak, James S. Ahmed, Reuben A. Ocholi, and Maryam Muhammad
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covid-19 pandemic ,sars-cov-2 ,diagnosis ,nvri ,one health ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused the death of 7.1 million people worldwide as of 7 July 2024. In Nigeria, the first confirmed case was reported on 27 February 2020, subsequently followed by a nationwide spread of SARS-CoV-2 with morbidity and mortality reaching 267 173 and 3155, respectively, as of 7 July 2024. At the beginning of the pandemic, only a few public health laboratories in Nigeria had the capacity for SARS-CoV-2 molecular diagnosis. The National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), already experienced in influenza diagnosis, responded to the public health challenge for the diagnosis of COVID-19 samples from humans. The feat was possible through the collective utilisation of NVRI human and material resources, including biosafety facilities, equipment, reagents and consumables donated by international partners and collaborators. Within 6 months of the reported COVID-19 outbreak in Nigeria, over 33 000 samples were processed in NVRI facilities covering five states. Thereafter, many field and laboratory projects were jointly implemented between NVRI and collaborating sectors including the Nigerian Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) and the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), which brought together professionals in the health, veterinary, education and socio-sciences. In addition, One Health grants were secured to enhance surveillance for coronavirus and other zoonoses and build capacity in genomics. Bio-surveillance for coronaviruses and other emerging zoonotic pathogens at the human–animal interface was activated and continued with sample collection and analysis in the laboratory for coronaviruses, Lassa fever virus and Mpox. One Health approach has shown that inter-sectoral and multinational collaboration for diagnosis, research and development in animals, and the environment to better understand pathogen spillover events at the human–animal interface is an important global health priority and pandemic preparedness.
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- 2024
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3. SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV -2 cross-reactive antibodies in domestic animals and wildlife in Nigeria suggest circulation of sarbecoviruses
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Ebere R. Agusi, Jacob Schön, Valerie Allendorf, Emmanuel A. Eze, Olayinka Asala, Ismaila Shittu, Anne Balkema-Buschmann, Kerstin Wernike, Ishaya Tekki, Mark Ofua, Omowunmi Adefegha, Oluwatoyin Olubade, Oluyemi Ogunmolawa, Klaas Dietze, Anja Globig, Donata Hoffmann, and Clement A. Meseko
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One Health ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Zoonosis ,Sarbecovirus ,Serology ,Nigeria ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Anthropogenic exposure of domestic animals, as well as wildlife, can result in zoonotic transmission events with known and unknown pathogens including sarbecoviruses. During the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 infections in animals, most likely resulting from spill-over from humans, have been documented worldwide. However, only limited information is available for Africa. The anthropozoonotic transmission from humans to animals, followed by further inter- and intraspecies propagation may contribute to viral evolution, and thereby subsequently alter the epidemiological patterns of transmission. To shed light on the possible role of domestic animals and wildlife in the ecology and epidemiology of sarbecoviruses in Nigeria, and to analyze the possible circulation of other, undiscovered, but potentially zoonotic sarbecoviruses in animals, we tested 504 serum samples from dogs, rabbits, bats, and pangolins collected between December 2020 and April 2022. The samples were analyzed using an indirect multi-species enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV -2, respectively. ELISA reactive sera were further analyzed by highly specific virus neutralization test and indirect immunofluorescence assay for confirmation of the presence of antibodies. In this study, we found SARS-CoV reactive antibodies in 16 (11.5%) dogs, 7 (2.97%) rabbits, 2 (7.7%) pangolins and SARS-CoV-2 reactive antibodies in 20 (13.4%) dogs, 6 (2.5%) rabbits and 2 (7.7%) pangolins, respectively. Interestingly, 2 (2.3%) bat samples were positive only for SARS-CoV RBD reactive antibodies. These serological findings of SARS-CoV and/or SARS-CoV-2 infections in both domestic animals and wildlife indicates exposure to sarbecoviruses and requires further One Health-oriented research on the potential reservoir role that different species might play in the ecology and epidemiology of coronaviruses at the human-animal interface.
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- 2024
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4. Zoonotic Diseases Situation in Nigeria; Control Measures and Challenges
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Clement A. Meseko, Wilson J. Bertu, Ishaya S. Tekki, Ismaila Shittu, Amyel M. Gusi, Sunday E. Hambolu, Tony M. Joannis, David Shamaki, and Reuben A. Ocholi
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zoonoses ,animals and human health ,nigeria situation ,Science - Abstract
Infectious diseases are responsible for illness, deaths and economic losses in human and animals. The situation is worse in developing countries with limited resources, poor infrastructures and technology necessary for disease prevention and control. Consequently, causative agents of diseases may emerge from animal reservoirs and are transmitted from animals to human as zoonoses or sustained human-to-human transmission may occur. About 60% of infectious diseases are zoonotic and over 75% of emerging and re-emerging diseases in human are acquired from animal hosts. Globally and in Nigeria, zoonotic diseases previously controlled such as yellow fever, Orthopoxvirus (monkey pox virus), Lassa fever, anthrax etc. are re-emerging and new ones like Avian influenza, Ebola, and respiratory coronaviruses (SARS, MERS and 2019-nCoV) are emerging. In addition, the transboundary nature and inter-continental introductions of many of these pathogens threaten the national economy and public health. Other zoonotic diseases like rabies, brucellosis and bovine tuberculosis are intractable due in part to negligence. Hence, the burden of zoonotic diseases in Nigeria is high and unabated despite available preventive vaccination for a disease like rabies. Some of these important zoonoses are discussed in detail in this paper with emphasis on effective control through the application of modern technology for surveillance, early and accurate diagnosis, biosecurity and preventive vaccination. These tools are however insufficiently deployed in Nigeria. It is therefore imperative to prioritise public health policies with focus on research, development and innovations for better impact on human and animal health with sequelae on national transformation.
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- 2022
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5. Orthopoxvirus Infections in Rodents, Nigeria, 2018–2019
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Clement Meseko, Adeyinka Adedeji, Ismaila Shittu, Emmanuel Obishakin, Maurice Nanven, Ladan Suleiman, Daniel Okomah, Visa Tyakaray, Damilola Kolade, Adesola Yinka-Ogunleye, Saleh Muhammad, Clint N. Morgan, Audrey Matheny, Yoshinori Nakazawa, Andrea McCollum, and Jeffrey B. Doty
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Orthopoxvirus ,monkeypox ,mpox ,rodents ,animals ,viruses ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
To investigate animal reservoirs of monkeypox virus in Nigeria, we sampled 240 rodents during 2018–2019. Molecular (real-time PCR) and serologic (IgM) evidence indicated orthopoxvirus infections, but presence of monkeypox virus was not confirmed. These results can be used to develop public health interventions to reduce human infection with orthopoxviruses.
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- 2023
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6. The Evolution of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5) in Poultry in Nigeria, 2021–2022
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Clement Meseko, Adelaide Milani, Bitrus Inuwa, Chinonyerem Chinyere, Ismaila Shittu, James Ahmed, Edoardo Giussani, Elisa Palumbo, Bianca Zecchin, Francesco Bonfante, Silvia Maniero, Angélique Angot, Mamadou Niang, Alice Fusaro, Federica Gobbo, Calogero Terregino, Taiwo Olasoju, Isabella Monne, and Maryam Muhammad
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highly pathogenic avian influenza ,H5N1/H9N2 reassortant virus ,Nigeria ,Microbiology ,QR1-502 - Abstract
In 2021, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and global food insecurity, the Nigerian poultry sector was exposed to the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus and its economic challenges. Between 2021 and 2022, HPAI caused 467 outbreaks reported in 31 of the 37 administrative regions in Nigeria. In this study, we characterized the genomes of 97 influenza A viruses of the subtypes H5N1, H5N2, and H5N8, which were identified in different agro-ecological zones and farms during the 2021–2022 epidemic. The phylogenetic analysis of the HA genes showed a widespread distribution of the H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b and similarity with the HPAI H5Nx viruses that have been detected in Europe since late 2020. The topology of the phylogenetic trees indicated the occurrence of several independent introductions of the virus into the country, followed by a regional evolution of the virus that was most probably linked to its persistent circulation in West African territories. Additional evidence of the evolutionary potential of the HPAI viruses circulating in this region is the identification in this study of a putative H5N1/H9N2 reassortant virus in a mixed-species commercial poultry farm. Our data confirm Nigeria as a crucial hotspot for HPAI virus introduction from the Eurasian territories and reveal a dynamic pattern of avian influenza virus evolution within the Nigerian poultry population.
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- 2023
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7. Genomic Analysis of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in Nigeria: Identification of Unique Mutations of Yet Unknown Biological Functions in Both Segments A and B
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Ijeoma Nwagbo, Adelaide Milani, Annalisa Salviato, Gianpiero Zamperin, Lanre Sulaiman, Nanven Maurice, Clement Meseko, Alice Fusaro, and Ismaila Shittu
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genome sequence ,infectious bursal disease virus ,Nigeria ,phylogenetic analysis ,poultry ,segments A and B ,Medicine - Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a viral poultry disease known worldwide for impacting the economy and food security. The disease is endemic in Nigeria, with reported outbreaks in vaccinated poultry flocks. To gain insight into the dynamics of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) evolution in Nigeria, near-complete genomes of four IBDVs were evaluated. Amino acid sequences in the hypervariable region of the VP2 revealed conserved markers (222A, 242I, 256I, 294I and 299S) associated with very virulent (vv) IBDV, including the serine-rich heptapeptide motif (SWSASGS). Based on the newly proposed classification for segments A and B, the IBDVs clustered in the A3B5 group (where A3 are IBDVs with vvIBDV-like segment A, and where B5 are from non-vvIBDV-like segment B) form a monophyletic subcluster. Unique amino acid mutations with yet-to-be-determined biological functions have been observed in both segments. Amino acid sequences of the Nigerian IBDVs showed that they are reassortant viruses. Circulation of reassortant IBDVs may be responsible for the vaccination failures observed in the Nigerian poultry population. Close monitoring of changes in the IBDV genome is recommended to nip deleterious changes in the bud through the identification and introduction of the most appropriate vaccine candidates and advocacy/extension programs for properly implementing disease control.
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- 2023
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8. Sub-Saharan Africa and Eurasia Ancestry of Reassortant Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus, Europe, December 2019
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Edyta Świętoń, Alice Fusaro, Ismaila Shittu, Krzysztof Niemczuk, Bianca Zecchin, Tony Joannis, Francesco Bonfante, Krzysztof Śmietanka, and Calogero Terregino
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highly pathogenic influenza A (H5N8) virus ,influenza virus ,viruses ,subtype ,ancestry ,reassortant viruses ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
We report detection of a highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4b virus in Europe. This virus was generated by reassortment between H5N8 subtype virus from sub-Saharan Africa and low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses from Eurasia.
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- 2020
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9. Analysis of Amino Acid Changes in the Fusion Protein of Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus from Vaccinated Poultry in Nigerian Isolates
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Olubukola O. Funsho-Sanni, Elijah E. Ella, Lawal D. Rogo, Olufunsho S. Sanni, Helen I. Inabo, Sodangi A. Luka, and Ismaila Shittu
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Microbiology ,QR1-502 - Abstract
The roles of fusion gene in the virulence of Newcastle disease virus are well established, but the extent of its variation among the XIV, XVII, and XVIII genotypes reported in Central Africa and West Africa has until recently been understudied. In this study, virulent Newcastle disease virus (vNDV) was isolated from dead chickens among vaccinated flocks between March and April 2020. Fusion (F) gene was sequenced and analysed for characterization and information about genetic changes. Many substitutions were observed along the region and some of their functions are yet to be determined. Results showed that all study isolates have virulent cleavage site sequence 112-RRRKR-116/F117 and clustered within genotype XIVb. Sequence analysis showed K78R mutation in the A2 antigenic epitope in all isolates and more along the F-gene which varied in some instances within the isolates. Mutation in this A2 antigenic epitope has been reported to induce escape mutation to monoclonal antibodies generated using the NDV LaSota strain. The range of percentage nucleotide and amino acid homology between the study isolates and commercially available vaccine strains is 81.14%–84.39% and 0.175–0.211, respectively. This report provides evidence of vNDV among vaccinated chicken flock and molecular information about circulating vNDV strains in Kano State, Nigeria, which is useful for the development of virus matched vaccines. Newcastle disease (ND) surveillance and molecular analysis of circulating strains in this region should be encouraged and reported. Furthermore, ND outbreaks or cases among vaccinated poultry presented to veterinary clinics should be reported to the state epidemiologist. Nucleotide sequences were assigned accession numbers OK491971–OK491977.
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- 2022
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10. An international, interlaboratory ring trial confirms the feasibility of an extraction-less 'direct' RT-qPCR method for reliable detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in clinical samples.
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Margaret G Mills, Emily Bruce, Meei-Li Huang, Jessica W Crothers, Ollivier Hyrien, Christopher A L Oura, Lemar Blake, Arianne Brown Jordan, Susan Hester, Leah Wehmas, Bernard Mari, Pascal Barby, Caroline Lacoux, Julien Fassy, Pablo Vial, Cecilia Vial, Jose R W Martinez, Olusola Olalekan Oladipo, Bitrus Inuwa, Ismaila Shittu, Clement A Meseko, Roger Chammas, Carlos Ferreira Santos, Thiago José Dionísio, Thais Francini Garbieri, Viviane Aparecida Parisi, Maria Cassia Mendes-Correa, Anderson V de Paula, Camila M Romano, Luiz Gustavo Bentim Góes, Paola Minoprio, Angelica C Campos, Marielton P Cunha, Ana Paula P Vilela, Tonney Nyirenda, Rajhab Sawasawa Mkakosya, Adamson S Muula, Rebekah E Dumm, Rebecca M Harris, Constance A Mitchell, Syril Pettit, Jason Botten, and Keith R Jerome
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is used worldwide to test and trace the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). "Extraction-less" or "direct" real time-reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a transparent and accessible qualitative method for SARS-CoV-2 detection from nasopharyngeal or oral pharyngeal samples with the potential to generate actionable data more quickly, at a lower cost, and with fewer experimental resources than full RT-qPCR. This study engaged 10 global testing sites, including laboratories currently experiencing testing limitations due to reagent or equipment shortages, in an international interlaboratory ring trial. Participating laboratories were provided a common protocol, common reagents, aliquots of identical pooled clinical samples, and purified nucleic acids and used their existing in-house equipment. We observed 100% concordance across laboratories in the correct identification of all positive and negative samples, with highly similar cycle threshold values. The test also performed well when applied to locally collected patient nasopharyngeal samples, provided the viral transport media did not contain charcoal or guanidine, both of which appeared to potently inhibit the RT-PCR reaction. Our results suggest that direct RT-PCR assay methods can be clearly translated across sites utilizing readily available equipment and expertise and are thus a feasible option for more efficient COVID-19 coronavirus disease testing as demanded by the continuing pandemic.
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- 2022
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11. Disentangling the role of Africa in the global spread of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza
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Alice Fusaro, Bianca Zecchin, Bram Vrancken, Celia Abolnik, Rose Ademun, Abdou Alassane, Abdelsatar Arafa, Joseph Adongo Awuni, Emmanuel Couacy-Hymann, M.’ Bétiégué Coulibaly, Nicolas Gaidet, Emilie Go-Maro, Tony Joannis, Simon Dickmu Jumbo, Germaine Minoungou, Clement Meseko, Maman Moutari Souley, Deo Birungi Ndumu, Ismaila Shittu, Augustin Twabela, Abel Wade, Lidewij Wiersma, Yao P. Akpeli, Gianpiero Zamperin, Adelaide Milani, Philippe Lemey, and Isabella Monne
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Science - Abstract
The role of Africa in the global spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is not well understood. Here, using evolutionary analyses, the authors show that Africa mainly acts as ecological sink for HPAI H5, and reveal varying paths of HPAI incursions either through domestic or wild birds.
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- 2019
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12. SARS-CoV-2 at the Human–Animal Interface: Implication for Global Public Health from an African Perspective
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Ebere Roseann Agusi, Valerie Allendorf, Emmanuel Aniebonam Eze, Olayinka Asala, Ismaila Shittu, Klaas Dietze, Frank Busch, Anja Globig, and Clement Adebajo Meseko
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SARS-CoV-2 ,COVID-19 ,zoonosis ,one health ,emerging infectious disease ,Africa ,Microbiology ,QR1-502 - Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become the most far-reaching public health crisis of modern times. Several efforts are underway to unravel its root cause as well as to proffer adequate preventive or inhibitive measures. Zoonotic spillover of the causative virus from an animal reservoir to the human population is being studied as the most likely event leading to the pandemic. Consequently, it is important to consider viral evolution and the process of spread within zoonotic anthropogenic transmission cycles as a global public health impact. The diverse routes of interspecies transmission of SARS-CoV-2 offer great potential for a future reservoir of pandemic viruses evolving from the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic circulation. To mitigate possible future infectious disease outbreaks in Africa and elsewhere, there is an urgent need for adequate global surveillance, prevention, and control measures that must include a focus on known and novel emerging zoonotic pathogens through a one health approach. Human immunization efforts should be approached equally through the transfer of cutting-edge technology for vaccine manufacturing throughout the world to ensure global public health and one health.
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- 2022
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13. Human Respiratory Infections in Nigeria: Influenza and the Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic
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Dennis Kabantiyok, Nathaniel Ninyio, Ismaila Shittu, Clement Meseko, Theophilus I. Emeto, and Oyelola A. Adegboye
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SARS-CoV-2 ,influenza ,Nigeria ,pandemic ,Medicine - Abstract
The increasing outbreak of zoonotic diseases presents challenging times for nations and calls for a renewed effort to disrupt the chain of events that precede it. Nigeria’s response to the 2006 bird flu provided a platform for outbreak response, yet it was not its first experience with Influenza. This study describes the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Influenza surveillance and, conversely, while the 1918 Influenza pandemic remains the most devastating (500,000 deaths in 18 million population) in Nigeria, the emergence of SARS CoV-2 presented renewed opportunities for the development of vaccines with novel technology, co-infection studies outcome, and challenges globally. Although the public health Intervention and strategies left some positive outcomes for other viruses, Nigeria and Africa’s preparation against the next pandemic may involve prioritizing a combination of technology, socioeconomic growth, and active surveillance in the spirit of One Health.
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- 2022
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14. First detection of highly pathogenic H5N6 avian influenza virus on the African continent
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Ismaila Shittu, Alice Bianco, Dorcas Gado, Nicodemus Mkpuma, Lanre Sulaiman, Agnes Laleye, Federica Gobbo, Alessio Bortolami, Francesco Bonfante, Columba Vakuru, Clement Meseko, Alice Fusaro, David Shamaki, Olaniran Alabi, Calogero Terregino, and Tony Joannis
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Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus ,H5N6 ,live bird market ,Nigeria ,duck ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 ,Microbiology ,QR1-502 - Abstract
ABSTRACTSince 2013, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N6 (clade 2.3.4.4) has been reported in wild birds and poultry in Asia as well as in other parts of the globe. In Africa, information on the presence of this virus subtype is lacking. This study reports the first detection of a HPAI (H5N6) virus (clade 2.3.4.4b) in a duck from a live bird market in Nigeria, whose genome is closely related to the European 2017–2018 H5N6 viruses, indricating a recent virus introduction into the African continent.
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- 2020
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15. Occurrence of infectious bronchitis in layer birds in Plateau state, north central Nigeria
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Ismaila Shittu, Dorcas A. Gado, Clement A. Meseko, Davou C. Nyam, Kayode A. Olawuyi, Gyang D. Moses, Chinonoyerem N. Chinyere, and Tony M. Joannis
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Drop in egg production ,Infectious bronchitis ,Respiratory distress ,Serotypes ,Virus isolation ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Abstract
A flock of 54 week-old layer birds exhibiting signs of respiratory distress, greenish diarrhea and drop in egg production was investigated. A marked drop in egg production (55%) was recorded with eggs appearing white and soft-shelled. Mortality was in the range of 1 – 2 % with post-mortem lesions revealing cloudy air sacs, frothy and congested lungs. Viral RNA was extracted from pooled tissue samples (trachea, lungs, spleen and liver) and tested for Avian influenza virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, virus isolation was attempted in 9-11 day-old embryonating chicken eggs (ECE). In order to determine prevalence of IBV serotype(s) in the flock, serum samples were screened by haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test using IBV antigens and antisera (Arkansas, Connecticut, and Massachusetts). Neither AIV nor NDV but IBV was detected in the tissue samples by RT-PCR. In addition, virus isolate obtained after four serial passages in ECE produced dwarfed, stunted and haemorrhagic embryos, and the isolate was confirmed by RT-PCR to be IBV. The serum samples were 100% seropositive for three serotypes with HI titres ranging from 5 to 12 Log2. In this study, IBV was confirmed as the causative agent of the observed respiratory distress and drop in egg production. Also, evidence of co-circulation of multiple IBV serotypes was established, this to the best of our knowledge is the first of such report in Nigeria. We recommend extensive molecular and sero-epidemiology of circulating IBV genotypes and serotypes in Nigeria with the aim of developing better control strategies including vaccination.
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- 2019
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16. Redesign and Validation of a Real-Time RT-PCR to Improve Surveillance for Avian Influenza Viruses of the H9 Subtype
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Valentina Panzarin, Sabrina Marciano, Andrea Fortin, Irene Brian, Valeria D’Amico, Federica Gobbo, Francesco Bonfante, Elisa Palumbo, Yoshihiro Sakoda, Kien Trung Le, Duc-Huy Chu, Ismaila Shittu, Clement Meseko, Abdoul Malick Haido, Theophilus Odoom, Mame Nahé Diouf, Fidélia Djegui, Mieke Steensels, Calogero Terregino, and Isabella Monne
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avian influenza ,H9Nx ,molecular diagnosis ,real-time RT-PCR ,validation ,Microbiology ,QR1-502 - Abstract
Avian influenza viruses of the H9 subtype cause significant losses to poultry production in endemic regions of Asia, Africa and the Middle East and pose a risk to human health. The availability of reliable and updated diagnostic tools for H9 surveillance is thus paramount to ensure the prompt identification of this subtype. The genetic variability of H9 represents a challenge for molecular-based diagnostic methods and was the cause for suboptimal detection and false negatives during routine diagnostic monitoring. Starting from a dataset of sequences related to viruses of different origins and clades (Y439, Y280, G1), a bioinformatics workflow was optimized to extract relevant sequence data preparatory for oligonucleotides design. Analytical and diagnostic performances were assessed according to the OIE standards. To facilitate assay deployment, amplification conditions were optimized with different nucleic extraction systems and amplification kits. Performance of the new real-time RT-PCR was also evaluated in comparison to existing H9-detection methods, highlighting a significant improvement of sensitivity and inclusivity, in particular for G1 viruses. Data obtained suggest that the new assay has the potential to be employed under different settings and geographic areas for a sensitive detection of H9 viruses.
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- 2022
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17. Response of cyclophosphamide-treated broiler chickens to challenge with velogenic Newcastle disease virus
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Amarachukwu O. Igwe, Ismaila Shittu, and John O. A. Okoye
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Broiler chickens ,cyclophosphamide ,velogenic Newcastle disease virus ,lymphoid organs ,pathogenesis ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
This study investigated whether prior cyclophosphamide (CY) treatment influenced the susceptibility of young broiler chickens to velogenic Newcastle disease (vND) virus (vNDV) challenge. Broiler chickens treated with CY at 4 weeks of age showed a loss of weight, severe atrophy of the bursa and thymus and severe lymphocytic depletion in the bursa, spleen and thymus and lymphopaenia. On challenge at 6 weeks of age with vNDV, there were significant (p
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- 2018
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18. Live Bird Markets in Nigeria: A Potential Reservoir for H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses
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Lanre Sulaiman, Ismaila Shittu, Alice Fusaro, Bitrus Inuwa, Bianca Zecchin, Dorcas Gado, Alessia Schivo, Alice Bianco, Agnes Laleye, Federica Gobbo, Columba Vakuru, Tony Joannis, Isabella Monne, and Clement Meseko
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avian influenza H9N2 ,live bird markets ,Nigeria ,multiple introductions ,poultry ,Microbiology ,QR1-502 - Abstract
Since 2006, multiple outbreaks of avian influenza (AI) have been reported in Nigeria involving different subtypes. Surveillance and molecular epidemiology have revealed the vital role of live bird markets (LBMs) in the dissemination of AI virus to commercial poultry farms. To better understand the ecology and epidemiology of AI in Nigeria, we performed whole-genome sequencing of nineteen H9N2 viruses recovered, from apparently healthy poultry species, during active surveillance conducted in nine LBMs across Nigeria in 2019. Analyses of the HA gene segment of these viruses showed that the H9N2 strains belong to the G1 lineage, which has zoonotic potential, and are clustered with contemporary H9N2 identified in Africa between 2016 and 2020. We observed two distinct clusters of H9N2 viruses in Nigeria, suggesting different introductions into the country. In view of the zoonotic potential of H9N2 and the co-circulation of multiple subtypes of AI virus in Nigeria, continuous monitoring of the LBMs across the country and molecular characterization of AIVs identified is advocated to mitigate economic losses and public health threats.
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- 2021
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19. A robust and cost-effective approach to sequence and analyze complete genomes of small RNA viruses
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Kiril M. Dimitrov, Poonam Sharma, Jeremy D. Volkening, Iryna V. Goraichuk, Abdul Wajid, Shafqat Fatima Rehmani, Asma Basharat, Ismaila Shittu, Tony M. Joannis, Patti J. Miller, and Claudio L. Afonso
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Newcastle disease virus ,Next-generation sequencing ,Multiplexing ,Galaxy ,De novo assembly ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Next-generation sequencing (NGS) allows ultra-deep sequencing of nucleic acids. The use of sequence-independent amplification of viral nucleic acids without utilization of target-specific primers provides advantages over traditional sequencing methods and allows detection of unsuspected variants and co-infecting agents. However, NGS is not widely used for small RNA viruses because of incorrectly perceived cost estimates and inefficient utilization of freely available bioinformatics tools. Methods In this study, we have utilized NGS-based random sequencing of total RNA combined with barcode multiplexing of libraries to quickly, effectively and simultaneously characterize the genomic sequences of multiple avian paramyxoviruses. Thirty libraries were prepared from diagnostic samples amplified in allantoic fluids and their total RNAs were sequenced in a single flow cell on an Illumina MiSeq instrument. After digital normalization, data were assembled using the MIRA assembler within a customized workflow on the Galaxy platform. Results Twenty-eight avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV-1), one APMV-13, four avian influenza and two infectious bronchitis virus complete or nearly complete genome sequences were obtained from the single run. The 29 avian paramyxovirus genomes displayed 99.6% mean coverage based on bases with Phred quality scores of 30 or more. The lower and upper quartiles of sample median depth per position for those 29 samples were 2984 and 6894, respectively, indicating coverage across samples sufficient for deep variant analysis. Sample processing and library preparation took approximately 25–30 h, the sequencing run took 39 h, and processing through the Galaxy workflow took approximately 2–3 h. The cost of all steps, excluding labor, was estimated to be 106 USD per sample. Conclusions This work describes an efficient multiplexing NGS approach, a detailed analysis workflow, and customized tools for the characterization of the genomes of RNA viruses. The combination of multiplexing NGS technology with the Galaxy workflow platform resulted in a fast, user-friendly, and cost-efficient protocol for the simultaneous characterization of multiple full-length viral genomes. Twenty-nine full-length or near-full-length APMV genomes with a high median depth were successfully sequenced out of 30 samples. The applied de novo assembly approach also allowed identification of mixed viral populations in some of the samples.
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- 2017
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20. Molecular characterization of field infectious bursal disease virus isolates from Nigeria
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Ijeoma O. Nwagbo, Ismaila Shittu, Chika I. Nwosuh, George O. Ezeifeka, Frederick J. C. Odibo, Linda O. Michel, and Daral J. Jackwood
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infectious bursal disease virus ,Nigeria ,novel ,reassortant ,very virulent ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Aim: To characterize field isolates of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) from outbreaks in nine states in Nigeria through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequence analysis of portions of the VP2 and VP1 genes and to determine the presence or absence of reassortant viruses. Materials and Methods: A total of 377 bursa samples were collected from 201 suspected IBD outbreaks during 2009 to 2014 from nine states in Nigeria. Samples were subjected to RT-PCR using VP2 and VP1 gene specific primers, and the resulting PCR products were sequenced. Results: A total of 143 samples were positive for IBDV by RT-PCR. These assays amplified a 743 bp fragment from nt 701 to 1444 in the IBDV VP2 hypervariable region (hvVP2) of segment A and a 722 bp fragment from nt 168 to 889 in the VP1 gene of segment B. RT-PCR products were sequenced, aligned and compared with reference IBDV sequences obtained from GenBank. All but one hvVP2 sequence showed similarity to very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) reference strains, yet only 3 of the VP1 67 VP1 sequences showed similarity to the VP1 gene of vvIBDV. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a new lineage of Nigerian reassortant IBDV strains. Conclusion: Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of genome segment A and B of IBDV in Nigeria confirmed the existence of vvIBDV in Nigeria. In addition, we noted the existence of reassortant IBDV strains with novel triplet amino acid motifs at positions 145, 146 and 147 in the reassorted Nigerian IBDV.
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- 2016
- Full Text
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21. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Poultry, Nigeria, 2015
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Isabella Monne, Clement Meseko, Tony Joannis, Ismaila Shittu, Mohammed Ahmed, Luca Tassoni, Alice Fusaro, and Giovanni Cattoli
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highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A(H5N1) ,Nigeria ,reassortment ,viruses ,influenza ,poultry ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Published
- 2015
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22. Rickettsia africae and Rickettsia massiliae in ixodid ticks infesting small ruminants in agro-pastoral settlements in Plateau State, Nigeria
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Henry E. Nnabuife, Bernard Matur, Ndudim I. Ogo, Obed Goselle, Ismaila Shittu, Nicodemus Mkpuma, Emmanuel Obishakin, Nneka Chima, and Joshua Kamani
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Ecology ,Insect Science ,General Medicine - Published
- 2023
23. The Evolution of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5) in Poultry in Nigeria, 2021–2022
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Muhammad, Clement Meseko, Adelaide Milani, Bitrus Inuwa, Chinonyerem Chinyere, Ismaila Shittu, James Ahmed, Edoardo Giussani, Elisa Palumbo, Bianca Zecchin, Francesco Bonfante, Silvia Maniero, Angélique Angot, Mamadou Niang, Alice Fusaro, Federica Gobbo, Calogero Terregino, Taiwo Olasoju, Isabella Monne, and Maryam
- Subjects
highly pathogenic avian influenza ,H5N1/H9N2 reassortant virus ,Nigeria - Abstract
In 2021, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and global food insecurity, the Nigerian poultry sector was exposed to the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus and its economic challenges. Between 2021 and 2022, HPAI caused 467 outbreaks reported in 31 of the 37 administrative regions in Nigeria. In this study, we characterized the genomes of 97 influenza A viruses of the subtypes H5N1, H5N2, and H5N8, which were identified in different agro-ecological zones and farms during the 2021–2022 epidemic. The phylogenetic analysis of the HA genes showed a widespread distribution of the H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b and similarity with the HPAI H5Nx viruses that have been detected in Europe since late 2020. The topology of the phylogenetic trees indicated the occurrence of several independent introductions of the virus into the country, followed by a regional evolution of the virus that was most probably linked to its persistent circulation in West African territories. Additional evidence of the evolutionary potential of the HPAI viruses circulating in this region is the identification in this study of a putative H5N1/H9N2 reassortant virus in a mixed-species commercial poultry farm. Our data confirm Nigeria as a crucial hotspot for HPAI virus introduction from the Eurasian territories and reveal a dynamic pattern of avian influenza virus evolution within the Nigerian poultry population.
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- 2023
- Full Text
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24. Extensive Diversity and Evolution of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5) in Poultry in Nigeria, 2021-2022
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Clement Adebajo Meseko, Milani Adelaide, Bitrus Inuwa, Chinonyerem Chinyere, Ismaila Shittu, James Ahmed, Edoardo Giussani, Elisa Palumbo, Bianca Zecchin, Francesco Bonfante, Silvia Maniero, Angélique Angot, Mamadou Niang, Alice Fusaro, Federica Gobbo, Calogero Terregino, Taiwo Olasoju, Isabella Monne, and Maryam Muhammad
- Abstract
In 2021, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and global food insecurity, the Nigerian poultry sector was yet exposed to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus and its economic challenges. Between 2021 and 2022, HPAI caused 467 outbreaks reported in 31 of the 37 administrative regions in Nigeria. In this study, we characterized the genome of 97 influenza A viruses of the subtypes H5N1, H5N2 and H5N8 identified in different agro-ecological zones and farms during the 2021-2022 epidemic. The phylogenetic analysis of the HA genes showed widespread distribution of the H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b and similarity with the HPAI H5Nx viruses detected in Europe since late 2020. Topology of the phylogenetic trees indicates the occurrence of several independent introductions of the virus into the country followed by a regional evolution of the virus most probably linked to its persistent circulation in West African territories. An additional evidence of the evolutionary potential of HPAI viruses circulating in this region is the identification in this study of a putative H5N1/H9N2 reassortant virus in a mixed-species commercial poultry farm. Our data confirm Nigeria as a crucial hotspot for HPAI virus introduction from the Eurasian territories and reveal a dynamic pattern of avian influenza virus evolution within the Nigerian poultry population.
- Published
- 2023
25. Sero-detection of antibodies to Avian metaavulavirus 2 in peri-domestic birds, Nigeria
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Bitrus Inuwa, Yakubu Joel Atuman, Clement Adebajo Meseko, and Ismaila Shittu
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Medical Laboratory Technology ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Immunology ,Immunology and Allergy - Published
- 2022
26. Genetic characterization and Temporal dynamics of Orf virus in Small Ruminants from Republic of Niger and parts of Northern Nigeria sold in Livestock Market in Abuja
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Babatunde Motayo, Anyebe Bernard ONOJA, Oluwaseyi AJAGBE, Andrew Musa ADAMU, Cornelius Arome OMATOLA, Ismaila Shittu, and Adenike AJAGBE
- Abstract
Background: Orf virus (ORFV) is an important zoonotic parapox virus, with 100% morbidity. It affects mainly domesticated ruminants such as sheep and goats. This study determined the molecular epidemiology of ORFV local as well as imported sheep and goats in Nigeria and evolution of ORFV in Africa. Methods: A total of 30 small ruminants with orf were sampled in a livestock market Abuja Nigeria.Skin scabs from pathological tissues were collected and processed for viral genomic DNA. PCR and Sanger sequencing of B2L gene of ORFV. Phylogenetic analysis, phylogeography, and Bayesian skygird reconstruction (BSK), including mutational changes were performed on B2L gene sequences. Results: An ORFV positivity rate of 67% was determined from samples. Animals Conclusion: We report molecular evolution of ORFV in Africa and identified gap in molecular data; we recommend regional molecular surveillance of ORFV and other zoonotic trans-boundary diseases in global health prevention and control effort.
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- 2023
27. Attitude towards wearing face mask increases vulnerability of men over women and the risk of Covid-19 pandemic spread in Jos-South metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria
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Ismaila Shittu, Tony M. Joannis, Clement Meseko, Idris Umar Hambali, Bitrus Inuwa, Dorcas A. Gado, Hassan I. Musa, and Judith D. Bakam
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Geography ,Plateau ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,State (polity) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Pandemic ,Vulnerability ,Face (sociological concept) ,Socioeconomics ,media_common - Abstract
Covid-19 pandemic has hit many countries and put the majority of the public health system to test globally. Mandatory use of facemask was among policies set by the government to contain the spread of the novel disease. But citizens’ attitudes and compliance with these policies are important in controlling the pandemic. We assessed gender-based compliance to Covid-19 protocol (use of face mask) in Jos South, Plateau State, Nigeria.
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- 2021
28. Genetic and serological evidence of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus circulation in Ticks and Cattle in North Central Nigeria
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Olanrewaju Eyitayo Igah, Chinyere, Chinonyerem N, Ismaila Shittu, Clement Meseko, Ndudim Isaac Ogo, Audu Joseph Natala, and Junaidu Kabir
- Abstract
Crimean - Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne viral haemorrhagic febrile disease that is highly pathogenic in humans with enzootic cycle between tick vectors and animal hosts. Human infection with CCHFV takes the clinical form of viral haemorrhagic disease, a major health condition but with limited testing in Nigeria. In this study, blood samples were collected from 333 pastoralists’ cattle in North Central Nigeria and 1,470 ticks were picked from the animals. For serology, Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) was performed using a double antigen multi species ELISA kit with sensitivity and specificity of 98.9% and 95% respectively at 95% confidence interval to detect IgG antibody to CCHFV in plasma. RT-qPCR virological technique was used to identify viral antigen in ticks that were pooled based on location and genus. Four species of ticks were morphologically identified to parasitize cattle in the sampled location namely; Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus) decoloratus (34.6%), Hyalomma truncatum (32.9%), Amblyomma variegatum (24.6%) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (8%). The seroprevalence of CCHFV was found to be 67%. In Kaduna state, 85 of 108 plasma samples tested positive (78.7%) while in Plateau state 138 of 225 plasma samples tested positive (61.3%). Of the 41 pools of tick tested for CCHF, one (1) pool of 35 Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus) ticks (2.4%) was positive for CCHF virus with qPCR cycle threshold of 31.88. Although Hyalommaspp. is documented to be the main vector of CCHFV, in the present investigation, Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus) species was identified to play a role as reservoir of CCHF. The high seroprevalence of CCHF in livestock underscores the public health risk associated with CCHFV at the human-animal interface in Nigeria.
- Published
- 2022
29. Analysis of Amino Acid Changes in Fusion protein of Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus from vaccinated poultry in Nigerian Isolates
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Olubukola Olubukola Funsho-Sanni, Elijah Ekah Ella, Dahiru Lawal Rogo, Olufunsho Samuel Sanni, Helen I. Inabo, Sodangi Abdulkarim Luka, and Ismaila Shittu
- Abstract
The roles of Fusion gene in the virulence of Newcastle disease virus has been well established but the extent of its variation among the newly identified XIV, XVII and XVIII genotypes which are predominantly found in Central and West Africa have until recently been understudied and LaSota vaccine strain protection against mortality and morbidity against XIV genotype is the least reported. In this study, F gene of vNDV isolated from samples collected in Nigeria from chicken cadaver from vaccinated chicken flocks showing high mortality, clinical signs and post-mortem lesions attributable to ND during March and April, 2020 were sequenced and analysed for information about genetic changes. Results showed that all isolates from our study have virulent cleavage site sequence 112-RRRKR-116/F117 and clustered within genotype XIVb. Sequence analysis show K78R mutation in the A2 antigenic epitope in all isolates, and more along the F gene which vary in some instances within the isolates. Mutation in this A2 antigenic epitope has been reported to induce escape mutation to monoclonal antibodies generated using NDV LaSota strain. Averages of antigenic variability and percentage homology between the isolates and commonly used vaccines is 0.24; 81.40% and 0.22; 81.90% for LaSota and Komorov vaccines respectively. Nucleotide sequences was assigned accession numbers OK491971-OK491977. Many substitutions were observed in the isolates and some of their functions are yet to be determined.
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- 2022
30. Consequences of Mutations in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (Sars-Cov-2) Genome in Comparison to Other Pathogenic Coronaviruses
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Richard Joseph Kutshik, Stephen Daniel Davou, Ishaya Yohanna Longdet, Simji S. Gomerep, Ismaila Shittu, Kennedy Iliya Amagon, Bukakata Bayero Bukar, Noel N. Wannang, Jacob Adegboyega Kolawole, Ukpe Ajima, James G. Damen, Yusuf Amuda Agabi, and Kakjing D. Falang
- Subjects
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ,business.industry ,viruses ,virus diseases ,Outbreak ,Disease ,medicine.disease ,medicine.disease_cause ,Virology ,Genome ,Virus ,respiratory tract diseases ,Pneumonia ,Pandemic ,medicine ,business ,Coronavirus - Abstract
Background: Late December 2019, an unknown incidence of Pneumonia was observed among some residents of Wuhan city, China. The disease named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and declared as a pandemic by the WHO on the March 11th, 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO) has resulted to the death of million people across the globe. Prior to the current COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), two other outbreaks of coronaviruses namely severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have been experienced within the last few decades. This review looks at the unique characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 to the other coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) and its significance(s) in the control strategies including diagnostics. Materials and Methods: Using the keywords “coronavirus mutation”, “nucleotide substitution”, “coronavirus evolution”, “SARS-CoV-2”, “COVID-19” published literatures on coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 were retrieved from MEDLINE and reviewed for gaps and current knowledge as it relates to evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Results: In comparison with seasonal flu, investigations revealed that SARS-CoV-2 mutates less rapidly which provides an edge in the possible development of a long-lasting vaccine to combat the spread of the virus. Though, several mutations in the genome of the virus with dire consequences on the diagnostics have been identified. Conclusions: The unique importance of mutation as a mechanism of survival for viruses cannot be overemphasized. Several mutations have been observed in SARS-CoV-2 genome whose implications as regards diagnostics and control measures have been highlighted herein.
- Published
- 2021
31. Sero-Detection of Avian Influenza A/H7 in Nigerian Live-Bird Markets in Plateau State
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C.N. Chinyere, N.D. Choji, E.C. Okwor, CI Nwosuh, D.I. Amos, L. K. Sulaiman, Ismaila Shittu, Clement Meseko, and W.S. Ezema
- Subjects
geography ,Veterinary medicine ,Plateau ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,medicine ,virus diseases ,medicine.disease_cause ,Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 - Abstract
Avian influenza has been reported in domestic birds in Nigeria since 2006 and subtype H5 of the Gs/Gg lineage has continued to be detected up till date. It has been suggested that waterfowls and local birds sold in live-bird markets may be natural reservoir and source of reinfection of different subtype of avian influenza in poultry farms. This study aims at serodetection of avian influenza virus in waterfowls and local birds at live-bird markets in Plateau State, Nigeria. A total of three hundred and nine (309) blood samples were collected over a period of three months and two hundred and ninety-two (292) sera were analysed by c-ELISA for influenza A nucleoprotein using standard protocols. Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) specific for subtypes H5, H9, and H7 was also carried out using standard protocols on ELISA positive samples. The results showed seroprevalence of 5.14% (n=15) for influenza A. Serotype H7 was thereafter detected by HI in 5 of the 15 influenza A positive samples. The H7 positive sera also reacted with H7N3, H7N4, H7N1 and H7N7 virus strains with HI titre ranging between 1:32 to 1:512. This investigation for the first time showed serological evidence of influenza A subtype H7 in local birds and waterfowls sold at the live bird market in Nigeria. Further virological surveillance to isolate the virus is important in order to better understand influenza virus epidemiology in Nigeria and the potential risk that other subtypesof influenza poses to poultry production and public health. Keywords: Influenza A, subtype H7, serological detection, live bird market, Nigeria.
- Published
- 2021
32. Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the hydroethanolic extract of a polyherbal preparation (Cov-Pla 2) in laboratory animals
- Author
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Ukpe Ajima, Bukata B. Bukar, Ismaila Shittu, Ishaya Yohanna Longdet, Yusuf Amuda Agabi, Jacob Adegboyega Kolawole, Kennedy I. Amagon, Simji S. Gomerep, James G. Damen, Noel N. Wannang, Richard Joseph Kutshik, Stephen Daniel Davou, and Kakjing D. Falang
- Subjects
medicine.drug_class ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Analgesic ,Inflammation ,Pharmacology ,Anti-inflammatory ,Acetic acid ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nociception ,chemistry ,medicine ,Antipyretic ,medicine.symptom ,Hot plate test ,business ,Saline ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Symptoms of Coronavirus Disease-2019 include pulmonary hyper-inflammation; managing local and systemic inflammatory responses may be key in treatment. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects of a mixture (Cov-Pla 2) containing five medicinal plants in laboratory animals. The antinociceptive activity of Cov-Pla 2 was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing, Brewer’s Yeast Pyrexia test in rats and hot plate tests in mice. The egg albumin-induced rat paw oedema test was employed to evaluate the extract’s anti-inflammatory activity. The extract produced a dose-dependent (125-500 mg/kg, p.o.) inhibition of pain response elicited by acetic acid, compared to normal saline and increased reaction latency in the hot plate test. The antiinflammatory test showed a significant (P
- Published
- 2021
33. Effect of Cov-Pla1 and Cov-Pla3 extract on some pulmonary function parameters in rabbits
- Author
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Bukata B. Bukar, Ishaya Yohanna Longdet, Ismaila Shittu, Kakjing D. Falang, Noel N. Wannang, Ajima Ukpe, Jacob Adegboyega Kolawole, Yusuf Amuda Agabi, Simji S. Gomerep, Richard Joseph Kutshik, Stephen Daniel Davou, Kennedy I. Amagon, and James G. Damen
- Subjects
Pharmacology ,010405 organic chemistry ,business.industry ,Pharmaceutical Science ,respiratory system ,Lung injury ,Bleomycin ,01 natural sciences ,respiratory tract diseases ,0104 chemical sciences ,Pulmonary function testing ,Alveolar cells ,010404 medicinal & biomolecular chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,medicine ,Respiratory function ,Lung volumes ,Respiratory system ,business ,Tidal volume - Abstract
Transmission of COVID-19 is facilitated by uptake of droplets containing coronavirus from the breath, sneeze or cough of infected persons. This represents the commonest mode of coronavirus infection and spread to mucous membranes of the respiratory system. The virus rapidly replicates in alveolar cells, triggering a strong immune response, resulting in cytokine storm syndromes and pulmonary tissue damage. These pathologic processes contribute to a compromised pulmonary function. Thus, evaluation of pulmonary function would give insights into modulatory effect of agents that may be beneficial in ameliorating this pathology. The study evaluated effects of Cov-Pla1 and Cov-Pla3 (polyherbal products of the research team, positioned for treatment of Covid-19) on pulmonary function in bleomycin-induced lung injury in rabbits. Rabbits of both sexes were divided into six groups and treated with the extracts alone or the extract following pre-treatment with bleomycin. Targeted respiratory function parameters were monitored at baseline and on day three. Vital capacity, tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume and inspiratory capacity in the groups treated with Cov-Pla1 and Cov-Pla3 at 125 and 500 mg/kg respectively were compared with the bleomycin only group. In bleomycin pre-treated groups, the two preparations at 125 mg/kg showed increased vital capacity compared to the bleomyicn only group. This pattern was repeated with the other parameters that were evaluated. These results imply that Cov-Pla1 and Cov-Pla3 at the 125 mg/kg dose have ameliorative effects on bleomycin induced lung injury and could be beneficial in situations such as COVID-19 where there are active insults to the respiratory system. Keywords: COVID-19, Cov-Pla, Herbal Preparation, Respiratory function
- Published
- 2021
34. Sero-prevalence and serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus in free-range chicken in Plateau state, Nigeria
- Author
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K. A. Olawuyi, I. O. Nwagbo, Ismaila Shittu, Tony M. Joannis, C.N. Chinyere, Clement Meseko, Dorcas A. Gado, and S. Ijoma
- Subjects
Serotype ,Veterinary medicine ,medicine ,Prevalence ,Free range ,Bronchitis ,Seroprevalence ,Infectious bronchitis virus ,Flock ,Biology ,medicine.disease ,Avian infectious bronchitis ,biology.organism_classification - Abstract
Globally, infectious bronchitis (IB) is an important respiratory viral disease responsible for enormous economic losses to poultry farmers. In Nigeria, limited reports on the prevalence and serotypes of the IB virus are available. Here, we investigated the prevalence and serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in chicken in Plateau State. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out involving 440 apparently healthy free-range local chickens sampled from eleven villages in four Local Government Areas (LGA) of Plateau State. Sera collected from the birds were screened for the presence of four IBV serotypes namely; Massachusetts (Mass), Arkansas (Ark), Connecticut (Con) and Delaware (De-072) using haemagglutinationinhibition (HI) test. In all, a prevalence of 82.95% (n = 365) was recorded. At LGAlevel, prevalence of 79.50%, 47.37%, 95.45% and 100% were recorded in Kanam, Mangu, Qua’an pan and Bassa LGAs, respectively. Based on serotype prevalence, Mass had 89.30% (n = 326); Ark 79.70% (n = 291); Con 88.20% (n = 322) while De-072 was 42.70% (n = 156). There were statistically significant associations between dominant serotype and the LGAs (p≤0.001). This study shows high prevalence of IBwith at least four strains of IBV present in free-range chicken flocks in Plateau State requiring attention for control measures. Keywords: Free-range chicken; Infectious bronchitis virus; Plateau state, Serosurvey, Serotype
- Published
- 2021
35. A review of the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of selected drugs with potential to be repurposed against SARS-COV-2
- Author
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Kennedy I. Amagon, Richard Joseph Kutshik, James G. Damen, Yusuf Amuda Agabi, Bukata B. Bukar, Ukpe Ajima, Stephen D. D, Ishaya Yohanna Longdet, Jacob Adegboyega Kolawole, Ismaila Shittu, Simji S. Gomerep, and Kakjing D. Falang
- Subjects
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,General Materials Science ,Biology ,Virology - Published
- 2021
36. Combinatorial Evaluation of Antiviral Activity of some Nigerian Medicinal Plants on SARS-CoV-2Combinatorial Evaluation of Antiviral Activity of some Nigerian Medicinal Plants on SARS-CoV-2
- Author
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Catherine O. Poyi, Simji S. Gomerep, Yusuf Amuda Agabi, Noel N. Wannang, Bukata B. Bukar, Ishaya Yohanna Longdet, Ismaila Shittu, Ukpe Ajima, Jacob Adegboyega Kolawole, Richard Joseph Kutshik, Stephen Daniel Davou, Kennedy Iliya Amagon, James G. Damen, and Kakjing D. Falang
- Subjects
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Traditional medicine ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,medicine ,food and beverages ,General Materials Science ,Lopinavir ,Favipiravir ,Biology ,Medicinal plants ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The coronavirus disease COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) has presented unprecedented challenges to the healthcare systems in the world. There are no definite effective therapeutic agents or vaccines against the virus currently. However clinical management of the infection includes prevention, control measures, supportive care and repurposed drug therapy based on pathophysiology of the virus and manifestation of the disease condition thereby using antiviral agents such as remdesivir, lopinavir and favipiravir. Herbal preparations are being promoted for the management of Covid-19. Some selected Nigerian medicinal plants are hereby investigated by In-silico studies of the plant constituents. When compared with the listed therapeutic agents, the phytochemical constituents of the selected plants have better binding affinity to several Covid-19 viral target proteins. Also they were found to be safe for human use with LD50 of >2000 mg/Kg for the plant extracts. Some of the plants also contained phytochemicals that can be employed for the symptoms of covid-19.
- Published
- 2020
37. Assessment of Some Biochemical Changes in Wistar Rats Following Administration of Three Polyherbal Preparations Repurposed for COVID-19
- Author
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Noel N. Wannang, Simji S. Gomerep, Kennedy Iliya Amagon, Ismaila Shittu, Ishaya Yohanna Longdet, Richard Joseph Kutshik, Stephen Daniel Davou, Jacob Adegboyega Kolawole, Yusuf Amuda Agabi, Kakjing D. Falang, James G. Damen, Bukata B. Bukar, and Ukpe Ajima
- Subjects
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,business.industry ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,virus diseases ,Medicine ,General Medicine ,respiratory system ,Pharmacology ,business ,Serum enzymes ,Administration (government) - Abstract
Background and Aims: The current pandemic known as Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) is a significant public health menace. Currently, there is no specific treatment for this disease, although some medicinal agents are under investigation. Some published articles have reported Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) involvement in other organs, including the liver and kidneys, which can impair the metabolism and excretion of the medications taken to treat the disease. This study evaluated the effects of 3 herbal mixtures on some biochemical parameters of the liver and kidney of laboratory animals. Methods: Liver enzymes such as serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, albumin and total serum protein were quantified. Urea, creatinine and bilirubin (total and direct) were also evaluated. These parameters were determined for all three polyherbal combinations (CoV Pla-1, CoV Pla-2, CoV Pla-3). Results: The extracts did not produce any mortality up to 5000 mg/kg per oral. Results showed that the polyherbal extracts (CoV Pla-1, CoV Pla-2 CoV Pla-3) did not cause any significant changes in ALT, AST, ALP, compared to control. The mean values of urea showed an insignificant (P>0.05) decrease across all test doses in the three extracts, compared to the control. In the current study, the mean creatinine concentration showed slight decrease across all three extracts. Total protein was observed to be lower in CoV Pla-1 and CoV Pla-2, and increased in CoV Pla-3, though these changes were not statistically significant. Serum albumin decreased at the low and intermediate doses for the three polyherbal extracts in an insignificant manner compared to control. Conclusion: The results obtained in this study indicate that the extracts did not cause significant changes in biochemical parameters evaluated and support their use in the treatment of Covid-19.
- Published
- 2020
38. Evaluation of the elemental, nutritional and antioxidant properties of Cov-Pla herbal preparations
- Author
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Ishaya Yohanna Longdet, Kennedy I. Amagon, Bukata B. Bukar, Jacob Adegboyega Kolawole, Ukpe Ajima, Ismaila Shittu, Kakjing D. Falang, Noel N. Wannang, Yusuf Amuda Agabi, James G. Damen, Richard Joseph Kutshik, Stephen Daniel Davou, and Simji S. Gomerep
- Subjects
Pharmacology ,Acid digestion ,Carbohydrate content ,Antioxidant ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,010405 organic chemistry ,Chemistry ,DPPH ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Heavy metals ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,010404 medicinal & biomolecular chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Elemental analysis ,medicine ,Herbal preparations ,Food science - Abstract
The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic has had a dramatic effect on human existence and still shows no sign of abating. Scientists worldwide are therefore working assiduously to get new drug treatments to help mitigate the crisis. Some of those efforts involve research to obtain Covid-19 treatments from natural sources. The present study is aimed at evaluating the elemental, nutritional and antioxidant properties of Cov-Pla1, Cov-Pla2, Cov-Pla3 and PlaBoost herbal preparations. Elemental analysis was carried out using AAS after acid digestion of the samples. Proximate analysis of the formulations was done using the official AOAC methods while the antioxidant assay was carried out using the DPPH free radical scavenging method. The results of the study showed that the concentration of the heavy metals in all the samples were within acceptable regulatory limits. Proximate analysis revealed that the suspensions had protein content between 1.52-1.68 % and carbohydrate content of 0.79 – 1.08 % with low content of fat, crude fibre and ash. The formulations were found to be free of microbial contamination and stable for thirty days. Antioxidant evaluation revealed that Cov-Pla3 had the strongest free radical scavenging capacity with IC50 of 27.29 µg/mL while PlaBoost had the least (IC50: 251 µg/mL). The result of the study indicates that the formulations are free of metallic and microbial contaminants. In addition, proximate analysis has established some diagnostic parameters which will aid future authentication and purity assessment of the formulations. The formulations were all found to possess considerable antioxidant activity which will provide collateral benefit in relieving oxidative stress associated with Covid-19 infection. Key words: Covid-19, heavy metals, trace elements, proximate analysis, antioxidant.
- Published
- 2020
39. Molecular and pathological investigation of a natural outbreak of Newcastle disease caused by genotype XVII in White Leghorn chickens
- Author
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Ismaila Shittu, Amos Gambo Rimfa, Olatunde Babatunde Akanbi, and Israel Joshua Barde
- Subjects
Genotype ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Newcastle Disease ,Newcastle disease virus ,Newcastle disease ,Virus ,Disease Outbreaks ,Enteritis ,0403 veterinary science ,Food Animals ,medicine ,Animals ,Phylogeny ,Poultry Diseases ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,biology ,0402 animal and dairy science ,Embryonated ,Outbreak ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,040201 dairy & animal science ,Virology ,Poultry disease ,Female ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Flock ,Chickens - Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is an infectious viral poultry disease with great economic consequences. In developing countries, outbreaks of ND caused by virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) have been identified as a limiting factor to the growth of the poultry industry. Limited reports exist on the pathology of natural field infection caused by NDV genotype XVII in chickens. Here, we present clinical, pathological and molecular investigation of confirmed ND in a 24-week-old layer-type, semi-intensive poultry flock with recorded mortality of over 50%. During PM examination, tissues were harvested for virus isolation, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Virus isolation was performed in 10-day-old embryonated chicken eggs, and a haemagglutinating agent thereof identified by one-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). For the genotyping of the isolate, the full fusion gene was sequenced. Clinical signs observed included general body lethargy, inappetence and greenish diarrhoeic faeces from the cloaca before death with daily mortality exceeding 100 chickens. The pathology was characteristic of a viral haemorrhagic infection, with serosal haemorrhages, mucosal surface erosion and ulceration. In most of the carcasses, the main lesions seen included airsacculitis, meningeal congestion, haemorrhagic oophoritis, pancreatic necrosis, enteritis and faecal matting of the vent. Virus isolation and RT-PCR made a confirmatory diagnosis of ND. Based on the cleavage site motif sequence (112RRQKR/F117), the isolate was identified as a virulent strain with phylogenetic analysis showing clustering in genotype XVII viruses. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report describing the pathological findings of a natural outbreak caused by NDV involving viruses of genotype XVII. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS First report of a natural outbreak of Newcastle disease in White Yarkon Leghorns. The outbreak was caused by virulent NDV belonging to genotype XVII. Pathology differed slightly from those in experimental studies using SPF and other unvaccinated chickens.
- Published
- 2020
40. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Newcastle disease virus isolated from poultry in North Central States of Nigeria
- Author
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Chinwe Justina Aronu, Helen Owoya Abah, Ismaila Shittu, and Paul Ayuba Abdu
- Subjects
Veterinary medicine ,animal structures ,Phylogenetic tree ,GenBank ,Genotype ,Virulence ,Viral disease ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Gene ,Newcastle disease ,Virus - Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease constituting a continuous threat to the poultry industry worldwide. This study evaluated the genetic characteristics of Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) obtained from backyard commercial poultry farms and live bird markets during active and passive surveillance in different regions of Plateau and Nasarawa States of Nigeria between 2009 and 2017. The partial fusion (F) gene coding sequence and cleavage site of five NDV isolates was determined. This was aligned and compared with sequences of representative NDV from the GenBank. Deduced amino acid sequence of the protein revealed that four isolates had virulent motifs (112RRQKRF117) while one had an avirulent motif (112GRQGRL117). One virulent strain was recovered from an apparently healthy duck. Phylogenetic analysis based on comparison with different classes of NDVs revealed that two isolates clustered with genotype XIVb NDVs, another two isolates clustered with genotype XVIIa while one isolate clustered with genotype II. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the velogenic isolates clustered with published class II genotype XIVb and XVIIa closely related to isolates from Benin and Niger republic. This highlights the need for ND control programmes to place more stringent measures on cross-border trade of live bird and poultry products to prevent the introduction of new strains of NDV that would be more difficult to control. Key words: Chickens, duck, live bird market, Newcastle disease virus, genotypes, Nigeria.
- Published
- 2020
41. Zoonotic Diseases Situation in Nigeria; Control Measures and Challenges
- Author
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Clement Meseko, Wilson Bertu, Ishaya Tekki, Ismaila Shittu, Amyel Gusi, Sunday Hambolu, Tony Joannis, David Shamaki, and Reuben Ocholi
- Abstract
Infectious diseases are responsible for illness, deaths and economic losses in human and animals. The situation is worse in developing countries with limited resources, poor infrastructures and technology necessary for disease prevention and control. Consequently, causative agents of diseases may emerge from animal reservoirs and are transmitted from animals to human as zoonoses or sustained human-to-human transmission may occur. About 60% of infectious diseases are zoonotic and over 75% of emerging and re-emerging diseases in human are acquired from animal hosts. Globally and in Nigeria, zoonotic diseases previously controlled such as yellow fever, Orthopoxvirus (monkey pox virus), Lassa fever, anthrax etc. are re-emerging and new ones like Avian influenza, Ebola, and respiratory coronaviruses (SARS, MERS and 2019-nCoV) are emerging. In addition, the transboundary nature and inter-continental introductions of many of these pathogens threaten the national economy and public health. Other zoonotic diseases like rabies, brucellosis and bovine tuberculosis are intractable due in part to negligence. Hence, the burden of zoonotic diseases in Nigeria is high and unabated despite available preventive vaccination for a disease like rabies. Some of these important zoonoses are discussed in detail in this paper with emphasis on effective control through the application of modern technology for surveillance, early and accurate diagnosis, biosecurity and preventive vaccination. These tools are however insufficiently deployed in Nigeria. It is therefore imperative to prioritise public health policies with focus on research, development and innovations for better impact on human and animal health with sequelae on national transformation.
- Published
- 2021
42. Human Respiratory Infections in Nigeria: Influenza and the Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic
- Author
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Theophilus Emeto, Dennis Kabantiyok, Nathaniel Ninyio, Ismaila Shittu, Oyelola ADEGBOYE, and Clement Meseko
- Subjects
Pharmacology ,Infectious Diseases ,Drug Discovery ,Immunology ,Pharmacology (medical) - Abstract
The increasing outbreak of zoonotic diseases presents challenging times for nations and calls for a renewed effort to disrupt the chain of events that precede it. Nigeria’s response to the 2006 bird flu provided a platform for outbreak response, yet it was not its first experience with Influenza. This study describes the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Influenza surveillance and, conversely, while the 1918 Influenza pandemic remains the most devastating (500,000 deaths in 18 million population) in Nigeria, the emergence of SARS CoV-2 presented renewed opportunities for the development of vaccines with novel technology, co-infection studies outcome, and challenges globally. Although the public health Intervention and strategies left some positive outcomes for other viruses, Nigeria and Africa’s preparation against the next pandemic may involve prioritizing a combination of technology, socioeconomic growth, and active surveillance in the spirit of One Health.
- Published
- 2022
43. Live Bird Markets in Nigeria: A Potential Reservoir for H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses
- Author
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Ismaila Shittu, L. K. Sulaiman, Alice Fusaro, Federica Gobbo, Dorcas A. Gado, Clement Meseko, Agnes Tinuke Laleye, Columba Vakuru, Alice Bianco, Isabella Monne, Alessia Schivo, Bianca Zecchin, Bitrus Inuwa, and Tony M. Joannis
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,live bird markets ,medicine.medical_specialty ,avian influenza H9N2 ,Genotype ,040301 veterinary sciences ,animal diseases ,viruses ,Zoology ,Nigeria ,Genome, Viral ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,Viral Zoonoses ,Virus ,0403 veterinary science ,03 medical and health sciences ,Virology ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype ,Animals ,Phylogeny ,Disease Reservoirs ,Molecular epidemiology ,Whole Genome Sequencing ,business.industry ,Public health ,Communication ,poultry ,Outbreak ,virus diseases ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Poultry farming ,Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 ,QR1-502 ,030104 developmental biology ,Infectious Diseases ,Influenza in Birds ,multiple introductions ,business ,Chickens - Abstract
Since 2006, multiple outbreaks of avian influenza (AI) have been reported in Nigeria involving different subtypes. Surveillance and molecular epidemiology have revealed the vital role of live bird markets (LBMs) in the dissemination of AI virus to commercial poultry farms. To better understand the ecology and epidemiology of AI in Nigeria, we performed whole-genome sequencing of nineteen H9N2 viruses recovered, from apparently healthy poultry species, during active surveillance conducted in nine LBMs across Nigeria in 2019. Analyses of the HA gene segment of these viruses showed that the H9N2 strains belong to the G1 lineage, which has zoonotic potential, and are clustered with contemporary H9N2 identified in Africa between 2016 and 2020. We observed two distinct clusters of H9N2 viruses in Nigeria, suggesting different introductions into the country. In view of the zoonotic potential of H9N2 and the co-circulation of multiple subtypes of AI virus in Nigeria, continuous monitoring of the LBMs across the country and molecular characterization of AIVs identified is advocated to mitigate economic losses and public health threats.
- Published
- 2021
44. The bush meat trade thrives in Nigeria despite anxiety over coronavirus
- Author
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Adeyinka Jeremy Adedeji, Clement Meseko, and Ismaila Shittu
- Subjects
2019-20 coronavirus outbreak ,Meat ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,Pneumonia, Viral ,coronavirus ,Nigeria ,Animals, Wild ,medicine.disease_cause ,Betacoronavirus ,Zoonoses ,Pandemic ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Lessons Field ,AcademicSubjects/MED00860 ,Pandemics ,Coronavirus ,biology ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,COVID-19 ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,bush meat ,AcademicSubjects/MED00290 ,Infectious Diseases ,Geography ,Anxiety ,Parasitology ,medicine.symptom ,Coronavirus Infections ,trade - Published
- 2020
45. First detection of highly pathogenic H5N6 avian influenza virus on the African continent
- Author
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Alessio Bortolami, Alice Fusaro, Nicodemus Mkpuma, Federica Gobbo, Calogero Terregino, Ismaila Shittu, Francesco Bonfante, David Shamaki, Tony M. Joannis, Clement Meseko, Alice Bianco, L. K. Sulaiman, Columba Vakuru, Dorcas A. Gado, Agnes Tinuke Laleye, and Olaniran Alabi
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Letter ,duck ,Epidemiology ,Highly pathogenic ,viruses ,030106 microbiology ,Immunology ,Nigeria ,Animals, Wild ,Genome, Viral ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,Poultry ,Disease Outbreaks ,03 medical and health sciences ,Virology ,Drug Discovery ,medicine ,Animals ,Clade ,Phylogeny ,Poultry Diseases ,Avian influenza virus ,Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus ,virus diseases ,General Medicine ,H5N6 ,Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 ,030104 developmental biology ,Infectious Diseases ,Ducks ,Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus ,Influenza A virus ,Influenza in Birds ,live bird market ,Parasitology - Abstract
Since 2013, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N6 (clade 2.3.4.4) has been reported in wild birds and poultry in Asia as well as in other parts of the globe. In Africa, information on the presence of this virus subtype is lacking. This study reports the first detection of a HPAI (H5N6) virus (clade 2.3.4.4b) in a duck from a live bird market in Nigeria, whose genome is closely related to the European 2017–2018 H5N6 viruses, indricating a recent virus introduction into the African continent.
- Published
- 2020
46. Genomic comparison of Newcastle disease viruses isolated in Nigeria between 2002 and 2015 reveals circulation of highly diverse genotypes and spillover into wild birds
- Author
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Ponman Solomon, Dawn Williams-Coplin, Ismaila Shittu, Celia Abolnik, Tonya L. Taylor, J. O. Ibu, Iryna V. Goraichuk, Claudio L. Afonso, Kiril M. Dimitrov, Catharine N. Welch, Tony M. Joannis, Dorcas A. Gado, and Clement Meseko
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,animal structures ,Genotype ,Newcastle Disease ,viruses ,Newcastle disease virus ,Nigeria ,Animals, Wild ,Biology ,Newcastle disease ,Poultry ,Virus ,Birds ,03 medical and health sciences ,Medical microbiology ,Virology ,medicine ,Animals ,Genetic variability ,Phylogeny ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Genetic diversity ,Whole Genome Sequencing ,Phylogenetic tree ,030306 microbiology ,Genetic Variation ,Genomics ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Host adaptation - Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has a wide avian host range and a high degree of genetic variability, and virulent strains cause Newcastle disease (ND), a worldwide concern for poultry health. Although NDV has been studied in Nigeria, genetic information about the viruses involved in the endemicity of the disease and the transmission that likely occurs at the poultry-wildlife interface is still largely incomplete. Next-generation and Sanger sequencing was performed to provide complete (n = 73) and partial genomic sequence data (n = 38) for NDV isolates collected from domestic and wild birds in Nigeria during 2002-2015, including the first complete genome sequences of genotype IV and subgenotype VIh from the African continent. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that viruses of seven different genotypes circulated in that period, demonstrating high genetic diversity of NDV for a single country. In addition, a high degree of similarity between NDV isolates from domestic and wild birds was observed, suggesting that spillovers had occurred, including to three species that had not previously been shown to be susceptible to NDV infection. Furthermore, the first spillover of a mesogenic Komarov vaccine virus is documented, suggesting a previous spillover and evolution of this virus. The similarities between viruses from poultry and multiple bird species and the lack of evidence for host adaptation in codon usage suggest that transmission of NDV between poultry and non-poultry birds occurred recently. This is especially significant when considering that some viruses were isolated from species of conservation concern. The high diversity of NDV observed in both domestic and wild birds in Nigeria emphasizes the need for active surveillance and epidemiology of NDV in all bird species.
- Published
- 2019
47. Experimental Mutual Solubility Data for Cyclohexane and Water in Aqueous Solutions of Diethanolamine
- Author
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Ismaila Shittu, Fawzi Banat, and Priyabrata Pal
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound ,Diethanolamine ,Aqueous solution ,Cyclohexane ,chemistry ,Atmospheric pressure ,Thermodynamic equilibrium ,General Chemical Engineering ,Phase (matter) ,Analytical chemistry ,Aqueous two-phase system ,General Chemistry ,Solubility - Abstract
This study presents liquid–liquid equilibrium solubility data of the mutual solubility of cyclohexane and water in aqueous solutions of diethanolamine (DEA). Measurements were taken using a series of jacketed cells connected to a thermostat to maintain the desired solubility temperature. Different concentrations of DEA (15, 25, 35, 45, and 50 wt %) were prepared and mixed with cyclohexane in the measuring cells at temperatures ranging from 298 to 318 K and atmospheric pressure. Once thermodynamic equilibrium had reached, samples from the aqueous phase were analyzed for cyclohexane content using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer, while samples from the hydrocarbon-rich phase were analyzed using a water content apparatus. Results showed that the solubility of cyclohexane increased with an increase in DEA concentration and varied directly with the temperature. Similarly, the solubility of water in the organic phase exhibited an increasing trend with an increase in temperature and concentration of DEA. Th...
- Published
- 2019
48. Development of novel surfactant functionalized porous graphitic carbon as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions
- Author
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Sameer Al-Asheh, Ismaila Shittu, Fawzi Banat, Ayesha Alsaeedi, Kyriaki Polychronopoulou, and Anjali Achazhiyath Edathil
- Subjects
Aqueous solution ,Process Chemistry and Technology ,Cationic polymerization ,Langmuir adsorption model ,Sorption ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,symbols.namesake ,Adsorption ,020401 chemical engineering ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,symbols ,Freundlich equation ,0204 chemical engineering ,Sodium dodecyl sulfate ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Methylene blue ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Biotechnology - Abstract
In this work, an environmentally friendly and economically effective surfactant modified porous graphitic carbon (S-PGC) obtained from alginate biomass was successfully fabricated by functionalizing with anionic surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS)) and used as an adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue cationic dye from aqueous solutions. The structural order and textural properties were examined using XRD, Raman spectroscopy and SEM-EDX. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted, where the influence of operating parameters such as solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial MB concentration, and temperature on the sorption capacity were investigated. Compared with pristine PGC, the surfactant modified PGC (S-PGC) exhibited a much higher sorption capacity for MB due to the enhanced electrostatic interaction between the cationic dye and negatively charged S-PGC adsorbent. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics of adsorption were well fitted by the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second order model, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity calculated from Langmuir isotherm was 714 and 769 mg/g for two adsorbents SDBS-PGC-3000 and SDS-PGC-3000, respectively at 25 °C, suggesting SDS-PGC has a comparatively higher sorption capacity. Further investigation confirmed that the adsorption of MB over S-PGC was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. Successful regeneration of the spent adsorbents with methanol along with its high dye adsorption performance strongly confirms the ability of utilizing S-PGC as a promising and reliable adsorbent for cationic dye removal.
- Published
- 2019
49. Infectious bursal disease in Nigeria: continuous circulation of reassortant viruses
- Author
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Daniel Oladimeji Oluwayelu, Ismaila Shittu, Y J Atuman, U George, N A Maurice, J J Shallmizhili, Pam Dachung Luka, and O. A. Arowolo
- Subjects
animal structures ,Molecular epidemiology ,Outbreak ,Virulence ,Biology ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,Virus ,Antigenic drift ,Infectious bursal disease ,Vaccination ,Food Animals ,Reassortant Viruses ,medicine ,Animal Science and Zoology - Abstract
Outbreaks of infectious bursal disease (IBD), a highly contagious immunosuppressive disease of young chickens, are still reported globally despite vaccination efforts. This study investigated the genetic characteristics of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) from 26 reported outbreaks in 2019 in Nigeria. Nucleotide sequences of VP2 hypervariable (hvVP2) region (n=26) and VP1 (n=23) of Nigerian IBDVs were determined. Our results revealed the detection of reassortant strains with segment A related to very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) having virulence marker (222A, 242I, 256I, 294I and 299S), whereas their segment B were closely related to previously detected IBDV strains having QEG substitution at positions 145-147. Phylogenetic analysis of the hvVP2 region revealed that all the Nigerian IBDV clustered with vvIBDV (genogroup 3) and were independent of the Asian/European lineage. Interestingly, in the hvVP2, all the viruses had a G-S substitution at residue 254. Additionally, one isolate had an A321T substitution at the PHI loop, which has been suggested to play a key role in antigenicity. Four of the viruses (Bauchi=3 and Plateau=1) had a unique A-T substitution at residue 144 on the VP1 region. We also observed a T174S substitution in nine of the Nigerian viruses from Bauchi and Plateau state that were not found in any outbreak viruses from Oyo and Akwa Ibom. This report demonstrates the circulation of reassortant strains in commercial and backyard poultry farms in Nigeria despite sustained vaccination efforts. Our data suggest that the Nigerian outbreak viruses have mutations that may affect antigenicity and contribute to antigenic drift.
- Published
- 2021
50. An international, interlaboratory ring trial confirms the feasibility of an open-source, extraction-less 'direct' RT-qPCR method for reliable detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in clinical samples
- Author
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Anderson V. dePaula, Maria Cassia Mendes-Correa, Viviane A. Parisi, Camila Malta Romano, Emily A. Bruce, Clement Meseko, Thiago José Dionísio, Marielton dos Passos Cunha, Ismaila Shittu, Bernard Mari, Syril D Pettit, Bitrus Inuwa, Susan D. Hester, Rebekah E. Dumm, Keith R. Jerome, Ana Paula Pessoa Vilela, Jessica W. Crothers, Carlos Ferreira dos Santos, Ollivier Hyrien, O. O. Oladipo, Rebecca M. Harris, Leah C. Wehmas, Roger Chammas, Margaret G. Mills, Meei-Li Huang, A. C. A. Campos, Adamson S Muula, Pascal Barby, Luiz Gustavo Bentim Góes, Arianne Brown, Rajhab S. Mkakosya, Julien Fassy, Lemar Blake, Jose R W Martínez, Jason Botten, Cecilia Vial, Constance A Mitchell, Tonney S. Nyirenda, Christopher A. L. Oura, Paola Minoprio, Pablo Vial, Caroline Lacoux, and Thais Francini Garbieri
- Subjects
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,Concordance ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ,medicine.disease_cause ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Article ,Specimen Handling ,law.invention ,COVID-19 Testing ,law ,Nasopharynx ,medicine ,Humans ,Serologic Tests ,Pandemics ,Polymerase chain reaction ,Coronavirus ,SARS-CoV-2 ,business.industry ,COVID-19 ,RNA ,Reverse Transcription ,Virology ,Open source ,Feasibility Studies ,RNA, Viral ,Oral pharyngeal ,business - Abstract
Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is used worldwide to test and trace the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). "Extraction-less" or "direct" real time-reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a transparent and accessible qualitative method for SARS-CoV-2 detection from nasopharyngeal or oral pharyngeal samples with the potential to generate actionable data more quickly, at a lower cost, and with fewer experimental resources than full RT-qPCR. This study engaged 10 global testing sites, including laboratories currently experiencing testing limitations due to reagent or equipment shortages, in an international interlaboratory ring trial. Participating laboratories were provided a common protocol, common reagents, aliquots of identical pooled clinical samples, and purified nucleic acids and used their existing in-house equipment. We observed 100% concordance across laboratories in the correct identification of all positive and negative samples, with highly similar cycle threshold values. The test also performed well when applied to locally collected patient nasopharyngeal samples, provided the viral transport media did not contain charcoal or guanidine, both of which appeared to potently inhibit the RT-PCR reaction. Our results suggest that direct RT-PCR assay methods can be clearly translated across sites utilizing readily available equipment and expertise and are thus a feasible option for more efficient COVID-19 coronavirus disease testing as demanded by the continuing pandemic.
- Published
- 2021
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