Search

The present research was carried out to investigate the feeding and management practices of goat as well as income and livelihood improvement of farmers through goat rearing. For this experiment, a total of 45 respondents were randomly selected from three unions (Gazir Bhita, Kaichapur and Narail) of Haluaghat Upazila in Mymensingh district where 15 respondents from each unionwere randomly chosen. The data were collected through personal interviewing with pre-tested questionnaires. The study revealed that of the farmers were found either primary (46.7%) or below SSC (35.6%) levelof education.Majority of them were engaged in agricultural operation (57.8%) and others wereinvolved in service andbusiness. The farmers mainly depend on green grasses (33.3%) and tree leaves (31.1%) to feed their goats. Wheat bran was also given by 35.6% farmers for economic rearing of goats in the experimentalareas. The majordiseases of goatsin the studied areas were found skin disease(73.3%) and PPR (26.7%), respectively.The annual total cost of production pergoat was2154.00BDT, while gross return and net return from goatrearing per household were 4296.00BDT and 2142.00BDT, respectively. Annual food purchasing capacity changes from 50 to 55 percent. The social statusof the farmer’s family increases where educational status, employment for men, employment for women, social dignity andsocial acceptance were increased by35, 24, 58, 26 and 23% after 12 months through goat rearing in the selectedareas. The results clearly indicatethat goat rearing in Haluaghat upazila was very much profitable. Considering all these parameters, it is clearly found that the families which reared goat have the most rapid changes in terms of livelihood improvement.

The use of machine learning in cybersecurity is becoming increasingly important for detecting cyber attacks in financial firms and banks. Machine learning offers improved scalability, efficiency, and actionability compared to traditional methods that rely on human interaction. Various machine learning techniques, including deep learning, support vector machines, and Bayesian classification, have shown promise in detecting cyber attacks. This study uses machine-learning techniques and tools to detect cyber attacks in financial firms and banks, and recommends the use of XGBoost due to its high performance. Ensuring cybersecurity in financial firms and banks is crucial for maintaining the integrity, confidentiality, and transparency of transactions in virtual and online banking systems.

Introduction Post-hospital discharge mortality is high among undernourished children in many low and middle-income countries. Although a number of quantitative studies have highlighted a range of potential socio-cultural, economic and health system factors influencing paediatric post-discharge treatment-seeking and recovery, few studies have explored family and provider perspectives of the post-discharge period in-depth. Methods This work was part of a large, multi-country prospective cohort study, the Childhood Acute Illness and Nutrition (CHAIN) Network. We conducted a qualitative sub-study to understand the post-discharge treatment-seeking and recovery experiences of families of undernourished children aged 2–23 months admitted in a rural and urban icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh) hospital. Methods included repeat in-depth interviews (73 interviews in total) with 29 family members of 17 purposively selected children. These data were supplemented by interviews with 33 health workers, and by observations in hospitals and homes. Results Important drivers of treatment-seeking perceived to support recovery included advice provided to family members while in hospital, media campaigns on hygiene practice, availability of free treatment, and social and financial support from family members, relatives and neighbours. Key perceived challenges included low household incomes, mothers having to juggle multiple responsibilities in addition to caring for the sick child, lack of support (sometimes violence) from the child’s father, and family members’ preference for relatively accessible drug shops, physicians or healers over hospital admission. Conclusion Development of interventions that address the challenges that families face is essential to support post-discharge adherence to medical advice and recovery. Potential interventions include strengthening information giving during hospitalization on what post-discharge care is needed and why, reducing direct and indirect costs associated with hospital visits, engaging fathers and other ‘significant others’ in post-discharge advice, and building mobile phone-based support for follow-up care.

Women empowerment is considered as the powerhouse of global development. This study attempted to explore the perception of husband and wife regarding the effects of women empowerment on family life. The research was conducted at three upazila of Khulna district, Bangladesh. Data were collected from purposively selected ninety (90) respondents using a structured questionnaire during January 2023. The focus variable named as effect of women empowerment on family life was measured using a 5-point rating scale. Results indicated that, education is the key factor of enhancing women empowerment. The findings exposed that almost two-third (64.4%) of the male respondents perceived medium effect of women empowerment on family life while majority of the female counterparts (60%) perceived high effect respectively. However, majority (95.6%) of the male respondents opined that women empowerment generate more income to the family whereas most (98.3%) of the female respondents agreed that women empowerment is very effective in giving decision making power. It was found that respondents’ age, educational qualification, organizational participation, training exposure, cosmopolitanism, knowledge, and attitude demonstrate significant relationship with the focus variable. It is high time to change our attitude towards women empowerment for overall development of the world.

Introduction: Acute chronic liver failure, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatorenal syndrome are a few of the grave complications of liver cirrhosis that may result in death. For years, small-intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) has been considered a predisposing factor for these complications in cirrhotic patients. However, data regarding SIBO in cirrhosis patients remain less focused in our country. Therefore, the study was designed to evaluate the risk of SIBO in patients with liver cirrhosis attending a tertiary care hospital, in Bangladesh. The aim of the study was to find out the association of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) with cirrhosis. Methods: This case-control study was carried out in the departments of Gastroenterology and Department of Hepatology, Dhaka medical college hospital during the period from September 2018 to October 2019 with a total of 136 patients equally divided into case and control groups. The case group consisted of patients with cirrhosis, while the control group comprised of healthy age-matched volunteers. Result: Among SIBO positive cases and control most common age group was 41-50 years of age. The majority were males observed in both the case (83.3%) and the control (66.7%) groups. The risk of SIBO was more in the cirrhotic patient as the odds ratio was > 1(OR= 7.8) with 95% CI 2.18-27.96. Overall frequency of SIBO was more among patients with higher CTP score {CTP-B (72.2%), CTP-C (27.8%)} with a p-value

Introduction: Volar Barton’s fracture is a common problem among the distal radius fracture. Shearing fractures may involve the Volar articular margin is a displaced and inherently unstable fracture that may lead to pain, deformity, limited range of motion, and loss of hand function. In clinical practices, various methods are used for the management of Volar Barton’s fractures. The Volar buttress plate technique is now mostly chosen for the management of this type of fracture. The aim of the study was to observe the functional outcome of treating a Volar Barton’s fracture of the distal radius using a buttress plate. Methods: This prospective interventional study was carried out in the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, BSMMU, Shahbag, Dhaka for the duration of 2 years 6 months (March 2014 to September 2016). Within this period 30 patients of Volar Barton’s fracture were selected as per inclusion and exclusion criteria who are admitted in this institution. After proper evaluation of these patients, open reduction and internal fixation were done with Volar locking buttress plate. Result: In this study, out of 30 patients 77% were male and 23%were female where the mean age was 32±9.3 and maximum incidence was between 18-39 years. Left side involvement was more 63% (19 patients) than right side involvement at 37% (11 patients). 7% of patients were found with superficial skin infections and treated non-operatively. In the final follow-up, 6.7% were obtained excellent scores, 73.3% were obtained good scores and 20% were obtained fair scores on the basis of anatomical outcome. Conclusion: The Volar buttress plate is found an effective technique of fixation. The Volar locking buttress plate maintained articular congruity, radial length, and alignment. The significant functional outcomes were observed at end of the final follow-up (24 weeks).

Electrochemical (EC) detection has grown in popularity across the chemical sciences over the last three decades, leading to significant advances in EC techniques for the detection of a wide range of analytes in the liquid phase. EC techniques are being constantly improved, and pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) is considered one of the most advanced EC technique to-date for flow-based analysis. However, a conventional EC system‚ÄövÑvÆincorporating a heavy potentiostat with large flow cells (FCs), large electrodes or microelectrodes with complex modification techniques and limited stability, and a long pulsed waveform is typically required to perform PAD for the sensitive detection of most target analytes. Herein, a miniaturised EC detector, rapidly modified disposable electrodes with high stability, and a fast-pulsed waveform have been studied to understand their capabilities and potential to perform advanced PAD within a miniaturised format for flow-based analytical systems. Initially, a miniaturised gap-FC was demonstrated as a replacement for commonly used larger scale EC detectors (i.e., wall-jet (WJ) or thin-layer (TL) FCs), and its capability for PAD within a miniaturised format explored. The gap-FC overcame the difficulties in miniaturisation of the EC system, i.e., the rigid construction of the WJ- and TL-FCs, and the fact that the conventional system was incapable of being coupled with analytical systems operating at nano- to microlitre per minute flow rates. The gap-FC provides a low gap distance (30 ˜í¬¿m from capillary outlet to electrode) for the formation of a very thin layer of electrolyte on the electrode surface, achieving high EC conversion efficiency and low effective cell volume. The gap-FC demonstrated the highest efficiency (ca. 16-times than reported in [10]) and lowest effective cell volume (35 nL) to-date. With the use of the gap-FC with LC, the sensitivity of the detector for test solutes (namely, ascorbic acid, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, pyrocatechol and dopamine) was greater than the value reported in the literature (ca. 4 to 25-times higher than UV and 2-times higher than previous EC detection). This work provides a comprehensive EC characterisation of miniaturised gap-FC for flow-based analytical systems, which will be beneficial for the advancement of the PAD technique. Disposable electrodes, rapidly modified with nanoparticles (i.e., ZrO\\(_2\\) NPs, modification time approximately 10 min), were investigated as a replacement for the commonly applied metal electrodes. The existing electrodes used with the PAD are very sensitive to electroactive analytes but require time-consuming complex modification techniques, and have limited stability. Furthermore, the effective surface area of the electrode, EC reversibility, and stability of the modified electrodes in continuous flow have not been reported in the literature. In this study, the electrodes modified with ZrO\\(_2\\) NPs showed a 100% increase of effective surface area as compared to bare electrodes, due to the formation of a porous electrode surface. In addition, a 95 to 180-times improvement of current was achieved due to the formation of the large effective surface area and the minimisation of the capacitance of the double layer. Also, the modified electrodes showed high stability (8.5 hr during continuous-flow and 45 days during intermittent use in flow-through systems) and ca. 2-times higher sensitivity to the above-mentioned test solutes to that reported in the literature. The use of ZrO\\(_2\\) NPs facilitates electrocatalytic properties, stability, and good electrical conductivity. This work has also provided a comprehensive EC characterisation of both the bare and modified electrodes for flow-based analytical systems, which will further advance the PAD technique. Finally, a fast-pulsed waveform (2-steps at +400 mV and -400 mV, 10 ms each, and 50 Hz cycle repetition) was developed, and the first miniaturised PAD was performed using gap-FC-incorporating modified electrodes in the liquid phase. The technique allowed miniaturised EC detection coupled with fast flow-through systems (such as FIA, LC, and IC in this study) for the first time, and overcame limitations such as the difficulties with data acquisition at high frequency (50 Hz), and the loss of useful data during a long cleaning step (e.g., 560 ms for the removal of surface oxide. The developed high frequency waveforms (15 to 45-times fast than existing waveforms result in an improved electroactivity of the electrode and facilitated the rapid establishment of baseline stability, higher current, and high detection sensitivity to electroactive solutes (such as obtaining ca. 100-times lower LOD for hydrazine than the lowest reported value in the literature). The analytical application of the developed waveform was demonstrated by monitoring the consumption of reducing agents (hydrazine and ascorbic acid) during the graphene oxide (GO) reduction process. In conclusion, a new miniaturised EC detector (gap-FC), using highly stable disposable electrodes rapidly modified with NPs (ZrO\\(_2\\)), and a fast-pulsed waveform (2-step, 20 ms, and 50 Hz) has been developed and resultant capabilities and potential to perform advanced miniaturised EC detection for flow-based analytical systems has been demonstrated.

Tigers Panthera tigris in the Sundarbans represent the only population adapted to living in mangrove forest habitat. Several studies, based on limited morphological and genetic data, have described the population as being differentiated from the Bengal tiger subspecies P. tigris tigris. The phylogenetic ancestry of the Sundarbans population has also remained poorly understood. We generated 1263 bp of mtDNA sequences across 4 mtDNA genes for 33 tiger samples from the Bangladesh Sundarbans and compared these with 33 mtDNA haplotypes known from all subspecies of extant tigers. We detected 3 haplotypes within the Sundarbans tigers, of which one is unique to this population and the remaining 2 are shared with tiger populations inhabiting central Indian landscapes. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inferences supported the Sundarbans tigers as being paraphyletic, indicating a close phylogenetic relationship with other populations of Bengal tigers, from which the Sundarbans population diverged around 26000 yr ago. Our phylogenetic analyses, together with evidence of ecological adaptation to the unique mangrove habitat, indicate that the Sundarbans population should be recognised as a separate management unit. We recommend that conservation management must focus on sustaining this representative tiger population adapted to mangrove habitat while at the same time recognising that trans-boundary conservation efforts through reintroduction or exchange of individuals, to enhance genetic diversity, might be needed in the future as a last resort for population recovery.

Lipoma Arborescens is a rare benign intra-articular lesion most frequently found in the knee identified by the villous proliferation of the synovium. It usually presents as an enduring, slowly progressive swelling of one or more joints, which may or may not be associated with pain. Patients typically present with chronic and recurrent painless swelling of the joints. MRI demonstrated replacement of sub synovial tissue by mature fat cell, is clearly seen in STIR sequence.

Background and objective: Septoplasty is the common surgical procedure performed in nasal septal deviation. Nasal obstruction is the most frequent presentation to the otolaryngologist all over the world with septal deviation. Patients usually presented with headache, epistaxis, ophthalmological, otological, upper and lower respiratory tract infections; and many more. Physical examination, Anterior Rhinoscopy (AR) and Nasal Endoscopy (NE) are considered the gold standard tools to detect septal deviation. Computed Tomography (CT) contributes in the evaluation of the nasal septum, anatomical variants and unveils the associated sinonasal diseases. This study aimed to assess the contribution of CT in endoscopic septoplasty for long term benefits to the patients. Patients and methods: 188 patients of nasal septal deviation were selected from 2015 to 2019 in the Bangladesh Medical and Popular Medical College Specialized Hospital. Age ranged in between 10 year to 70 year of age. CT scanning in both coronal, axial and sagittal sections had been done in all patients after proper history taking, physical examination, anterior rhinoscopy and nasal endoscopy. Endoscopic septoplasty alone and/or other ancillary procedures were performed in all 188 patients under general anesthesia. Results: Among 188 patients, male was 126 (67%) and female was 62 (33%) with a ratio 2:1. Maximum 63 (34%) reported in 31 to 40 year and 54 (29%) was found in 21 to 31 year of age. Hypertrophied Inferior Turbinate (HIT) 74 (39%) and 54 (29%) concha bullosa (CB) were associated with 188 septal deviation. Associated pathologies like maxillary sinusitis 82 (44%) and maxillary antral cyst 78 (41%) were documented. Conclusion: CT scanning detects the abnormal anatomic variants and associated sinonasal pathologies along with nasal septal deviation. Endoscopic septoplasty, correction of the anatomical variants and complete surgical clearance of the sinonasal pathologies can give the patient a long term outcome.

Para-Pharyngeal Space (PPS) is an inverted cone-shaped potential space that extends from the hyoid bone to the base of the skull. It is filled with fat and areolar tissue lie laterally on either sides of pharynx; and is bounded and subdivided by various condensations of fascia. Tumors, although rare less than1% of head neck neoplasm can arise from any structures of this space. Mostly they are benign 70-80% and 20-30% are malignant. Salivary gland tumor, particularly deep lobe parotid constitutes more than 80%. Imaging studies are invaluable to define the site of origin, extension, relationship to the great vessels of the neck and other neurovascular structures. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment. Several approaches have been discussed in the text books. We present a case of a huge para-pharyngeal space tumor that was excised completely through trans-cervical approach without any morbidly.

Objective: Conventional septal surgery based on head light improves the nasal airway but leaves some complications, but with recent advancement in endoscopic approach limits the complication and improves the outcome. This is due to better visualization, improved illumination, unnecessary manipulation, limited exposure and scope for second surgery if required. Material and method: A prospective study was done on 120 patients of symptomatic deviated nasal septum who were refractory to medical treatment underwent septal surgery. Patients were equally divided into two groups with 60 patients each. Patients were randomly selected on each group. Results: In this prospective study, though the complication rate is higher in conventional septoplasty group but there was a significant difference in functional outcome in the endoscopic septoplasty group. Conclusion: The use of endoscope in septal surgery improves visualization, illumination, and thus reduces complication with improved functional outcome. It can be performed in other diseases of nose and para nasal sinus diseases in the perspective of functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most prevalent histologic subtype of thyroid cancer accounting for more than 80% of all cases. A single size threshold of 4 cm maximized prognostic discrimination with tumors >4 cm associated with a five times higher risk of recurrence than those ≤4 cm. The purpose of this present study was to determine an effective treatment strategy for patients with small unilateral papillary thyroid carcinoma in a low risk group below tumor size ≤ 4 cm.

In this paper, we numerically debrief an ultra-high sensitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor utilizing thin layers of graphene oxide (GO) that have not been addressed adequately till now. By the deposition of GO on top of the metal-dielectric heterostructure, our proposed sensor can achieve higher sensitivity and higher Quality Factor (QF) simultaneously which has not been possible by the existing models to our knowledge. Because of its large surface area and sp2 inside of an sp3 matrix which is capable of confining π electrons, GO can form strong covalent bonds with biomolecules and hence enhanced light-material interaction that made researchers contemplate to achieve increased sensitivity and figure of merit. Both the transfer matrix method and finite element method are exploited to perform extensive numerical analysis for optimizing the structure considering its sensitivity, full width half maximum (FWHM), and QF. This paper examines six different configurations of multilayer heterostructure containing prism-adhesive-metal-BaTiO3/BP-Gr/GO/MXene-sensing medium, and a noticeably enhanced performance is achieved using GO with a maximum sensitivity of 372 deg/RIU and QF of 88.11 RIU-1 in the range of refractive index (RI) 1.330 to 1.353. Moreover, the possibility of designing a tunable SPR sensor to operate at a broader range of analyte's RI is investigated, and 414 deg/RIU with 119.27 RIU-1 QF at 1.407 RI is achieved. The Electric field distribution, effects of different layers, and fabrication feasibility of the proposed sensor are explored, it is envisaged that this can be an appropriate apparatus for highly sensitive, rapid, and noninvasive label-free biosensing useful in experimental sensing protocols.