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Studies on academic achievement worldwide are sporadic, focusing on variables more or less have been taken by the researchers, and provided knowledge. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine how the school effect influences secondary school students' academic achievements by two important significant (study habits and self-esteem). With a covenient sampling method, 400 students from eight secondary schools in Bangladesh were selected for the study. Though the students were equally divided regarding gender (Boys, 200; Girls, 200), they were different regarding school types (Public, 188; Private, 212). Their ages range from 14 to 17, with an average of 14.8. They provided responses on two Bangla version scales: Study Habit Scale and Self-Esteem Scale. Academic achievement was significantly positively correlated with both study habits (r=0.268, p<0.01) and self-esteem (r=0.291, p<0.01). Two predictors of the study were also correlated with each other (r=0.283, p<0.01). Public and private school students were not varied significantly in studying habits and academic achievement, but they were significantly different in self-esteem. The study habits and self-esteem jointly explained 12.3% for public school students' academic achievement while it explained 7.5% variance for the private school students. The discussion implies that how students' study habits and self-esteem facilitate their academic achievement. Further studies will reflect more factors influencing academic achievement.

Adaptive capacity was recognized as one of the critical components of vulnerability assessment in 2001 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Adaptive capacity extends beyond the mere accumulation of resources to encompass the willingness and ability to transform available resources into adaptive actions. In this context, adaptive capacity denotes the ability of social-ecological systems to adjust to the negative effects of environmental change or recovery from it. Hence, enhancing adaptive capacity enriches the ability to cope with a wider spectrum and greater magnitude of climate impacts. Based on the literature review and content analysis, this study explores the foundational concepts of adaptive capacity and further assesses the evolving focus on concept, scale, geographical emphasis, dimensions, and indicators through a systematic review. The findings underscore that adaptive capacity constitutes a multidimensional and interdisciplinary research domain characterized by a range of dimensions and indicators, and diverse methods and techniques at various geographic scales. The study found that adaptive capacity research has predominantly centered on asset-based analyses within the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework in the earlier stage. However, since the past decade, the focus has shifted to indicators like agency, technology, innovation, governance, knowledge, information, and infrastructure, besides climate variability and socio-economic and cultural diversity. It is suggested that to bridge the gap between adaptive capacity and actual adaptation action, policy interventions need to be targeted. The study concludes that, despite abundant research and available literature on climate change and adaptation, there is still a lack of context-specific understanding, particularly from an insider's perspective in South Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a part of our ongoing search for bioactive constituents of Artemisia capillaris, we isolated 4-O-caffeoyl-2-C-methyl-d-threonic acid (PPT-14). This is a rare caffeic acid ester derivative that is reported here for the first time in the Artemisia species, which is the third occurrence in any plant species worldwide. In this study, we evaluated the anti-diabetic potential of PPT-14 using in vitro and in silico approaches. PPT-14 demonstrated significant inhibitory activity against two crucial enzymes linked to diabetes progression and complications: protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and aldose reductase (AR). These had IC50 values of 64.92 and 19.50 µM, respectively. Additionally, PPT-14 exhibited free radical scavenging activity with 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (IC50 14.46 µM). Molecular docking and 200 ns molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that there were stable binding interactions with the key residues of PTP1B and AR, highlighting strong affinity and dynamic stability. Pharmacokinetic analyses revealed favorable water solubility, adherence to Lipinski's Rule of Five, and minimal interactions with cytochrome P450 enzymes, indicating the drug-like potential of PPT-14. Toxicity studies confirmed its safety profile, showing no genotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, or significant toxicity risks, with an acceptable oral LD50 value of 2.984 mol/kg. These findings suggest that PPT-14 could be a promising multitarget lead compound for ameliorating diabetes and its associated complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue fever, a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes, presents a major public health risk in tropical and subtropical regions globally. Currently, there is no treatment to fight against this disease. The dengue virus 2 (DENV2) NS2B‐NS3 protease is critical for viral replication, making it a promising target for drug discovery. This study aims to identify potential inhibitors against the DENV2 NS2B‐NS3 protease using in silico methods, including molecular docking, ADMET analysis, molecular dynamics simulations, MMGBSA, and DFT calculations. We screened 1138 phytochemicals from the NuBBE database against the NS2B‐NS3 protease (PDB ID: 2FOM) and compared their binding affinities to policresulen, reported as DENV2 NS2B‐NS3 protease inhibitor. Four novel phytochemicals: 3′,4′‐methylenedioxy‐7,8‐(2″,2″‐dimethylpyrano)‐flavone; limonianin; gnetin‐B; and 5,4′‐dihydroxy‐3′,5′‐dimethoxy‐6,7‐(2″,2″‐dimethylpyran)flavonen revealed binding affinities of −8.7, −8.0, −7.8, and −7.8 kcal/mol, respectively, surpassing the reference compound's affinity of −7.0 kcal. Additionally, MD simulations over 100 ns confirmed the stability of these compounds bound with the target protein. Moreover, ADMET analysis demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles, whereas MMGBSA and DFT calculations supported their binding consistency and reactivity. In conclusion, this study discovered promising novel phytochemicals against DENV2 NS2B‐NS3 protease, which could serve as potential leads for developing effective antiviral therapies for the treatment of dengue fever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to explore the viability of nitrogen distribution in milk to detect adulteration in market milk. Materials and Methods: Raw cow milk was obtained from the dairy farm at Bangladesh Agricultural University Dairy Farm (BAUDF). Fluid market milk, nonbranded bulk powdered milk, and local brand powdered milk were bought from the Mymensingh city area. The milk samples were T1 (milk from a known source--BAUDF, control group), T2 (reconstituted nonbranded bulk powdered milk), T3 (reconstituted local brand powdered milk), T4 (fluid market milk from Goala), T5 (mixture of 75% T1 and 25% T2), and T6 (mixture of 50% T1 and 50% T2). There were four replications in each variable, and the samples were tested for their physicochemical properties (specific gravity and acidity), gross composition (total solids, ash, milk fat, lactose, and total protein), and nitrogen distribution [casein nitrogen, noncasein nitrogen (NCN), and nonprotein nitrogen (NPN)]. Results: Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference (p < 0.05) among the milk samples about their physicochemical properties and gross composition. The T2 and T6 samples imparted lower protein content (p < 0.05). Much lower (p < 0.05) casein content was found in T2 and T6 than in T1. The NCN content among the samples also differed significantly (p < 0.05). All groups showed similar NPN values (p > 0.05) but the T1 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results from this study show the potential of the nitrogen distribution of milk to detect adulterated and reconstituted market milk; however, a hefty dataset is required before being adopted at the field level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study highlights the growing need for robust disease surveillance in the rapidly expanding Sonali chicken sector in Bangladesh, where improper disease management and overuse of antibiotics remain critical challenges. By analyzing 1690 cases through a web-based platform in Bogura district (small administrative region), we found significant links between seasonal and climatic factors and disease outbreaks, with Newcastle disease emerging as the most prevalent. This study underscores the importance of web-based data systems as vital tools for monitoring and controlling poultry diseases, offering a scalable solution for improving livestock health management in low- and middle-income countries like Bangladesh. Despite the significant growth in Sonali chicken production across Bangladesh, inadequate disease surveillance and control measures along with indiscriminate antimicrobial use remain major challenges to the sector. In this study, we evaluated the disease burden and antimicrobial prescription patterns of Sonali chickens in Bangladesh using a web-based data recording system from 2020 to 2021 and analyzed 1690 cases. The diagnoses recorded in the system were presumptive, as they were based on clinico-epidemiological history, clinical signs, and gross necropsy findings noted by registered veterinarians. We conducted this study in Bogura, a district renowned for its high concentration of Sonali chicken farms. We estimated a higher prevalence of infection among grower chickens (69.0%) compared to starter chickens (31.0%). Small- to medium-sized flocks (63%) were more frequently infected than larger flocks (37.0%). Most disease cases occurred during the summer season (43.0%), followed by winter (27%), the rainy season (15%), and autumn (14%). Overall, climatic factors contributed to 51% of disease occurrence at temperatures below 25°C, 55% at high humidity (≥75%), and 57% during heavy rainfall (≥29 mm). The most prevalent disease was Newcastle disease (ND) (19.5%), followed by Marek's disease (9.8%), coccidiosis (7.4%), necrotic enteritis (4.7%), infectious bursal disease (3.2%), and infectious laryngotracheitis (3.2%). The odds of ND were 1.4 (grower chickens vs. starter chickens), 11.4 (summer vs. winter), 4.1 (autumn vs. winter), 3.9 (rainy vs. winter), 3.5 (≥25 °C vs. <25 °C), and 2.6 (≥75% vs. <75%). Tylvalosin (38.0%) was the most frequently prescribed antibiotic, followed by fluoroquinolones (9.0%), aminoglycosides (8.0%), and colistin sulphate (4.0%). These findings suggest that a web-based disease record could be an important tool for a centralized poultry disease surveillance system in low- and middle-income countries like Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]