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Objective: To study the causative factors responsible for avoidance of Breast Feeding in post-partum women attending the post-natal OPD in MH Rawalpindi. Design: Comparative cross sectional study. Setting: Dept of Gynae and Obstetrics, Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. Tertiary care centre from all the Pakistan dealing with other ranks of Pak Army. Duration: Nine months (From 01.01.2007 to 1.10.2007). Materials and Methods: Study was done on 1000 patients at post-natal Gynae OPD. Patients were divided into two groups of 500 each. Those patients who were exclusively breast feeding their babies were included in group-II while group-I included those patients who were not breast feeding their babies at all. Patients demographic data was entered on questionnaire and factors involved were interpreted. The most important causative factor responsible for avoidance of breast feeding in group-I were noted down. The mothers in group-II were enquired about that problem. Data was analyzed by using computer software programme SPSS version 11. Chi square test was used to see the significance of difference between group-I and group-II and results were considered significant if P value is less than 0.05. Results: The study showed that as compared to group-II causative factors involved in avoidance of breast feeding in group-I were pain at operated site 148, working women 38, Sick baby 26,Cracked nipples and mastitis 59, Breast abscess 4, Social Myths 58, Multiple Births 2, Inverted Nipples 5 and failure of proper counseling 160. Conclusions: Most of the factors responsible for avoidance of breast feeding are preventable and treatable. General population should be educated regarding the benefits of breast feeding in the mother and baby. Thus reducing mortality rate in woman and infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Subclinical hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder during pregnancy, associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of subclinical hypothyroidism among pregnant women who presented to our hospital between 2020 and 2022. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted on 589 pregnant women using convenience sampling. Only women who underwent thyroid function testing and had no known thyroid disease were included. Data on age, weight status, history of miscarriage, history of infertility, menstrual cycle regularity, thyroid function, and symptoms of thyroid diseases were collected. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results The mean age of the participants was 24.8 ± 3.7 years. Among the participants, 270 (45.9%) had a normal weight, 199 (33.8%) were overweight, and 120 (20.4%) were obese. A history of miscarriage was reported by 69 women (11.7%) while 37 women (6.3%) had a history of infertility. The menstrual cycle was regular in 499 women (84.7%) and irregular in 90 women (15.3%). The results showed that 517 (87.7%) women were euthyroid, 47 (7.9%) had hypothyroidism, and 25 (4.2%) had hyperthyroidism. Of the 47 patients with hypothyroidism, 32 (68.08%) had subclinical hypothyroidism and 15 (31.91%) had overt hypothyroidism. Conclusion This study highlights the frequency of subclinical hypothyroidism among pregnant women. The findings underscore the importance of thyroid function testing during pregnancy., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Islam et al.)

Objective: To assess the morbidity from episiotomy., Methods: The prospective randomised control study was conducted at the Military Hospital Rawalpindi's Gynaecology & Obstetrics Department from January 2006 to April 2008. It comprised 100 patients who were given a mediolateral episiotomy at the crowning of the foetal head (group 1). Another group of 100 patients were delivered without an episiotomy (group 2). Postpartum morbidity was compared in the two groups. Morbidity included perineal damage by tears, subjective assessment of pain at perineum, dyspareunia after puerperium, feeling of pressure puerperium, incontinence and objective assessment of prolapse after puerperium., Results: Morbidity including perineal damage by tears, pain at perineum and dyspareunia, was much more in group I as compared to the group II. There was no significant difference in feeling of pressure perineum, subjective feeling of urinary and flatus incontinence or objective assessment of prolapse of vagina and uterus., Conclusion: There are no significant advantages of episiotomy. In fact, it leads to morbidity which is otherwise avoidable in deliveries that are episiotomy-free.

Foreign bodies in vagina are known to have been inserted by the patient herself or by some other person; as an aid to masturbation, sexual intercourse or sexual assault. The two most common items retained in adult females are tampons and burst condoms. Since long, vaginal deliveries and Obstetric and Gynaecological interventions have been associated with vesicovaginal and rectovaginal fistulae. We present a case of a 24 years old Pakistani woman with a colouterine fistula. Although vesicouterine fistulae have rarely been reported previously, world-literature has only a few documented cases of colouterine fistula.

Objective: To estimate the frequency of bacterial vaginosis in women with preterm labour., Methods: Descriptive cross sectional study carried out in department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Military Hospital and Army Medical College Laboratory, Rawalpindi. Non-probability convenience sampling was used and the study was completed in 12 months (from 1st January 2007 - 1st January 2008). Hundred patients in preterm labour were included in the study. An objective diagnosis of the type of discharge was made. The vaginal pH of the discharge was measured. Samples for bacterial culture were obtained. A wet smear of the vaginal secretions was made and examined under the microscope for clue cells followed by Whiff test. All information was recorded on a specially designed proforma and the frequency of patients with bacterial vaginosis was estimated., Results: A diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis was made in 21% of the patients by the Amsels criteria. However, culture report suggested bacterial vaginosis in 18% of cases with most of the cases (56%) having normal flora. Overall, incidence of infection was 44% in patients with preterm labour., Conclusion: The frequency of bacterial vaginosis in our study was found to be 21% in preterm labour