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Multipartite entanglement plays a critical role in various applications of quantum internet. In these applications, the entanglement is usually shared by the distant parties. Experimentally, the distributed entanglement should be estimated by only local measurements. Furthermore, for network experiments, it is desirable to employ measurement techniques that are straightforward to implement. In this paper, we propose a method to measure arbitrary multipartite single photon path entangled states by only local measurements. By considering practically reasonable assumptions, our method is relatively easy to implement. We experimentally demonstrate the utility of this method by reconstructing the density matrix of a 3-qubit W-state., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures

The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center is a promising candidate to realize practical quantum sensors with high sensitivity and high spatial resolution, even at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. In conventional high-frequency AC magnetometry with NV centers, the setup requires a pulse sequence with an appropriate time synchronization and strong microwave power. To avoid these practical difficulties, AC magnetic field sensing using continuous-wave opticallydetected magnetic resonance (CW-ODMR) was recently demonstrated. That previous study utilized radio frequency (RF) dressed states generated by the coherent interaction between the electron spin of the NV center and the RF wave. However, the drawback of this method is that the detectable frequency of the AC magnetic fields is fixed. Here, we propose and demonstrate frequency-tunable magnetic field sensing based on CW-ODMR. In the new sensing scheme, we obtain RF double-dressed states by irradiation with a RF field at two different frequencies. One creates the RF dressed states and changes the frequency of the target AC field. The other is a target AC field that induces a change in the CW-ODMR spectrum by generating the RF double-dressed states through coherent interaction with the RF dressed states. The sensitivity of our method is estimated to be comparable to or even higher than that of the conventional method based on a RF field with a single frequency. The estimated bandwidth is 7.45 MHz, higher than that of the conventional method using the RF dressed states. Our frequency-tunable magnetic field sensor based on CW-ODMR paves the way for new applications in diamond devices.

The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond has been the focus of research efforts because of its suitability for use in applications such as quantum sensing and quantum simulations. Recently, the electron-spin double resonance (ESDR) of NV centers has been exploited for detecting radio-frequency (RF) fields with continuous-wave optically detected magnetic resonance. However, the characteristic phenomenon of ESDR under a strong RF field remains to be fully elucidated. In this study, we theoretically and experimentally analyzed the ESDR spectra under strong RF fields by adopting the Floquet theory. Our analytical and numerical calculations could reproduce the ESDR spectra obtained by measuring the spin-dependent photoluminescence under the continuous application of microwaves and an RF field for a DC bias magnetic field perpendicular to the NV axis. We found that anticrossing structures that appear under a strong RF field are induced by the generation of RF-dressed states owing to the two-RF-photon resonances. Moreover, we found that $2n$-RF-photon resonances were allowed by an unintentional DC bias magnetic field parallel to the NV axis. These results should help in the realization of precise MHz-range AC magnetometry with a wide dynamic range beyond the rotating wave approximation regime as well as Floquet engineering in open quantum systems., Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures

Time-bin qubits, in which quantum information is encoded in a single photon at different times $\Delta$t, are suitable for long-distance transmission via optical fibers. However, detection of time-bin qubits has been limited to the nanosecond range owing to the limited temporal resolution of single-photon detectors. In this study, we developed an up-conversion single-photon detector (UCSPD), using commercial nonlinear crystals of different lengths. By changing the crystal length and pump power, we quantitatively evaluated the efficiency and temporal resolution of the UCSPD and determined the optimal conditions for measuring femtosecond time-bin qubits. This detector achieved a temporal resolution of 415 fs and up-conversion efficiency of 10.1 %. Consequently, we successfully evaluated single-photon level pseudo femtosecond time-bin qubits with a pulse interval of only 800 fs., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures

The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in a diamond is a promising platform for Floquet system. We investigate NV center's Floquet state driven by Carr-Purcell sequence in a large-amplitude AC magnetic field using the sequential readout. We observe the dynamics represented as Bessel functions up to 211th orders high in a systematic and quantitative agreement with the theoretical model. Furthermore, numerical calculations show that the effect of finite pulse duration and error limits the modulation amplitude available for Floquet engineering. This work provides an approach to precisely investigate Floquet engineering, showing the extendable range of modulation amplitude, for two-level systems., Comment: 12pages, 7 figures

The measurement of vector magnetic fields with high sensitivity and spatial resolution is important for both fundamental science and engineering applications. In particular, magnetic-field sensing with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond is a promising approach that can outperform existing methods. Recent studies have demonstrated vector DC magnetic-field sensing with perfectly aligned NV centers, which showed a higher readout contrast than NV centers having four equally distributed orientations. However, to estimate the azimuthal angle of the target magnetic field with respect to the NV axis in these previous approaches, it is necessary to apply a strong reference DC magnetic field, which can perturb the system to be measured. This is a crucial problem, especially when attempting to measure vector magnetic fields from materials that are sensitive to applied DC magnetic fields. Here, we propose a method to measure vector DC magnetic fields using perfectly aligned NV centers without reference DC magnetic fields. More specifically, we used the direction of linearly polarized microwave fields to induce Rabi oscillation as a reference and estimated the azimuthal angle of the target fields from the Rabi frequency. We further demonstrate the potential of our method to improve sensitivity by using entangled states to overcome the standard quantum limit. Our method of using a reference microwave field is a novel technique for sensitive vector DC magnetic-field sensing., Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures

Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamonds is a promising system for quantum information processing and quantum sensing, and the control of the quantum state is essential for practical applications. In this study, we demonstrate a control of all the three transitions among the ground state sublevels of NV centers by applying external magnetic driving fields. To address the states of a specific NV axis among the four axes, we apply a magnetic field orthogonal to the NV axis. We control two transitions by microwave pulses and the remaining transition by radio frequency pulses. In particular, we investigate the dependence of Rabi oscillations on the frequency and intensity of the radio frequency pulses. Our results pave the way for a novel control of NV centers for the realization of quantum information processing and quantum sensing., Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures

Recently we have demonstrated AC magnetic field sensing scheme using a simple continuous-wave optically detected magnetic resonance of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond [Appl. Phys. Lett. 113, 082405 (2018)]. This scheme is based on electronic spin double resonance excited by continuous microwaves and radio-frequency (RF) fields. Here we measured and analyzed the double resonance spectra and magnetic field sensitivity for various frequencies of microwaves and RF fields. As a result, we observed a clear anticrossing of RF-dressed electronic spin states in the spectra and estimated the bandwidth to be approximately 5 MHz at the center frequency of 9.9 MHz., Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures

An ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond is a fascinating candidate to realize a sensitive magnetic field sensor. In particular, since the axes of the NV centers are distributed along four directions, a collection of measurement data from NV centers with different axes provides information on the vector components of a magnetic field. However, in the conventional approach, the low measurement contrast of NV centers limits the sensitivity of vector magnetic field sensing. Recently, to overcome this problem, multi-frequency control of the NV centers has been proposed. The key idea is that the four types of NV centers with different axes are simultaneously controlled by multi-frequency microwave pulses. Here, we demonstrate vector magnetic field sensing with an ensemble of NV centers in diamond via such multi-frequency control with pulsed-type measurements. We use Hahn echo pulses and extract information on the vector components of an applied AC magnetic field. We find that the sensitivity of diamond-based vector field sensing with multi-frequency control is better than that with single-frequency control for every vector component of a magnetic field., Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures

Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are considered sensors for detecting magnetic fields. Pulsed optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) is typically used to detect AC magnetic fields; however, this technique can only be implemented after careful calibration that involves aligning an external static magnetic field, measuring continuous-wave (CW) ODMR, determining the Rabi frequency, and setting the microwave phase. In contrast, CW-ODMR can be simply implemented by continuous application of green CW laser and a microwave filed. In this letter, we report a method that uses NV centers and CW-ODMR to detect AC magnetic fields. Unlike conventional methods that use NV centers to detect AC magnetic fields, the proposed method requires neither a pulse sequence nor an externally applied DC magnetic field; this greatly simplifies the procedure and apparatus needed to implement this method. This method provides a sensitivity of 2.5 {\mu}T/Hz$^{1/2}$ at room temperature. Thus, this simple alternative to existing AC magnetic field sensors paves the way for a practical and feasible quantum sensor., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures

Single spin detection is a key objective in the field of metrology. There have been many experimental and theoretical investigations for the spin detection based on the use of probe spins. A probe spin shows the precession due to dipole-dipole interaction from a target spin, and measurement results of the probe spin allow us to estimate the state of the target spin. Here, we investigate performance of single-spin detection when using an ensemble of probe spins. Even though the ensemble of probe spins inevitably induces projection noise that could hinder the signal from the target spin, optimization of the configuration of the spin ensemble improves the sensitivity such that enhancement of the signal can be much larger than the projection noise. The probe-spin ensemble is especially useful at a large distance from the target spin, where it is difficult for a single spin to read out the target spin within a reasonable repetition time. Our results pave the way for a new strategy to realize efficient single-spin detections.

An ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond is an attractive device to detect small magnetic fields. In particular, by exploiting the fact that the NV center can be aligned along one of four different axes due to symmetry, it is possible to extract information concerning vector magnetic fields. However, in the conventional scheme, low readout contrasts of the NV centers significantly decrease the sensitivity of the vector magnetic field sensing. Here, we propose a way to improve the sensitivity of the vector magnetic field sensing of the NV centers using multi-frequency control. Since the Zeeman energy of the NV centers depends on the direction of the axis, we can independently control the four types of NV centers using microwave pulses with different frequencies. This allows us to use every NV center for the vector field detection in parallel, which effectively increases the readout contrast. Our results pave the way to realize a practical diamond-based vector field sensor.

We report on a microwave planar ring antenna specifically designed for optically-detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. It has the resonance frequency at around 2.87 GHz with the bandwidth of 400 MHz, ensuring that ODMR can be observed under external magnetic fields up to 100 G without the need of adjustment of the resonance frequency. It is also spatially uniform within the 1-mm-diameter center hole, enabling the magnetic-field imaging in the wide spatial range. These features facilitate the experiments on quantum sensing and imaging using NV centers at room temperature., Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures, to appear in Review of Scientific Instruments