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The study was intended to explore the psychological bases of Teacher-Student Interaction (TSI) in the classroom. Moreover, differences in five psychological bases, emotional, conduct, hyperactivity, inattention, and peer interaction across teachers' gender, qualification, and teaching experience, were also the study's purpose. A cross-sectional quantitative survey study was designed for this purpose. The participants of the study were secondary school teachers from the Gujranwala district. A self-developed Teacher-Student Interaction Scale (TSIS) was used to collect data from 285 respondents. Data were analysed using mean, standard deviation, one sample, independent sample t-test, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). It was found that conduct and emotional bases are teachers' most frequently used psychological bases to develop TSI, while peer interaction is comparatively less contributing base. It was also revealed that there were insignificant differences regarding psychological bases across gender and qualification of the teachers. Furthermore, there was a contradiction in using psychological bases like emotional, hyperactivity, and the total scale across teachers' teaching experience. Hence, we suggest that future researchers conduct more in-depth studies on STIs to find the factors that lead to similar bases across gender, qualification, and experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the pattern of Biopsy Proven Renal Diseases (BPRD) in a single tertiary care centre in Islamabad, Pakistan. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Nephrology, KRL Hospital, Islamabad Pakistan, from Mar 2016 to Nov 2020. Methodology: The archival records of all native renal biopsies performed in adults (>18 years) were retrospectively analyzed. The biopsies were performed according to standard indications and evaluated by light microscopy and immunofluorescence. Results: A total of 134 renal biopsies were studied. Among these, 85(61.1 %) were males, and 49(36.5 %) were females. The mean age was 44.70±14.63 years. Primary glomerulonephritis's were the predominant group of diseases found in 93(69.4%) cases. Membranous nephropathy (MN) was the most common lesion in 52(38.8%), followed by focal segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in 22(16.4%) cases. Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (Ch. TIN) 12(9.0%) was the third most common lesion among all biopsies. Other diagnoses included lupus nephritis (LN) 10(7.5%) and IgA nephropathy (IgAN) 9(6.7%). One sample one-sided t-test was used to estimate the minimum proportion of occurrence of different biopsies in our concerned population. The estimated minimum proportion of membranous nephropathy (MN) was 0.31, with a p-value of 0.034. Conclusion: We concluded that primary Glomerulonephritis (PGN) is the most common renal disease, and membranous nephropathy is the most common biopsy-proven Glomerulopathy in our concerned population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a method for including pedestrians in a vehicle microsimulation model, specifically the VISSIM model. VISSIM provides a default mechanism for simulating pedestrian movements; however, this does not adequately replicate pedestrian behavior. We instead define pedestrians as vehicles and calibrate various parameters within VISSIM so that pedestrian behavior is calibrated with pedestrian speed-flow models. We validate and refine these parameters using a real traffic network with high levels of pedestrian traffic crossing at signalized junctions. This work demonstrates the feasibility of modeling vehicle-pedestrian interactions in a realistic manner and provides analysts with a tool for evaluating policies that affect both vehicle and pedestrian flows. CE Database subject headings: Pedestrians; Vehicle; Traffic flow; Calibration; Simulation.

Medicinal plants have significant contribution in pharmaceutical industries being producers of compounds utilized as precursors for drug development. A plant of Lamiaceae family; Pseudocaryopteris foetida had not been investigated for its biomedical potential. Current research was aimed to investigate phytochemical analysis, cytotoxic potential and antioxidant activity of crude methanolic extract and fractions of Pseudocaryopteris foetida (leaves). The preliminary phytochemical analysis of crude methanolic extracts and fractions of Pseudocaryopteris foetida revealed that plant is rich in phenolic and flavonoid classes of secondary metabolites while presence of tannin was observed only in crude methanolic extract. The cytotoxicity was determined using brine shrimp lethality test. Different concentrations (25, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 µg/mL) of crude methanolic extract and fractions exhibited dose dependent cytotoxicity. However, The LD 50 for all the extracts was more than 200 µg/mL indicating weak cytotoxic potential of Pseudocaryopteris foetida. The antioxidant capabilities of crude methanolic extract and fraction of Pseudocaryopteris foetida were analyzed by in vitro bio assays including DPPH, ABTS, Reducing power and phosphomolybdate antioxidant assays using ascorbic acid as standard. The crude methanolic extract showed IC 50 (256.38 ± 0.6 and 314.95 ± 1.1 µg/mL) for DPPH and ABTS respectively, while total antioxidant capacity was calculated as 55.79 ± 0.5 µg/mL for crude methanolic extract of Pseudocaryopteris foetida while ascorbic acid indicated total antioxidant capacity of 71.89 ± 2.3 µg/mL. Study concluded that leaves of Pseudocaryopteris foetida were the rich source of antioxidant phytochemicals. Based on preliminary investigations further research should be focused to isolate bioactive phytochemicals as leading source of clinical medicines in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Modern Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) is very safe, highly effective reversible and inexpensive family planning method which offers 5-10 years of protection against pregnancy. The contraceptive use in Pakistan has been merely 30% for over a decade with IUCD being the least used method. Higher discontinuation rates are documented in developing countries; however no such data is available for Pakistan. Marie Stopes Society (MSS) established a social franchise outlets network branded as 'SURAJ' (Sun) in Pakistan to provide quality family planning services. This study attempts to determine IUCD discontinuation rates and its associated risk factors. Using a semi-structured questionnaire, a cross-sectional study was conducted with 3000 clients who availed IUCD services from Suraj provider 6, 12 and 24 month back,. Data were analyzed in SPSS 17.0; adjusted prevalence ratios were calculated to see associations between discontinuation and its risk factors. Case presentation We found that 22.7% of the IUCD acceptors experienced some health problem; while the overall discontinuation rate was 18.9% with average time of usage of 7.4 (SD ± 5.8) months before discontinuation. Half of them showed health concerns (49.8%); of which a majority (70.2%) returned to Suraj provider for IUCD removal. Women living in Punjab, residing at a travelling time of 30-60 minutes and no previous use of contraceptive are more likely to discontinue IUCD. However, among total women 81.7% still expressed willingness to avail IUCD services from Suraj provider in future, if needed. Conclusion The findings suggest a need for training the providers and field workers to prevent early discontinuation of IUCD among the Suraj clients and by addressing the health concerns through proper counseling, continued follow-up and immediate medical aid/referral in case of complications.

Objectives: The rational of this study was to prevent pregnancy gingivitis through awareness and improvement of oral hygiene practices during pregnancy. This will consequently reduce the prevalence and severity of gum diseases. Study Design: Observational study. Setting: Outpatients Department of Gynecology, Unit 4, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro. Period: January 2017 to February 2018. Material & Methods: The oral examination was done at First visit (First Trimester) and Gingival index was recorded. All these participants were provided awareness regarding best oral hygiene. After 3 months participants were re-examined and gingival index was re-recorded. Gingival status was recorded through Gingival Index (GI) using disposable gloves (Supermax disposable gloves Made in Malaysia) and sterilized dental examination instruments with blunt ended (noninvasive) probe on the same visit. Results: The overall mean age of study subjects was 27.80±4.03 years, among 340 study subjects, 129(37.9) females were in first trimester of their pregnancy and 211(62.1%) were in second trimester at first visit. Descriptive statics of gingival index assessment score of gingival index at first visit was 1.95±0.51. Conclusion: Oral hygiene education and practices has improved the pregnancy related gum problems and has lessened the severity of gingivitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]