DESI Collaboration, Abareshi, B., Aguilar, J., Ahlen, S., Alam, Shadab, Alexander, David M., Alfarsy, R., Allen, L., Prieto, C. Allende, Alves, O., Ameel, J., Armengaud, E., Asorey, J., Aviles, Alejandro, Bailey, S., Balaguera-Antolínez, A., Ballester, O., Baltay, C., Bault, A., Beltran, S. F., Benavides, B., BenZvi, S., Berti, A., Besuner, R., Beutler, Florian, Bianchi, D., Blake, C., Blanc, P., Blum, R., Bolton, A., Bose, S., Bramall, D., Brieden, S., Brodzeller, A., Brooks, D., Brownewell, C., Buckley-Geer, E., Cahn, R. N., Cai, Z., Canning, R., Capasso, R., Rosell, A. Carnero, Carton, P., Casas, R., Castander, F. J., Cervantes-Cota, J. L., Chabanier, S., Chaussidon, E., Chuang, C., Circosta, C., Cole, S., Cooper, A. P., Costa, L. Da, Cousinou, M.-C., Cuceu, A., Davis, T. M., Dawson, K., Cruz-Noriega, R. De La, Macorra, A. De La, Mattia, A. De, Costa, J. Della, Demmer, P., Derwent, M., Dey, A., Dey, B., Dhungana, G., Ding, Z., Dobson, C., Doel, P., Donald-McCann, J., Donaldson, J., Douglass, K., Duan, Y., Dunlop, P., Edelstein, J., Eftekharzadeh, S., Eisenstein, D. J., Enriquez-Vargas, M., Escoffier, S., Evatt, M., Fagrelius, P., Fan, X., Fanning, K., Fawcett, V. A., Ferraro, S., Ereza, J., Flaugher, B., Font-Ribera, A., Forero-Romero, J. E., Frenk, C. S., Fromenteau, S., Gänsicke, B. T., Garcia-Quintero, C., Garrison, L., Gaztañaga, E., Gerardi, F., Gil-Marín, H., A Gontcho, S. Gontcho, Gonzalez-Morales, Alma X., Gonzalez-De-Rivera, G., Gonzalez-Perez, V., Gordon, C., Graur, O., Green, D., Grove, C., Gruen, D., Gutierrez, G., Guy, J., Hahn, C., Harris, S., Herrera, D., Herrera-Alcantar, Hiram K., Honscheid, K., Howlett, C., Huterer, D., Iršič, V., Ishak, M., Jelinsky, P., Jiang, L., Jimenez, J., Jing, Y. P., Joyce, R., Jullo, E., Juneau, S., Karaçaylı, N. G., Karamanis, M., Karcher, A., Karim, T., Kehoe, R., Kent, S., Kirkby, D., Kisner, T., Kitaura, F., Koposov, S. E., Kovács, A., Kremin, A., Krolewski, Alex, L’Huillier, B., Lahav, O., Lambert, A., Lamman, C., Lan, Ting-Wen, Landriau, M., Lane, S., Lang, D., Lange, J. U., Lasker, J., Guillou, L. Le, Leauthaud, A., Van Suu, A. Le, Levi, Michael E., Li, T. S., Magneville, C., Manera, M., Manser, Christopher J., Marshall, B., Martini, Paul, McCollam, W., McDonald, P., Meisner, Aaron M., Mena-Fernández, J., Meneses-Rizo, J., Mezcua, M., Miller, T., Miquel, R., Montero-Camacho, P., Moon, J., Moustakas, J., Mueller, E., Muñoz-Gutiérrez, Andrea, Myers, Adam D., Nadathur, S., Najita, J., Napolitano, L., Neilsen, E., Newman, Jeffrey A., Nie, J. D., Ning, Y., Niz, G., Norberg, P., Noriega, Hernán E., O’Brien, T., Obuljen, A., Palanque-Delabrouille, N., Palmese, A., Zhiwei, P., Pappalardo, D., PENG, X., Percival, W. J., Perruchot, S., Pogge, R., Poppett, C., Porredon, A., Prada, F., Prochaska, J., Pucha, R., Pérez-Fernández, A., Pérez-Ràfols, I., Rabinowitz, D., Raichoor, A., Ramirez-Solano, S., Ramírez-Pérez, César, Ravoux, C., Reil, K., Rezaie, M., Rocher, A., Rockosi, C., Roe, N. A., Roodman, A., Ross, A. J., Rossi, G., Ruggeri, R., Ruhlmann-Kleider, V., Sabiu, C. G., Safonova, S., Said, K., Saintonge, A., Catonga, Javier Salas, Samushia, L., Sanchez, E., Saulder, C., Schaan, E., Schlafly, E., Schlegel, D., Schmoll, J., Scholte, D., Schubnell, M., Secroun, A., Seo, H., Serrano, S., Sharples, Ray M., Sholl, Michael J., Silber, Joseph Harry, Silva, D. R., Sirk, M., Siudek, M., Smith, A., Sprayberry, D., Staten, R., Stupak, B., Tan, T., Tarlé, Gregory, Tie, Suk Sien, Tojeiro, R., Ureña-López, L. A., Valdes, F., Valenzuela, O., Valluri, M., Vargas-Magaña, M., Verde, L., Walther, M., Wang, B., Wang, M. S., Weaver, B. A., Weaverdyck, C., Wechsler, R., Wilson, Michael J., Yang, J., Yu, Y., Yuan, S., Yèche, Christophe, Zhang, H., Zhang, K., Zhao, Cheng, Zhou, Rongpu, Zhou, Zhimin, Zou, H., Zou, J., Zou, S., Zu, Y., Aguilar, J. [0000-0003-0822-452X], Ahlen, S. [0000-0001-6098-7247], Alam, Shadab [0000-0002-3757-6359], Alexander, David M. [0000-0002-5896-6313], Allen, L. [0000-0002-7789-5119], Prieto, C. Allende [0000-0002-0084-572X], Ameel, J. [0000-0003-3638-2584], Asorey, J. [0000-0002-6211-499X], Bailey, S. [0000-0003-4162-6619], Balaguera-Antolínez, A. [0000-0001-5028-3035], Ballester, O. [0000-0002-7126-5300], Bault, A. [0000-0002-9964-1005], Beltran, S. F. [0000-0001-6324-4019], Berti, A. [0000-0003-3582-6649], Beutler, Florian [0000-0003-0467-5438], Bose, S. [0000-0002-0974-5266], Brieden, S. [0000-0003-3896-9215], Brodzeller, A. [0000-0002-8934-0954], Brooks, D. [0000-0002-8458-5047], Cahn, R. N. [0000-0003-2748-0641], Cai, Z. [0000-0001-8467-6478], Capasso, R. [0000-0002-3083-6840], Rosell, A. Carnero [0000-0003-3044-5150], Castander, F. J. [0000-0001-7316-4573], Cervantes-Cota, J. L. [0000-0002-3057-6786], Chabanier, S. [0000-0002-5692-5243], Chaussidon, E. [0000-0001-8996-4874], Chuang, C. [0000-0002-3882-078X], Cole, S. [0000-0002-5954-7903], Cooper, A. P. [0000-0001-8274-158X], Cuceu, A. [0000-0002-2169-0595], Davis, T. M. [0000-0002-4213-8783], Dawson, K. [0000-0002-0553-3805], Costa, J. Della [0000-0003-0928-2000], Dey, A. [0000-0002-4928-4003], Dey, B. [0000-0002-5665-7912], Dhungana, G. [0000-0002-5402-1216], Ding, Z. [0000-0002-3369-3718], Douglass, K. [0000-0002-9540-546X], Duan, Y. [0000-0002-2611-0895], Eisenstein, D. J. [0000-0002-2929-3121], Escoffier, S. [0000-0002-2847-7498], Fan, X. [0000-0003-3310-0131], Fawcett, V. A. [0000-0003-1251-532X], Ereza, J. [0000-0002-0194-4017], Frenk, C. S. [0000-0002-2338-716X], Gänsicke, B. T. [0000-0002-2761-3005], Garrison, L. [0000-0002-9853-5673], Gaztañaga, E. [0000-0001-9632-0815], Gonzalez-Morales, Alma X. [0000-0003-4089-6924], Gonzalez-de-Rivera, G. [0000-0003-4452-743X], Gonzalez-Perez, V. [0000-0001-9938-2755], Graur, O. [0000-0002-4391-6137], Green, D. [0000-0002-0676-3661], Gruen, D. [0000-0003-3270-7644], Hahn, C. [0000-0003-1197-0902], Herrera, D. [0000-0003-2092-6727], Herrera-Alcantar, Hiram K. [0000-0002-9136-9609], Huterer, D. [0000-0001-6558-0112], Iršič, V. [0000-0002-5445-461X], Ishak, M. [0000-0002-6024-466X], Jiang, L. [0000-0003-4176-6486], Jing, Y. P. [0000-0002-4534-3125], Joyce, R. [0000-0003-0201-5241], Jullo, E. [0000-0002-9253-053X], Juneau, S. [0000-0002-0000-2394], Karaçaylı, N. G. [0000-0001-7336-8912], Karamanis, M. [0000-0001-9489-4612], Karim, T. [0000-0002-5652-8870], Kehoe, R. [0000-0002-7101-697X], Kent, S. [0000-0003-4207-7420], Kirkby, D. [0000-0002-8828-5463], Kisner, T. [0000-0003-3510-7134], Koposov, S. E. [0000-0003-2644-135X], Kovács, A. [0000-0002-5825-579X], Kremin, A. [0000-0001-6356-7424], L’Huillier, B. [0000-0003-2934-6243], Landriau, M. [0000-0003-1838-8528], Lang, D. [0000-0002-1172-0754], Lasker, J. [0000-0003-2999-4873], Guillou, L. Le [0000-0001-7178-8868], Leauthaud, A. [0000-0002-3677-3617], Van Suu, A. Le [0000-0001-5488-783X], Levi, Michael E. [0000-0003-1887-1018], Li, T. S. [0000-0002-9110-6163], Manser, Christopher J. [0000-0003-1543-5405], Martini, Paul [0000-0002-0194-4017], McDonald, P. [0000-0001-8346-8394], Meisner, Aaron M. [0000-0002-1125-7384], Mena-Fernández, J. [0000-0001-9497-7266], Meneses-Rizo, J. [0000-0003-3201-9788], Miquel, R. [0000-0002-6610-4836], Moustakas, J. [0000-0002-2733-4559], Nadathur, S. [0000-0001-9070-3102], Neilsen, E. [0000-0002-7357-0317], Newman, Jeffrey A. [0000-0001-8684-2222], Nie, J. D. [0000-0001-6590-8122], Ning, Y. [0000-0001-9442-1217], Niz, G. [0000-0002-1544-8946], Norberg, P. [0000-0002-5875-0440], Noriega, Hernán E. [0000-0002-3397-3998], Obuljen, A. [0000-0002-9012-6621], Palanque-Delabrouille, N. [0000-0003-3188-784], PENG, X. [0000-0002-3784-830X], Percival, W. J. [0000-0002-0644-5727], Pogge, R. [0000-0003-1435-3053], Porredon, A. [0000-0002-2762-2024], Prada, F. [0000-0001-7145-8674], Prochaska, J. [0000-0002-7738-6875], Pucha, R. [0000-0002-4940-3009], Pérez-Ràfols, I. [0000-0001-6979-0125], Rabinowitz, D. [0000-0003-4961-7653], Raichoor, A. [0000-0001-5999-7923], Rezaie, M. [0000-0001-5589-7116], Rockosi, C. [0000-0002-6667-7028], Roodman, A. [0000-0001-5326-3486], Sabiu, C. G. [0000-0002-5513-5303], Safonova, S. [0000-0002-2240-7421], Said, K. [0000-0002-1809-6325], Saintonge, A. [0000-0003-4357-3450], Samushia, L. [0000-0002-1609-5687], Sanchez, E. [0000-0002-9646-8198], Saulder, C. [0000-0002-0408-5633], Schaan, E. [0000-0002-4619-8927], Schlegel, D. [0000-0002-5042-5088], Secroun, A. [0000-0003-0505-3710], Seo, H. [0000-0002-6588-3508], Sharples, Ray M. [0000-0003-3449-8583], Silber, Joseph Harry [0000-0002-3461-0320], Silva, D. R. [0000-0002-7678-2155], Sprayberry, D. [0000-0001-7583-6441], Tarlé, Gregory [0000-0003-1704-0781], Tie, Suk Sien [0000-0002-5249-1353], Valdes, F. [0000-0001-5567-1301], Valenzuela, O. [0000-0002-0523-5509], Valluri, M. [0000-0002-6257-2341], Verde, L. [0000-0003-2601-8770], Walther, M. [0000-0002-1748-3745], Wang, B. [0000-0003-4877-1659], Wang, M. S. [0000-0002-2652-4043], Wechsler, R. [0000-0003-2229-011X], Yang, J. [0000-0001-5287-4242], Yu, Y. [0000-0002-9359-7170], Yuan, S. [0000-0002-5992-7586], Yèche, Christophe [0000-0001-5146-8533], Zhang, H. [0000-0001-6847-5254], Zhang, K. [0000-0002-9808-3646], Zhao, Cheng [0000-0002-1991-7295], Zhou, Rongpu [0000-0001-5381-4372], Zhou, Zhimin [0000-0002-4135-0977], Zou, H. [0000-0002-6684-3997], Zou, J. [0000-0001-9189-0368], Zou, S. [0000-0002-3983-6484], Zu, Y. [0000-0001-6966-6925], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, University of St Andrews. School of Physics and Astronomy, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP), Institut Pythéas (OSU PYTHEAS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DESI, HEP, INSPIRE, and Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)
Full list of authors: Abareshi, B.; Aguilar, J.; Ahlen, S.; Alam, Shadab; Alexander, David M.; Alfarsy, R.; Allen, L.; Allende Prieto, C.; Alves, O.; Ameel, J.; Armengaud, E.; Asorey, J.; Aviles, Alejandro; Bailey, S.; Balaguera-Antolinez, A.; Ballester, O.; Baltay, C.; Bault, A.; Beltran, S. F.; Benavides, B.; BenZvi, S.; Berti, A.; Besuner, R.; Beutler, Florian; Bianchi, D.; Blake, C.; Blanc, P.; Blum, R.; Bolton, A.; Bose, S.; Bramall, D.; Brieden, S.; Brodzeller, A.; Brooks, D.; Brownewell, C.; Buckley-Geer, E.; Cahn, R. N.; Cai, Z.; Canning, R.; Capasso, R.; Carnero Rosell, A.; Carton, P.; Casas, R.; Castander, F. J.; Cervantes-Cota, J. L.; Chabanier, S.; Chaussidon, E.; Chuang, C.; Circosta, C.; Cole, S.; Cooper, A. P.; da Costa, L.; Cousinou, M-C; Cuceu, A.; Davis, T. M.; Dawson, K.; De la Cruz-Noriega, R.; de la Macorra, A.; de Mattia, A.; Della Costa, J.; Demmer, P.; Derwent, M.; Dey, A.; Dey, B.; Dhungana, G.; Ding, Z.; Dobson, C.; Doel, P.; Donald-McCann, J.; Donaldson, J.; Douglass, K.; Duan, Y.; Dunlop, P.; Edelstein, J.; Eftekharzadeh, S.; Eisenstein, D. J.; Enriquez-Vargas, M.; Escoffier, S.; Evatt, M.; Fagrelius, P.; Fan, X.; Fanning, K.; Fawcett, V. A.; Ferraro, S.; Ereza, J.; Flaugher, B.; Font-Ribera, A.; Forero-Romero, J. E.; Frenk, C. S.; Fromenteau, S.; Gansicke, B. T.; Garcia-Quintero, C.; Garrison, L.; Gaztanaga, E.; Gerardi, F.; Gil-Marin, H.; Gontcho, S. Gontcho A.; Gonzalez-Morales, Alma X.; Gonzalez-de-Rivera, G.; Gonzalez-Perez, V; Gordon, C.; Graur, O.; Green, D.; Grove, C.; Gruen, D.; Gutierrez, G.; Guy, J.; Hahn, C.; Harris, S.; Herrera, D.; Herrera-Alcantar, Hiram K.; Honscheid, K.; Howlett, C.; Huterer, D.; Irsic, V; Ishak, M.; Jelinsky, P.; Jiang, L.; Jimenez, J.; Jing, Y. P.; Joyce, R.; Jullo, E.; Juneau, S.; Karacayli, N. G.; Karamanis, M.; Karcher, A.; Karim, T.; Kehoe, R.; Kent, S.; Kirkby, D.; Kisner, T.; Kitaura, F.; Koposov, S. E.; Kovacs, A.; Kremin, A.; Krolewski, Alex; L'Huillier, B.; Lahav, O.; Lambert, A.; Lamman, C.; Lan, Ting-Wen; Landriau, M.; Lane, S.; Lang, D.; Lange, J. U.; Lasker, J.; Le Guillou, L.; Leauthaud, A.; Suu, A. Le Van; Levi, Michael E.; Li, T. S.; Magneville, C.; Manera, M.; Manser, Christopher J.; Marshall, B.; Martini, Paul; McCollam, W.; McDonald, P.; Meisner, Aaron M.; Mena-Fernandez, J.; Meneses-Rizo, J.; Mezcua, M.; Miller, T.; Miquel, R.; Montero-Camacho, P.; Moon, J.; Moustakas, J.; Mueller, E.; Munoz-Gutierrez, Andrea; Myers, Adam D.; Nadathur, S.; Najita, J.; Napolitano, L.; Neilsen, E.; Newman, Jeffrey A.; Nie, J. D.; Ning, Y.; Niz, G.; Norberg, P.; Noriega, Hernan E.; O'Brien, T.; Obuljen, A.; Palanque-Delabrouille, N.; Palmese, A.; Zhiwei, P.; Pappalardo, D.; Peng, X.; Percival, W. J.; Perruchot, S.; Pogge, R.; Poppett, C.; Porredon, A.; Prada, F.; Prochaska, J.; Pucha, R.; Perez-Fernandez, A.; Perez-Rafols, I; Rabinowitz, D.; Raichoor, A.; Ramirez-Solano, S.; Ramirez-Perez, Cesar; Ravoux, C.; Reil, K.; Rezaie, M.; Rocher, A.; Rockosi, C.; Roe, N. A.; Roodman, A.; Ross, A. J.; Rossi, G.; Ruggeri, R.; Ruhlmann-Kleider, V; Sabiu, C. G.; Safonova, S.; Said, K.; Saintonge, A.; Catonga, Javier Salas; Samushia, L.; Sanchez, E.; Saulder, C.; Schaan, E.; Schlafly, E.; Schlegel, D.; Schmoll, J.; Scholte, D.; Schubnell, M.; Secroun, A.; Seo, H.; Serrano, S.; Sharples, Ray M.; Sholl, Michael J.; Silber, Joseph Harry; Silva, D. R.; Sirk, M.; Siudek, M.; Smith, A.; Sprayberry, D.; Staten, R.; Stupak, B.; Tan, T.; Tarle, Gregory; Tie, Suk Sien; Tojeiro, R.; Urena-Lopez, L. A.; Valdes, F.; Valenzuela, O.; Valluri, M.; Vargas-Magana, M.; Verde, L.; Walther, M.; Wang, B.; Wang, M. S.; Weaver, B. A.; Weaverdyck, C.; Wechsler, R.; Wilson, Michael J.; Yang, J.; Yu, Y.; Yuan, S.; Yeche, Christophe; Zhang, H.; Zhang, K.; Zhao, Cheng; Zhou, Rongpu; Zhou, Zhimin; Zou, H.; Zou, J.; Zou, S.; Zu, Y.; DESI Collaboration.--This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) embarked on an ambitious 5 yr survey in 2021 May to explore the nature of dark energy with spectroscopic measurements of 40 million galaxies and quasars. DESI will determine precise redshifts and employ the baryon acoustic oscillation method to measure distances from the nearby universe to beyond redshift z > 3.5, and employ redshift space distortions to measure the growth of structure and probe potential modifications to general relativity. We describe the significant instrumentation we developed to conduct the DESI survey. This includes: a wide-field, 3fdg2 diameter prime-focus corrector; a focal plane system with 5020 fiber positioners on the 0.812 m diameter, aspheric focal surface; 10 continuous, high-efficiency fiber cable bundles that connect the focal plane to the spectrographs; and 10 identical spectrographs. Each spectrograph employs a pair of dichroics to split the light into three channels that together record the light from 360–980 nm with a spectral resolution that ranges from 2000–5000. We describe the science requirements, their connection to the technical requirements, the management of the project, and interfaces between subsystems. DESI was installed at the 4 m Mayall Telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory and has achieved all of its performance goals. Some performance highlights include an rms positioner accuracy of better than 0farcs1 and a median signal-to-noise ratio of 7 of the [O ii] doublet at 8 × 10−17 erg s−1 cm−2 in 1000 s for galaxies at z = 1.4–1.6. We conclude with additional highlights from the on-sky validation and commissioning, key successes, and lessons learned. © 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society., This research is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, and by the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science User Facility under the same contract. Additional support for DESI is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation, Division of Astronomical Sciences under contract No. AST-0950945 to the NSF's National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory; the Science and Technologies Facilities Council of the United Kingdom; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; the Heising–Simons Foundation; the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA); the National Council of Science and Technology of Mexico (CONACYT); the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain, and by the DESI Member Institutions: Aix-Marseille University; Argonne National Laboratory; Barcelona-Madrid Regional Participation Group; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Boston University; Brazil Regional Participation Group; Carnegie Mellon University; CEA-IRFU, Saclay; China Participation Group; Cornell University; Durham University; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zürich; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory; Granada-Madrid-Tenerife Regional Participation Group; Harvard University; Kansas State University; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Korea Institute for Advanced Study; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies; Ludwig Maximilians University; Max Planck Institute; Mexico Regional Participation Group; New York University; NSF's National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory; Ohio University; Perimeter Institute; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Siena College; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory; Southern Methodist University; Swinburne University; The Ohio State University; Universidad de los Andes; University of Arizona; University of Barcelona; University of California, Berkeley; University of California, Irvine; University of California, Santa Cruz; University College London; University of Florida; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pittsburgh; University of Portsmouth; University of Queensland; University of Rochester; University of Toronto; University of Utah; University of Waterloo; University of Wyoming; University of Zurich; UK Regional Participation Group; and Yale University. This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC; https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement., With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709.