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This paper propose a new type of analog adaptive filter derived as a generalization of the concept of matched filter. We conceive such a filter to track the instantaneous frequency of frequency modulated signals. Some properties of the proposed analog frequency tracking filter are established using the time-frequency representations theory. A constructive solution, based on common analog integrated circuits, is also proposed. The performance of the analog frequency tracking filter built is evaluated by measurements. Finally, some possible applications are highlighted.

Background/objective: In clinical trials, tapentadol prolonged release (PR) showed a more favourable gastrointestinal tolerability profile compared to other strong opioids in the treatment of pain. The present analysis compared tapentadol PR and classical WHO-III PR opioids in routine clinical practice., Method: Retrospective cohort study (matched pair approach) using anonymised health insurance data of patients with chronic low back pain who were prescribed strong opioids following pretreatment with WHO-I/II analgesics. Data were analysed from the date of first prescription in 2015 over a maximum period of two years. The primary analysis parameter was the prescription of laxatives., Results: Data of 227 patients per cohort could be included in the analysis. Significantly fewer tapentadol PR than WHO-III PR patients were prescribed laxatives (20.3% vs. 37%; p < 0.0001). In addition, laxative dosages were significantly lower in the tapentadol PR cohort (26.4 vs. 82.5 defined daily doses; p < 0.0001). A significant difference in laxative prescription was also observed under long-term treatment (tapentadol PR patients 27.7% vs. WHO-III PR patients 50%; p = 0.0029)., Conclusion: Routine clinical practice indirectly confirmed the more favourable gastrointestinal tolerability of tapentadol PR in the treatment of chronic pain which had previously been demonstrated in clinical trials and non-interventional studies., (© 2022. Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)