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Lepthyphantes sardosus (sic!); Roewer 1942: 554. Examined material. Italy: Sardegna, Ulassai, Ogliastra (Nuoro province), Grutta de Su Marmuri [Su Marmuri cave] (0055 Sa / NU), 843 m, 21 Feb 2022, Isaia & Nicolosi leg., 1♂ (neotype, here designated: MSNG), 1♀, 1♂ and 3♀♀ (MI 3466), 1 ♂ and 1♀ (MCSNB 47697). Type locality. Italy, Sardegna, Ulassai, Ogliastra (Nuoro province), Grutta de Su Marmuri. New diagnosis The sinuous, horsefish-shaped embolus of the male with dentigerous protrusions on its proximal part (ppe in Fig. 1), the well-developed tripartite structure of the scapus (proscape, middle part, and distal part with lateral lobes and stretcher, Figs 6-8) as well as the leg formula of chaetotaxy lead to the transfer of this species to the genus Tenuiphantes. Males are distinguished from other species of Lepthyphantes sensu lato by observing the male pedipalp in external lateral (Fig. 1) and ventral (Fig. 2) view, by the club-shaped “lamella characteristica” (lc, Fig. 3), the terminal apophysis divided in two lobes (lta in Figs 1-2), the lack of teeth on the paracymbium (pc, Fig. 4), the presence of 3-4 spine-shaped teeth on the proximal part of the embolus (ppe, Figs 1-2). Females are diagnosed by the roughly rectangular proscape (ps, Fig. 6) with curved edges, wider than long, indented midway at its base and highly protruding in lateral view (Fig. 8). Description of the male neotype Overall size and leg length small. Prosoma 0.984 long, 0.852 wide, light-yellowish. Cephalic region not elevated with a few bristles interspersed among the eyes (Fig. 5). Clypeus 0.162 long, slightly indented under the eyes, then convex, with one bristle just below the head region. Eyes normally developed, with pigment and black margins (Fig. 5). AME smallest. PLE, PME and ALE slightly similar in diameter. ALE and PLE contiguous. PLE–PME distance: 0.049, ALE–AME distance: 0.045, PME–PME distance: 0.056. Eye diameters: AME: 0.041, PME: 0.071, ALE: 0.076, PLE: 0.059. Sternum heart-shaped, yellowish with blackish shades and darker margin. At high magnification a fine pattern of irregular circles is visible. Chelicerae 0.409 long, light brownish, with 18-20 lateral stridulatory ridges and armed with three teeth on the anterior margin of the chelicera: two of them almost contiguous, bigger in size and reaching the fang almost midway and the third smaller on the proximal part of the cheliceral margin (Fig. 5). On the posterior margin, three-four very small teeth are visible, grouped on the central part of the cheliceral margin. Legs uniformly light yellowish. Leg I: femur 1.63, patella 0.31, tibia 1.67, metatarsus 1.68, tarsus 1.02, TLL 6.31; leg II: femur 1.58, patella 0.29, tibia 1.40, metatarsus 1.54, tarsus 0.93, TLL 5.74; leg III: femur 1.28, patella 0.26, tibia 1.24, metatarsus 1.19, tarsus 0.75, TLL 4.72; leg IV: femur 1.22, patella 0.23, tibia 1.17, metatarsus 1.18, tarsus 0.70, TLL 4.5. Abdomen 1.45 long, 0.994 wide; grey, generally darker than the prosoma, in some specimens very pale, lighter than the prosoma. Palp: femur 0.438, patella 0.115, tibia 0.171, cymbium 0.437. Cymbium faintly convex (cy, Fig. 1), when seen from above the internal margin is regular and the external one bears two faint lobes in its proximal half. Paracymbium U-shaped in lateral view (pc, Fig. 4), unarmed and bearing some hairs on the proximal part (ppc, Fig. 4), apical part gradually narrowed anteriorly (apc, Fig. 4), distal suprategular apophysis directed upwards (dsa, Fig. 1), with a sharp end. Embolus sinuous, horsefish-shaped, its proximal part bearing three-four stout spine-like teeth (ppe, Figs 1-2), thumb well-developed. “Lamella characteristica” club-shaped (lc in Fig. 3), terminal apophysis strongly sclerotized, divided in two lobes (lta, Figs 1-2). Description of the female (paratype from Su Marmuri cave) Similar in most features to male. Prosoma 0.954 long, 0.803 wide. Clypeus 0.162. Eyes normally developed, with pigment and black margins. AME smallest. PLE, PME and ALE slightly similar in diameter. ALE and PLE contiguous. PLE–PME distance: 0.066, ALE–AME distance: 0.060, PME–PME distance: 0.065. Eye diameters: AME: 0.045, PME: 0.061, ALE: 0.067, PLE: 0.061. Chelicerae 0.413 long. Leg I: femur 1.89, patella 0.307, tibia 1.76, metatarsus 1.60, tarsus 1.03, TLL 6.587; leg II: femur 1.82, patella 0.295, tibia 1.62, metatarsus 1.55, tarsus 0.870, TLL 6.155; leg III: femur 1.45, patella 0.284, tibia 1.48, metatarsus 1.56, tarsus 0.732, TLL 5.506; leg IV: femur 1.44, patella 0.280, tibia 1.52, metatarsus 1.41, tarsus 0.769, TLL 5.419. Abdomen 1.69 long, 1.03 wide. Palp: femur 0.363, patella 0.133, tibia 0.235, tarsus 0.439. Epigynal plate forming a roughly rectangular proscape with curved edges (ps, Figs 6-7), wider than long, indented midway at its base. Lateral plates visible in dorsal view (ll, Fig. 7) only faintly visible in ventral view (ll, Fig. 6). Scape arched in lateral view (Fig. 8), covering entirely the inner part of the epigyne (“languette interne” according to Fage 1919); stretcher tongue-shaped (St, Figs 6-7), short, bearing a pitted knob at its end, clearly visible in ventral view. Fertilisation ducts sclerotized. Spination (based on all material examined) Femur I with one prolateral spine; femur II, III and IV with no spines. Patella I-IV with one dorsal spine. Tibia I with two dorsal, one prolateral, and one retrolateral spines; tibia II with one dorsal, and one prolateral and one retrolateral spines; tibia III and IV with one dorsal and one retrolateral spines. Metatarsus I–IV with one dorsal spine. Position of TmI: 0.16. Trichobothrium on Mt IV absent. Taxonomical remarks In the original description, Gozo (1908) assigned the newly described species to the genus Lepthyphantes Menge, 1866. In lack of males, the diagnosis was based on the morphology of the epigyne, having a characteristic margin of the “ margine del tubercolo sporgente ” (presumably the margin of the proscapus) and by the presence of one spine on femur I. The genus assignation was based on the characters provided by Simon’s (Simon 1884) description of Lepthyphantes (Gozo 1908: 119: “ Infine la mia sàrdoa è sicuramente una Leptyphantes, secondo la descrizione del Simon, perchè presenta esattamente i caratteri del genere” [Finally, my sàrdoa is certainly a Lepthyphantes, according to Simon’s description, because it shows exactly the feature of the genus]). The occurrence of males at the type locality together with females allowed to pair the two sexes. Moreover, the match is confirmed by morphological characters shared by males and females, such as chaetotaxy, cheliceral teeth, stridulatory ridges, abdominal pattern and ocular pattern. Saaristo & Tanasevitch (1993, 1996) reclassified the genus Lepthyphantes using a typological approach, examining the morphology of the genital organs, especially males. As a result, most of the European species of Lepthyphantes were transferred or assigned to new genera. On the other hand, given the lack of males, L. sardous was not transferred to any of the newly created genera. Our finding of the unknown male now allows the placement of this species within the genus Tenuiphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996. According to the original description, the genus includes small Linyphiids, having in males a sinuous embolus with a dentigerous protrusion on its proximal part (Saaristo & Tanasevitch 1996). Such character is clearly visible in our case (Figs 1-2). Moreover, other details given in the genus description such as chaetotaxy, unmodified cymbium and relatively large paracymbium do match our case. According to the morphology of the male genitalia, T. sardous n. comb. is similar to T. alacris (Blackwall, 1853) and T. cristatus (Menge, 1866), showing a similar club-shaped “lamella characteristica” but lacking teeth on the paracymbium. The female is close to T. flavipes (Blackwall, 1854), with a rounded proscape covering the whole median part of the scape. Ecology and distribution Specimens of T. sardous n. comb. have been collected on the cave ground, among rocks in areas mostly covered with guano. At the collection localities, the cave has an almost constant temperature of ~8°C (Cossu 2022, personal communication). In lack of noticeable troglomorphic traits and in accordance with Mammola et al. (2018), we regard the species as troglophile – not a troglobiont as reported by Lana et al. (2016). Interestingly, despite the eyes being normally developed in all specimens (Fig. 5), the abdomen of the specimens collected in the deepest sector of the cave is paler compared to the others. As far as the distribution is concerned, the species is currently known exclusively for the type locality. However, the troglophile habitus and the general lack of arachnological prospections in Sardinian caves suggest a wider distribution on the island. The Su Marmuri cave is located at 874 m a.s.l. on Tisiddu Mountain (Ulassai, Nuoro province). A huge sinkhole, evidence of an ancient water drainage, gives access to a large, mostly horizontal, underground tunnel (Figs 9-10). The difference in height from the entrance to the sinkhole is approximately 35 m, and the length of the tunnel is about 900 m (Cossu et al. 2022). Su Marmuri cave is a remarkable geoheritage site and a hotspot for the conservation of cave-dwelling fauna, hosting a large winter colony of about 27.000 individuals of the common bent-wing bat Miniopterus schreibersi (Chiroptera, Miniopteridae), and several endemic species of subterranean arthropods such as the beetle Ovobathysciola gestroi, the chilopod Lithobius doderoi (see Graffiti 2009). The cave opened to tourism in the mid-1950s and through the years has become an important tourist attraction, with approximately 15.000 tourists/year visiting the cave from May to October. In light of the biological and geological characteristics of the cave and the concurrent pressure of tourism, an environmental monitoring program of Su Marmuri cave started in 2021, in the framework of the research project of national relevance “Showcave”. Data shows how the presence of tourists in the cave during summer does not alter the cave microclimate (Cinus et al. 2021; Cossu et al. 2022). Moreover, tourist facilities inside the cave do not seem to have any significant effect on the cave ground that could potentially alter the species habitat. In general terms, the current management of the cave as a tourist attraction does not seem to have negative effects on the survival of this endemic species. Acknowledgements – We are thankful to Antonello Cossu and to Daniela Cinus of CNR-IBE Sassari for organizing the trip to Su Marmuri cave and for assisting us in our Sardinian expedition. A special thanks goes to Antonello Cossu for providing data and suggestions about cave microclimate. Thanks to Cesare Pilia and the staff of Su Marmuri cave for his great and friendly hospitality at Su Bullicciu Restaurant. We are grateful to Andrei Tanasevitch for providing advice on genus assignment and for revising anatomical descriptions and illustrations. Alessandro Infuso was supported by the grant “Spider Conservation in Italy ” (33/2022, University of Torino). The expedition to Su Marmuri cave and the above mentioned grant were funded by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research in the frame of the PRIN SHOWCAVE “A multidisciplinary research project to study, classify and mitigate the environmental impact in tourist caves” – code 2017HTXT2R (PI: Marco Isaia)., Published as part of Isaia, Marco & Nicolosi, Giuseppe, 2023, Notes on the Sardinian endemic Tenuiphantes sardous (Gozo, 1908) n. comb. (Araneae: Linyphiidae), pp. 31-36 in Fragmenta entomologica 55 (1) on pages 32-36, DOI: 10.13133/2284-4880/1509, http://zenodo.org/record/8148348, {"references":["Roewer C. F. 1942. Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940. 1. Band (Mesothelae, Orthognatha, Labidognatha: Dysderaeformia, Scytodiformia, Pholciformia, Zodariiformia, Hersiliaeformia, Argyopiformia). Natura, Buchhandlung fur Naturkunde und exakte Wissenschaften Paul Budy, Bremen, 1040 pp.","Gozo A. 1908. Gli Aracnidi di caverne italiane. Bollettino della Societa entomologica italiana, 38: 109 - 139.","Simon E. 1884. Les arachnides de France. Tome cinquieme, deux- ieme et troisieme partie. Roret, Paris, pp. 180 - 885, 27 Pl.","Saaristo M. I., Tanasevitch A. V. 1993. Notes on the systematics of the spider genus Lepthyphantes Menge (Aranei Linyphiidae Micronetinae). Arthropoda Selecta, 2 (2): 55 - 61.","Saaristo M. I., Tanasevitch A. V. 1996. Redelimitation of the sub- family Micronetinae Hull, 1920 and the genus Lepthyphantes Menge, 1866 with descriptions of some new genera (Aranei, Linyphiidae). Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Mediz- inischen Vereins in Innsbruck, 83: 163 - 186.","Cossu Q. A., Cinus D., Isaia M., Piano E., Duce P. Environmental monitoring of Su Marmuri cave (Ulassai), a preliminary pic- ture. Proceedings of the Congresso SGI-SIMP 2022 (19 - 21 September 2022), Torino, Italy, p. 552.","Mammola S., Cardoso P., Ribera C., Pavlek M., Isaia M. 2018. A synthesis on cave dwelling spiders in Europe. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 56 (3), 301 - 316.","Cinus D., Cossu Q. A., Arca A., Ventura A., Ferrara R., Isaia M., Piano E. & Duce P. (2021). Environmental monitoring of touristic caves in Sardinia. Proceedings of the XXX Congres- so della Societa Italiana di Ecologia (25 - 27 October 2021), Lecce, Italy, p. 127."]}

Nicolosi, Giuseppe, Giachino, Pier Mauro, Magrini, Paolo, Sabella, Giorgio, Isaia, Marco (2023): Distribution and bioclimatic suitability of Duvalius hartigi, subterranean beetle from the lava caves of Mount Etna (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Trechinae). Fragmenta entomologica 55 (1): 37-44, DOI: 10.13133/2284-4880/1510, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11630-8

Vesubia jugorum (Simon, 1881) Trabea jugorum Simon, 1881: 83. Vesubia jugorum – Simon 1909: 402. MATERIAL. –– France • 2 ♀; département des Alpes-Maritimes, Valdeblore, Mont Pepoiri, western slope, in rocky debris; 2360 m a.s.l.; 1.VII.2022; Isaia and Tolve leg., coll. MI • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; MNHN • 2 ♀; Colmars-les-Alpes, Téte de l’Encombrette, southern slope; steep alpine scree; 2200 m a.s.l.; 3.VII.2021; Isaia and Tolve leg., coll. MI • 5 ♀; Colmars-les-Alpes, Dent de Lièvre, northern slope; flat rocky debris area; 2138 m a.s.l.; 3.VII.2021; Isaia and Tolve leg., coll. MI. OBSERVATIONS. –– Italy • 1 specimen; Province of Cuneo, Entracque, Lago Bianco dell’Agnello; 2200 m a.s.l.; 8.VIII.2019: Giordana vid. France • 1 ♀; département des Alpes-Maritimes, Entraunes, Lac des Garrets; 2299 m a.s.l.; 22.VIII.2019; Lucas vid. • 1 ♀; Saint-MartinVésubie, Col du Mercantour; 2532 m a.s.l.; 18.VIII.2019; Assmann vid. • 1 ♀; Valdeblore, Vallon des Millefonts, western slope, in rocky debris; 2150 m a.s.l.; 30. VI.2022; Breton vid. • 2 ♀; Mont Pepoiri, western slope, in rocky debris; 2360 m a.s.l.; 1.VII.2022; Isaia and Tolve vid. • 1 ♀; Valdeblore Tête de la Roubine, southern slope, in rocky debris; 2274 m a.s.l.; 3.VII.2022; Isaia and Tolve vid. • 1 ♀; département des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Uvernet-Fours, Col de la Petite Cayolle; 2460 m a.s.l.; 5.IX.2019; Lucas vid. REMARK These new findings extend the current known distribution range of the species from the previous 2456 km ² to the current 2628 km ². To date, the known occurrences of Vesubia jugorum are 110, i.e., 66 in Italy (Province of Cuneo) and 44 in France (24 in département des Alpes-Maritimes and 20 in département des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence). The new updated distribution of V. jugorum is presented in Fig. 1, and the new records are detailed in Table 2. MICROCLIMATIC DATA Temperature data derived from data-loggers positioned under stones showed daily fluctuations in temperature and relative humidity during the warm season until late October, when the temperature quickly drops to 0°C and remains almost constant until the following mid-June. Data from the meteorological station of Rocca dell’Abisso showed strong fluctuations of the air temperatures during the year, ranging from –17 ° in winter to 22 °C in summer (Fig. 3). OBSERVATIONAL DATA ON LIFE CYCLE, PHENOLOGY AND DIET Observational data likely confirm for Vesubia jugorum a stenochronus life cycle. Females and juveniles were generally found throughout the summer season, from mid-June to late September (only one record from Mongioie at the beginning of October), whereas adult males were found for a shorter period, from July to mid-September (Fig. 3). No observations were ever carried out in winter due to the high snow coverage in suitable areas. During the summer season, different cohorts were found simultaneously. The highest abundance of adult specimens occurred in July and August, likely corresponding with the mating period. Males were encountered less frequently and their density was generally low, an observation that may be possibly biased by the higher mobility of males and the greatest difficulty in catching them. Females with cocoons have been found – always in their retreats – from the end of June to the early days of September. Females build circular and silk-lined retreat under stones, with a small opening in the silken walls, occasionally digging an additional small recess into the soil. Females with cocoons did not seem to be territorial, as up to three females have been found in adjoining retreats under the same stone. The cocoons are globular, white and contain on average 200 eggs (89-343, n = 10). According to our observations, females produce more egg sacs in the same season. The production of a second egg sac has been observed in laboratory-reared specimens. Females of Vesubia jugorum exhibit maternal cares of both cocoons and spiderlings. They carry their cocoon underneath their abdomens attached to the spinnerets. If they lose their egg sac, or if the egg sac is removed, they look for it in the surrounded area until they found it or a surrogate (e.g. a rounded piece of cotton). Under laboratory conditions, females fed while carrying egg sacs or pulli. Female looks after the cocoon for around one month after the laying, until the offspring hatch. The first moult occurs inside the egg sac while the second-instar juveniles emerge from the cocoon through a cleft in the seam, and climb onto their mother opisthosoma, and, occasionally, carapace. Maternal care for spiderlings lasts one week to ten days, after which the spiderlings disperse by falling off from the female body. Shortly after, they moult to the third instar. On average, the duration of the instars is 40 days, with earlier stages moulting every two weeks and later stages being longer up to two months. Given the remarkable size reached by adult specimens, and considering the duration of the growing season, it seems likely that the specimens require an average of 10-12 instars to complete the development, reaching the adult stage over multiple years. As proved by the specimen collected in earliest time of the growing season, overwintering individuals are generally adult females or immatures at different stages in their development. Unfortunately, we have no data on overwintering behaviour. However, we observed a tendency of the individuals to aggregate during the growing season in areas of high suitability (see, e.g., the high population density observed in July 2019 at Colle della Ciriegia, a highly suitable site where many specimens have been found in a few minutes), and to disaggregate when the temperature drops (no specimens found in samplings carried out in the same locality in mid-October). It seems likely that specimens are very mobile within the rocky areas, showing a higher tendency to aggregate in the snowfree period and to disaggregate as the cold season approaches. Vesubia jugorum is a cursorial hunter which preys actively. The spider approaches the prey and pounces on it from a close distance, grabbing and surrounding it using the strong, spiny legs. After grabbing it, the prey is bitten with the chelicerae and released with the legs. Vesubia jugorum was observed masticating the prey organisms with the chelicerae, maximizing food assimilation and thus increasing the total energy extracted from each prey item. Laboratory observations showed a generalist predatory habit for V. jugorum. Accepted preys included Orthoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Isopoda Oniscidea and Araneae. Cannibalism was common, often involving juveniles or smaller individuals, and in general occurring between pairs of specimens with great differences in both mass and size. Vesubia jugorum shares its habitat with other Alpine spider species such as Alopecosa alpicola (Simon, 1876), Drassodes thaleri Hervé, 2009, Drassodex simoni Hervé, Roberts & Murphy, 2009, Attulus longipes (Canestrini, 1873), Xysticus desidiosus Simon, 1875 and Pardosa nigra (C. L. Koch, 1834) (see Isaia et al. 2015). Tentatively, areas where V. jugorum is locally abundant are generally avoided by Pardosa nigra, which is slightly smaller in comparison, but possibly shares similar ecological requirements. RESULTS OF THE MONITORING BASELINE PHASE During the monitoring surveys, 71 females and 29 cocoons were collected. In 12 out of 17 sampling sites, the target of five adult females was achieved, whereas in the remaining five sites the sampling stopped after three searching hours, without reaching the target of five adult females collected. Col de Vars was the only site where no individual was captured. According to the models performed in Mammola et al. (2019), this site has a very low value of habitat suitability. For this reason, Col de Vars was excluded from the monitoring programme. The results of the measurements of the functional traits collected in each locality with their relative values of habitat suitability (extracted from Mammola et al. 2019) are reported in Table 3. The femur IV length ranged from 5.590 mm (Col de Mallemort) to 7.510 mm (Serriére de la Lombarde). In the locality with smallest femurs, Mongioie – Bocchin dell’Aseo where the mean femur IV length was 5.778 mm (n = 5), the habitat suitability index was 0.170. The site with the longest femurs IV was Serriére de la Lombarde, with a mean length of 7.288 mm (n = 5). This site had a high habitat suitability index, corresponding to 0.737. Only in seven sampling sites we were able to collect cocoons, and their finding was generally rare. The cocoon size ranged from 6.915 mm (Passo della Gardetta) to 12.545 mm (Serriére de la Lombarde). The site with the largest average cocoon size was Col du Trem (11.467 mm; n = 2), whereas the locality with the smaller average cocoon size was Passo della Gardetta (8.407 mm; n = 4). Results of the regression analyses, highlighted relationship very close to statistical significance (P-value = 0.0516) between the length of the femurs IV and the habitat suitability predicted by the model (Fig. 4). No significant relationship was observed between habitat suitability and cocoon size, possibly due to the low sample size. Specimens collected at Grande Séolane showed an unexpected great length of the femur IV. Accordingly, when excluding this observation, the significance of the regression improves, reaching a P-value of 0.0202., Published as part of Milano, Filippo, Tolve, Marco & Isaia, Marco, 2023, Natural history and conservation of the wolf spider Vesubia jugorum (Simon, 1881) (Araneae, Lycosidae), assessed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List, pp. 1-11 in Zoosystema 45 (1) on pages 6-8, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a1, http://zenodo.org/record/7542077, {"references":["SIMON E. 1881. - Arachnides nouveaux ou rares de la faune francaise. Bulletin de la Societe zoologique de France 6 (3 - 4): 82 - 91.","SIMON E. 1909. - Arachnides recueillis par L. Fea sur la cote occidentale d'Afrique. 2 e partie. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova 44: 335 - 449. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 29875275","MAMMOLA S., MILANO F., VIGNAL M., ANDRIEU J. & ISAIA M. 2019. - Associations between habitat quality, body size and reproductive fitness in the alpine endemic spider Vesubia jugorum. Global Ecology and Biogeography 28 (9): 1325 - 1335. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / geb. 12935.","ISAIA M., PASCHETTA M. & CHIARLE A. 2015. - Annotated checklist of the spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Site of Community Importance and Special Area of Conservation \" Alpi Marittime \" (NW Italy), in DAUGERON C., DEHARVENG L., ISAIA M., VIL- LEMANT C. & JUDSON M. (eds), Mercantour / Alpi Marittime All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory. Zoosystema 37 (1): 57 - 114. https: // www. doi. org / 10.5252 / z 2015 n 1 a 4"]}

Isaia, Marco, Nicolosi, Giuseppe (2023): Notes on the Sardinian endemic Tenuiphantes sardous (Gozo, 1908) n. comb. (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Fragmenta entomologica 55 (1): 31-36, DOI: 10.13133/2284-4880/1509, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/PO.23.00107

The following items are included: A alignment comprised of ultra-conserved elements (UCEs), with subsets inferred for this alignment using the SWSC-EN algorithm in PartitionUCE (Tagliacollo & Lanfear 2018) and these subsets used as input for partitioning with ModelFinder (Kalyaanamorthy et al. 2017) in IQ-Tree v. 2.1.2 (Chernomor et al. 2016; Minh et al. 2020). The .txt file specifying these subsets for partitioned maximum-likelihood phylogenetic inference in IQ-Tree. Maximum-likelihood phylogram inferred from this alignment using IQ-Tree, using the subsets inferred with PartitionUCE as input and a partitioning scheme inferred with ModelFinder in IQ-Tree v. 2.1.2. Output by IQ-Tree including SH-aLRT values for the inferred phylogram. Output from ExaBayes, including output for all continuous parameters. Partitioning scheme for input into ExaBayes v. 1.5.1 (Aberer et al., 2014), inferred in IQ-Tree using ModelFinder as above. Bayesian phylogram inferred in ExaBayes inferred using the above partitioning scheme, with GTR+G imposed across all partitions.