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Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) on the treatment of feline aortic thromboembolism (FATE). Methods Cats diagnosed with FATE involving ⩾2 limbs were enrolled in a prospective, multicenter, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study within 6 h of an event. Diagnosis was made by clinical findings and one confirmatory criterion. Cats received placebo or TPA (1 mg/kg/h with the first 10% by bolus). All cats received pain control and thromboprophylaxis. The primary outcome was a change from baseline in a published limb score at 48 h. Secondary outcomes included 48 h survival, survival to discharge and complication proportions. Statistical analyses included pattern-mixture models, logistic regression and Fisher’s exact, Student’s t- and Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon tests. Results Based on a power analysis, 40 cats were enrolled; however, only 20 survived to 48 h (TPA, n = 12; placebo, n = 8 [ P = 0.34]). There was a statistically significant improvement in limb scores compared with baseline for both groups ( P Conclusions and relevance Survival and complication rates of acute FATE were not different with or without thrombolysis. High in-hospital mortality decreased the statistical power to detect a statistically significant difference between treatments with regard to our primary outcome.

International audience; Background: Prolonged slow expiration (PSE) and assisted cough (AC) are airway clearance techniques feasible and well tolerated in dogs.Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of PSE and AC as chest physiotherapy (CP) techniques in dogs with airway fluid accumulation.Animals: Thirty-one client-owned dogs hospitalized in an intensive care unit from October 2014 to May 2018.Methods: Prospective randomized controlled trial. Dogs presented with or developing acute dyspnea during hospitalization associated with airway fluid accumulation were assigned to CP group (medical treatment and CP, 15 dogs) or control group (medical treatment alone, 16 dogs). The arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) to fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) ratio (P/F ratio; PaO2/FiO2 × 100) was calculated daily for the 1st 48 hours of hospitalization and using the last arterial blood gas performed before discharge or death. The ratio of days of hospitalization with oxygen/total number of hospitalization days (ratio of oxygen-free-days [O2Free]) was calculated.Results: During the 1st 48 hours, the P/F ratio increased significantly in the CP group compared to the control group (+ 35.1 mm Hg/day; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.4-57.5; P = .03). The (median; 1st quartile to 3rd quartile) difference between the P/F ratio at discharge and inclusion was significantly higher in the CP group (178 mm Hg; 123-241) than in the control group (54 mm Hg; −19 - 109; P = .001). Mean O2Free increased by 46.4% in the CP group compared with control group (95% CI = 16-59; P = .001). Mortality was 13% (2/15) in the CP group and 44% (7/16) in the control group (P = .07).Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Prolonged slow expiration and AC improved P/F ratio within 48 hours and decreased need for oxygenation in dyspneic dogs with acute airway fluid accumulation.

Objective To systematically review available evidence to develop guidelines for the prevention of transfusion reactions and monitoring of transfusion administration in dogs and cats.Design Evidence evaluation of the literature (identified through Medline searches through Pubmed and Google Scholar searches) was carried out for identified transfusion reaction types in dogs and cats. Evidence was evaluated using PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) questions generated for each reaction type. Evidence was categorized by level of evidence (LOE) and quality (Good, Fair, or Poor). Guidelines for prevention and monitoring were generated based on the synthesis of the evidence. Consensus on the final recommendations and a proposed transfusion administration monitoring form was achieved through Delphi-style surveys. Draft recommendations and the monitoring form were made available through veterinary specialty listservs and comments were incorporated.Results Twenty-nine guidelines and a transfusion administration monitoring form were formulated from the evidence review with a high degree of consensusConclusions This systematic evidence evaluation process yielded recommended prevention and monitoring guidelines and a proposed transfusion administration form. However, significant knowledge gaps were identified, demonstrating the need for additional research in veterinary transfusion medicine.

Objective To systematically review available evidence to develop guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of transfusion-associated reactions in dogs and cats.Design Standardized and systemic evaluation of the literature (identified through Medline via PubMed and Google Scholar searches) was carried out for identified transfusion reaction types in dogs and cats. The available evidence was evaluated using PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) questions generated for each reaction type. The evidence was categorized by level of evidence (LOE) and quality (Good, Fair, or Poor). Guidelines, diagnostic, and treatment algorithms were generated based on the evaluation of the evidence. Consensus on the final guidelines was achieved through Delphi-style surveys. Draft recommendations were disseminated through veterinary specialty listservs for review and comments, which were evaluated and integrated prior to final publication.Results Medline via PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched. There were 14 Population Intervention Comparison Outcome questions identified and corresponding worksheets were developed focusing on the diagnosis and treatment of transfusion-associated reactions in dogs and cats. Fourteen guidelines and four algorithms were developed with a high degree of consensus.Conclusions This systematic evidence evaluation process yielded recommended diagnostic and treatment algorithms for use in practice. However, significant knowledge gaps were identified, demonstrating the need for additional research in veterinary transfusion medicine.

International audience; Objectives: To prospectively describe the impact of gas flow rate and temperature on dog's tolerance of high-flow nasal oxygen therapy during recovery from anaesthesia, hypothesizing that higher flow rates and temperatures will decrease tolerance.Materials and Methods: Twelve non-dyspnoeic client-owned dogs recovering from general anaesthesia were included in this study. After extubation, a nasal cannula was positioned and high-flow nasal oxygen therapy was initiated. Two flow rates (two or four time the theoretical minute ventilation: HF2 and HF4), each of them combined with two temperatures (31 and 37°C: T31 and T37), were randomly applied (four conditions per dog). For each condition, cardiovascular and respiratory parameters (heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic arterial blood pressure and pulse oximeter oxygen saturation), sedation score and tolerance score were recorded at initiation (T0) and after 10 minutes of accommodation (T10).Results: Sedation scores were not significantly different between the four conditions. Cardiovascular and respiratory parameters were not significantly different between any condition at both T0 and T10. Tolerance scores were good and not significantly different between any flow rate or temperature (HF2-T31: 4 (2-4), HF4-T31: 4 (2-4), HF2-T37: 4 (2-4), HF4-T37: 4 (1-4)).Clinical Significance: The gas flow rates and temperatures studied have no impact on tolerance during the recovery period of non-dyspnoeic dogs, and high-flow nasal cannula is well tolerated. Further studies are required to confirm these results in dyspnoeic dogs.

Background The dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1 blood group is considered as the most immunogenic and clinically important in dogs. Little is known in nondomesticated canids. Objectives To type DEA 1 in nondomesticated captive canids and to evaluate potential interspecific blood transfusions between domestic and nondomestic canids. Animals One hundred forty captive nondomesticated canids belonging to 13 species from 19 French zoos, and 63 domestic dogs. Methods Prospective study. Blood samples were typed for DEA 1 using immunochromatographic and flow cytometric techniques. A neutral gel column test was used for crossmatching. Results Of 140 nondomesticated canids, 72.9% were DEA 1+ and 27.1% were DEA 1- using immunochromatographic technique and 74.3% were DEA 1+ and 25.7% were DEA 1- by flow cytometric technique. Crossmatch (XM) between 140 nondomesticated canid red blood cells (RBCs) and plasma from a previously DEA 1+ sensitized DEA 1- dog revealed 112 incompatibilities (80%). Crossmatches between 130 nondomesticated canid serum and 1 or up to 8 donor dogs' RBCs revealed 99 of 130 (76%) compatibilities. Crossmatches between 115 nondomesticated canid RBCs and donor dogs' serum revealed 59 of 115 (51%) compatibilities. Conclusions and clinical importance Dog erythrocyte antigen 1 blood type is present in nondomesticated canids with variable prevalence depending on species. The majority of tested nondomesticated canids appear to have no naturally occurring alloantibodies against domestic dogs' RBCs. Therefore xenotransfusion of blood from domestic dogs can be considered when species specific blood is not available. Cross matching is essential before xenotransfusion.

Background Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions because of dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1 sensitization after mismatched transfusions are serious complications. Dog erythrocyte antigen 1 expression varies from negative to weakly to strongly positive. Objectives To assess alloimmunization after transfusion of weakly DEA 1+ blood to a DEA 1- dog. Animals One DEA 1- recipient and 1 weakly DEA 1+ donor, and 106 control dogs. Methods Long-term follow-up study. Matched for DEA 3, 4, 5, and 7, Dal, and Kai 1 and 2, weakly DEA 1+ donor packed red blood cells (RBCs) were transfused 3 times (0.45 mL/kg at Day 0, 16, and 37) to a DEA 1- recipient. Alloantibodies against RBCs from donor and 106 controls were determined in recipient's plasma samples using a commercial antiglobulin-enhanced immunochromatographic strip and gel tube crossmatches. Alloantibody titers were determined. Results The DEA 1- recipient was sensitized after 16 days to ≥1657 days after transfusion to weakly DEA 1+ and otherwise matched RBCs. Strong to moderate crossmatch incompatibilities were observed between recipient's plasma and all 61 DEA 1+ crossmatched controls. Moderate to weak incompatibilities were also observed to DEA 1- controls. Anti-DEA 1 and other alloantibodies were detected over the 4.5 year observation period. Conclusions and clinical importance Blood from a weakly DEA 1+ donor induces a strong and durable alloimmunization in a DEA 1- recipient dog. Additional alloantibodies developed against yet to be defined RBC antigens. Those results support the recommendation of typing dogs against DEA 1, considering weakly DEA 1+ as immunogenic, and crossmatching all previously transfused dogs.

BackgroundThe objective of the study was to report the incidence and risk factors associated with positive urine bacterial cultures as well as long-term outcome in cats with subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) devices.ResultsMedical records of cats that underwent SUB device placement were retrospectively reviewed. Signalment of the cat, laterality of the ureteral obstruction, surgery, anesthesia and hospitalization duration, bacterial culture results and follow-up data were retrieved.Thirty-two cats met the inclusion criteria. Four cats (12.5%) had a positive intraoperative culture, with two of them being treated successfully. Ten cats out of 28 (35.7%) were documented with a positive urine culture during follow-up period, with a median time between discharge and identification of the first positive urine culture of 159 days (range 8–703 days). Bacteriuria resolved in 60% of cats (6/10).Escherichia coliwas the most common organism, isolated in 4 out of 10 postoperative urine cultures. Overall, subclinical bacteriura was documented for 6 of 32 (18.8%) cats and 5 of 32 (15.6%) cats displayed clinicals signs suggestive of persistent UTI. One cat had subclinical bacteriuria. Three cats died during the follow-up period.There was a significant difference between negative and positive urine bacterial culture groups in median hospitalization duration (5 days versus 6 days,P = 0.022) and in median body condition score (5/9 versus 4/9,P = 0.03). Cats with a longer hospital stay and with a lower body condition score were more likely to have a positive urine culture during follow-up period.ConclusionsSUB device placement surgery is associated with complications such as chronic bacteriuria. Bacteriuria in our study resolved with appropriate antibiotic treatment in more than half of cats. Risk factors identified for positive urine culture were a longer hospitalization duration and a decreased body condition score.

Objective To use a systematic, evidence-based consensus process to develop definitions for transfusion reactions in dogs and cats.Design Evidence evaluation of the literature was carried out for identified transfusion reaction types in dogs and cats. Reaction definitions were generated based on synthesis of human and veterinary literature. Consensus on the definitions was achieved through Delphi-style surveys. Draft recommendations were made available through industry specialty listservs and comments were incorporated.Results Definitions with imputability criteria were developed for 14 types of transfusion reactions.Conclusions The evidence review and consensus process resulted in definitions that can be used to facilitate future veterinary transfusion reaction research.

Accurate assessment of coagulation in porcine studies is essential. We sought to establish normal values for porcine rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) according to the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines and to assess the effects of various preanalytical parameters on those measurements. Healthy Yorkshire-cross pigs (n = 81; 46 males and 35 females) were anesthetized. By using a 18-gauge needle attached to a vacuum phlebotomy tube, blood was acquired from the cranial vena cava. Tubes were filled in the following order: evacuation clot tube, EDTA tube, heparin tube, and 2 citrate tubes. The citrate tubes were randomly assigned to 30 min with or without constant agitation on a rocker. The following parameters were reported according to the manufacturer's recommendations: clotting time, clot formation time, α, (tangent to the clot formation curve when the clot firmness is 20 mm), clot firmness after 10 and 20 min, maximal clot firmness, maximum lysis, and lysis indexes at 30 and 45 min. Reference intervals were reported as mean ± 2 SD (parametric distribution) or 2.5th and 97.5th percentile of the population's results (nonparametric distribution). The effects of sex, sampling order, and agitation on ROTEM results were analyzed through linear regression. Neither sex nor sample agitation influenced any of the ROTEM parameters. Combined reference intervals were established for each ROTEM parameter by pooling data from the nonagitated tubes for both male and female pigs. This study is the first to establish ROTEM reference intervals from a large number of male and female adult Yorkshire-cross pigs and to provide a detailed description of preanalytical sample processing.

Extracorporeal renal replacement therapy (ERRT) used in dogs with acute kidney injury (AKI) may be associated with hematological and hemostatic disorders. However, its characteristics are not fully described in dogs. The purpose of this pilot study was to characterize the impact of ERRT on hematological, hemostatic, and thromboelastometric parameters in dogs with AKI. We conducted a prospective observational single cohort study in 10 client-owned dogs with AKI associated leptospirosis undergoing ERRT. Results from the CBC, coagulation tests (prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times [aPTT]) and rotational thromboelastometry (TEM; intrinsic TEM [inTEM] and heparinase-based TEM [hepTEM]) were recorded before and after the first ERRT session. Blood abnormalities observed before the ERRT session included thrombocytopenia (10/10), anemia (8/10), leukocytosis (4/10), prolonged aPTT (4/10) and leukopenia (1/10). After ERRT, the platelet count decreased (−25%; P = .012) whereas leukocytes (+15%; P = .046) and aPTT (+24%; P = .006) increased. The clotting time (CT) on inTEM assay and the relative variation of CT based on inTEM and hepTEM profiles increased after the ERRT session (P = .037 and P = .048, respectively). Seven dogs, 2 dogs, and 1 dog were defined as having a normal, hypocoagulable, and hypercoagulable inTEM profile after ERRT, respectively. After ERRT, no hepTEM parameter was significantly different from before treatment. Platelet count, leukocytes, aPTT and CT were altered after the first ERRT session. Beyond the hemostatic abnormalities expected by the use of UFH, thrombocytopenia appears as the only hemostatic change after a single ERRT session in dogs with AKI.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility, benefits, and adverse effects of prolonged slow expiration (PSE) and assisted cough (AC) as chest physiotherapy (CP) techniques in dogs with airway fluid accumulation. Design Prospective interventional study. Settings University teaching hospital. Animals Intervention group of 30 client-owned dogs and retrospective control group of 71 client-owned dogs. Interventions PSE was performed on dogs with evidence of airway fluid accumulation, identified based on physical examination and thoracic radiographs. AC was performed if spontaneous cough or swallowing were not evident. The PSE treatment was performed every 6 hours until normalization of respiratory status or hospital discharge. Animals were monitored for respiratory distress, discomfort, and SpO2 during the procedure. A retrospective control group was identified by computer search. Measurements and main results One hundred thirty-three sessions of CP were performed on 30 dogs. Discomfort frequency during physiotherapy was low (9%). The most commonly used position for CP was in lateral recumbency (95%) and this was well tolerated in most cases. There was no significant difference in the median SpO2 before and after CP sessions (P = 0.24). Sixty percent of sessions had a spontaneous cough or swallowing evident, 21% had successful AC performed, and no cough or swallowing occurred in the remaining (19%) sessions despite attempts of AC being made. The length of hospitalization was significantly longer in the intervention group (6 days vs 4) (P = 0.02). There was no difference in survival between the intervention (76.7%) and the control (57.7%) group (P = 0.055). Conclusions PSE associated with AC are easily adaptable, well-tolerated techniques in dogs. The benefit of CP in dogs with airway fluid accumulation remains to be determined and it is hoped that future randomized controlled prospective studies may help answer this line of inquiry.

OBJECTIVE: To establish and compare the repeatability and reproducibility of activated thromboelastography (TEG) and thromboelastometry (ROTEM) assays. DESIGN: Multicenter in vitro test standardization. SETTING: Veterinary academic centers. ANIMALS: Test samples were obtained from normal, healthy dogs. Sixty identical 5 mL aliquots of canine platelet-rich plasma collected by apheresis, frozen in 6% dimethyl sulfoxide, were tested initially. Sixty identical 6 mL aliquots of canine fresh frozen plasma with admixed cryoprecipitate were subsequently evaluated. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Frozen study samples, quality controls, reagents, and consumables were distributed to participating centers (7 TEG and 3 ROTEM). TEG centers analyzed study samples with kaolin and tissue factor activated assays; ROTEM centers ran proprietary ellagic acid activated and tissue factor activated assays. All machines underwent quality control prior to sample analysis. Within- and between-center coefficients of variation (CVs) were calculated and compared using Mann-Whitney tests and calculation of intraclass correlation coefficients. Within and between centers, individual parameters for both TEG and ROTEM assays were comparable. Both within-center and between-center CVs varied markedly (0.7-120.5% and 1.4-116.5%, respectively) with assay type, instrument, and parameter. CVs for equivalent parameters were not significantly different between the 2 platforms. Intraclass correlation coefficients suggested moderate agreement between centers. In general, individual parameter CVs for platelet-rich plasma samples were lower in TEG centers, while CVs for canine fresh frozen plasma with admixed cryoprecipitate samples were lower in ROTEM centers. CONCLUSIONS: More variation within and between centers was identified than anticipated, but some parameters such as alpha angle were repeatable and reproducible. Sample types for future multicenter standardization efforts will require further optimization and may need to be adapted separately to each platform. Individual centers using viscoelastic tests for evaluation and management of clinical patients should take steps to minimize preanalytical and analytical sources of variation.

Despite the emergence of new serovars, a detailed and current abdominal ultrasonographic description of dogs with leptospirosis is lacking. The purpose of this prospective, observational, single cohort study was to illustrate abdominal ultrasonographic findings in 35 dogs with confirmed leptospirosis. At least one ultrasonographic abnormality was seen in all of the dogs. Ultrasound renal abnormalities were found in all the dogs and included increased renal cortical echogenicity (100%), increased medullary echogenicity (86%), reduced corticomedullary definition (80%), cortical thickening (74%), renomegaly (60%), pelvic dilation (31%), and medullary band (14%). Hepatic changes were identified in 83% of the dogs, with diffuse hypoechoic parenchyma (71%) and hepatomegaly (60%). Biliary gallbladder abnormalities were found in 60% of the dogs, with biliary sludge (46%), wall thickening (29%), mucocele (26%), and hyperechoic wall (20%). The other most frequently observed abdominal abnormalities were perirenal (60%) and peritoneal (46%) effusions, small intestinal wall thickening (49%), and lymphadenopathy (38%). Two dogs (6%) presented with a small intestinal intussusception. No association was found between serogroups and the presence of ultrasonographic findings. This study is the first to prospectively and exhaustively describe abdominal ultrasonographic findings in dogs with leptospirosis. Our results should prompt clinicians to systematically perform abdominal ultrasounds on dogs with suspected leptospirosis even in the absence of abnormal physical signs. The presence of a gallbladder mucocele could be a warning sign of leptospirosis in dogs.

Objectives The aims of this study were to describe a method for the sonographic assessment of volaemia, to determinate inter- and intra-operator variability and to assess the ability to detect blood loss after blood donation in healthy dogs. Materials and Methods The left kidney was identified in a spleno-renal view, and transverse views of the caudal vena cava and aorta were obtained in 12 dogs. Vessel diameters were measured in B-mode, in duplicate by two operators, and the caudal vena cava:aorta ratio was calculated. Intra- and inter-operator variabilities were assessed using a Bland–Altman method by plotting the differences between the repeated measurements obtained from the same subject by the same operator and by the two operators against their means. Before and after blood donation measurements were compared using paired t-tests or one-sample t-tests, if appropriate. Results Intra- and inter-operator variability was within the limit of agreement for the vast majority of measurements. After a blood donation of 9·8 ±2·2 mL/kg, the mean aorta measurements were not significantly different from those obtained before blood donation (1·11 versus 1·10, P=0·28), whereas the mean caudal vena cava measurements and caudal vena cava:aorta ratios were significantly lower (1·28 versus 1·01, P

Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of infrared thermography in cats with acute pelvic paralysis to differentiate feline aortic thromboembolism (FATE) from non-ischaemic conditions. Methods Thermographic images were prospectively obtained at admission from cats presented for acute bilateral pelvic paralysis. Based on the final diagnosis, cats were divided into a FATE and a control group (ischaemic and non-ischaemic related pelvic paralysis, respectively). The maximum (Tmax), minimum (Tmin) and average (Tav) temperatures were determined for each of the four limbs within a hand-drawn region of interest on the dorsal limb extremity. Temperature differences between the forelimb (non-affected) and hindlimb (affected) with the highest temperature (ΔT), with the lowest temperature (δT) and from the right and left side (RightΔT and LeftΔT, respectively) were calculated. Results The FATE and control groups included 10 and six cats, respectively. In the FATE group, right hindlimb mean Tmax (23.6°C ± 1.9), left hindlimb mean Tmax (23.6°C ± 2.2) and mean Tav (22.7°C ± 2.2) were significantly lower than in the control group (26.6°C ± 3.5 [ P = 0.042]; 26.6°C ± 2.4°C [ P = 0.024] and 25.7°C ± 2.0 [ P = 0.020], respectively). ΔT, δT, RightΔT and LeftΔT were significantly higher in the FATE group than in the control group. A cut-off value of 2.4°C for RightΔTmax and LeftΔTmax allowed discrimination between the FATE and control groups with a sensitivity of 80% and 90%, respectively, a specificity of 100% for both, a positive predictive value of 100% for both, and a negative predictive value of 75% and 86%, respectively. Conclusions and relevance A minimal difference of 2.4°C between ipsilateral affected and non-affected limbs has an excellent specificity and high sensitivity for FATE diagnosis. Infrared thermography seems to be a promising, useful, easy, non-invasive and rapid method for detecting aortic thromboembolism in cats, particularly in emergency situations.

Background When dogs are transfused, blood compatibility testing varies widely but may include dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1 typing and rarely cross-matching. Objectives Prospective study to examine naturally occurring alloantibodies against red blood cells (RBCs) and alloimmunization by transfusion using 2 antiglobulin-enhanced cross-match tests. Animals Eighty client-owned anemic, 72 donor, and 7 control dogs. Methods All dogs were typed for DEA 1 and some also for DEA 4 and DEA 7. Major cross-match tests with canine antiglobulin-enhanced immunochromatographic strip and gel columns were performed 26–129 days post-transfusion (median, 39 days); some dogs had an additional early evaluation 11–22 days post-transfusion (median, 16 days). Plasma from alloimmunized recipients was cross-matched against RBCs from 34 donor and control dogs. Results The 2 cross-match methods gave entirely concordant results. All 126 pretransfusion cross-match results for the 80 anemic recipients were compatible, but 54 dogs died or were lost to follow up. Among the 26 recipients with follow-up, 1 dog accidently received DEA 1-mismatched blood and became cross-match-incompatible post-transfusion. Eleven of the 25 DEA 1-matched recipients (44%) became incompatible against other RBC antigens. No naturally occurring anti-DEA 7 alloantibodies were detected in DEA 7− dogs. Conclusions and clinical importance The antiglobulin-enhanced immunochromatographic strip cross-match and laboratory gel column techniques identified no naturally occurring alloantibodies against RBC antigens, but a high degree of post-transfusion alloimmunization in dogs. Cross-matching is warranted in any dog that has been previously transfused independent of initial DEA 1 typing and cross-matching results before the first transfusion event.

Objectives To prospectively describe the clinical and biological impact of vector-borne haemopathogens in anaemic dogs in France and occurrence of haemolysis. Materials and Methods This prospective descriptive cohort study includes 134 client-owned dogs that were anaemic on admission at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of VetAgro Sup, Lyon, France. They underwent comprehensive screening with PCR to detect a panel of vector-borne haemopathogens, SNAP Leishmania and SNAP 4Dx Plus (IDEXX). Results Vector-borne haemopathogen-associated anaemia accounted for 17·2% (23/134) of anaemic cases. PCR for Babesia species, Mycoplasma species, Anaplasma platys or Ehrlichia canis and positive serology for Leishmania species, occurred in 11/23, 10/23, 2/23, 1/23 and 1/23 cases, respectively. Two dogs had positive PCR for both Babesia and Mycoplasma species. All dogs infected with Mycoplasma species alone had neoplastic disease. Vector-borne haemopathogens were the second most common cause of haemolysis (7/23, 30·4%). In the multivariable regression model, males were overrepresented ( OR : 2·82, P=0·03) and haemolysis ( OR : 3·31, P=0·01) was more frequent in dogs with vector-born haemopathogen-associated anaemia. Clinical Significance Vector-borne haemopathogens are a common cause of anaemia in this geographical region.

International audience; Background: The objectives of this study were to assess the frequency of pulmonary dysfunction as a component of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in dogs with leptospirosis and to identify risk factors associated with mortality.Methods: Records of 27 dogs with leptospirosis were retrospectively reviewed. Thoracic radiographs during hospitalisation were mandatory for inclusion. A MODS was defined as the dysfunction of at least two organs or functions. Pulmonary dysfunction was defined as abnormal respiratory clinical signs associated with abnormal thoracic radiographs. Survival was assessed using Kaplan-Meier product limit estimates, and differences between groups were assessed using log rank tests.Results: Twenty-one dogs (78%) exhibited a MODS. The median number of organ dysfunction was two. Ten dogs (37%) had a pulmonary dysfunction, which was always part of a MODS. The overall mortality rate was 41%. The log-rank test showed an association between mortality and pulmonary dysfunction (P = 0.04), haemostatic dysfunction (P = 0.02), gastrointestinal dysfunction (P = 0.002) and with ≥ 3 organ dysfunctions (P < 0.001).Conclusion: Pulmonary dysfunction occurred in about one third of critically ill dogs with leptospirosis and was always a component of MODS. The number of organ dysfunctions, and pulmonary, gastro-intestinal, and haemostatic dysfunctions were associated with mortality.; Propos: Ce travail avait pour objectif d’étudier le dysfonctionnement pulmonaire en tant que composante du syndrome de défaillance multiviscérale (SDM) chez les chiens atteints de leptospirose.Matériel et méthodes: Les dossiers de 27 chiens ont été examinés rétrospectivement. L’absence de radiographies thoraciques était un critère d’exclusion. Un SDM a été défini comme le dysfonctionnement d’au moins deux organes ou fonctions. Le dysfonctionnement pulmonaire était défini par la présence de signes cliniques respiratoires associés à des radiographies thoraciques anormales. La survie a été évaluée à l’aide de courbes de Kaplan-Meier.Résultats: Vingt et un chiens (78 %) ont présenté un SDM. Le nombre médian de dysfonctionnements d’organes était de deux. Dix chiens (37 %) avaient un dysfonctionnement pulmonaire qui faisait toujours partie d’un SDM. Le taux de mortalité était de 41 %. On observait une association entre la mortalité et le dysfonctionnement pulmonaire (p = 0,04), hémostatique (p = 0,02), gastro-intestinal (p = 0,002) et avec ≥ 3 dysfonctionnements d’organes (p < 0,001).Conclusion: Un dysfonctionnement pulmonaire est survenu chez environ un tiers des chiens atteints de leptospirose et a toujours été une composante du SDM. Le nombre de dysfonctionnements d’organes et les atteintes pulmonaires, gastro-intestinaux et hémostatiques étaient associés à la mortalité

OBJECTIVES To describe the use, effectiveness and tolerance of high-flow oxygen therapy in dyspnoeic dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospectively, dogs in acute respiratory distress admitted to an intensive care unit between January and May 2018 that failed to respond to nasal oxygen therapy and medical stabilisation after 30 minutes were transitioned to high-flow oxygen therapy. High-flow oxygen therapy, delivered an inspired oxygen fraction of 100% using an air/oxygen blender, active humidifier, single warmed tube and specific nasal cannula. Respiratory rate, pulse oximetry (SpO2 ), heart rate and a tolerance score were assessed every 15 minutes from T0 (under nasal oxygen) to 1 hour (T60 ), and PaO2 and PaCO2 at T0 and T60 . Complications were recorded for each dog. RESULTS Eleven dogs were included. At T60 , PaO2 , flow rate and SpO2 were significantly greater than at T0 (171 ± 123 versus 73 ± 24 mmHg; P=0.015; 18 ±12 L/minute versus 3.2 ± 2.0 L/minute, P

Objectives The purpose of this study was to describe the perioperative and postoperative complications as well as short-term and long-term outcomes in cats with ureteral obstructions treated by placement of a subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) device without imaging control. The second objective of this study was to compare cats treated by SUB device with cats treated by traditional surgical intervention. Methods Data were obtained retrospectively from the medical records (2014–2016) of cats that underwent SUB placement (SUB cats) and cats that underwent traditional ureteral surgery (C cats). Results Nineteen SUB devices were placed without fluoroscopic, radiographic or ultrasonographic guidance in 13 cats. Fifteen traditional interventions (ureterotomy and neoureterocystostomy) were performed in 11 cats. Successful placement of the SUB device was achieved in all cats with only one major intraoperative complication (kinking of the kidney catheter) and one minor intraoperative complication (misplacement of the kidney catheter). Eleven SUB cats recovered from the surgical procedure; two SUB cats and three C cats died during the anaesthesia recovery period. Postoperative SUB complications included anaemia (n = 2), urinary tract infection (UTI) (n = 4), non-infectious cystitis (n = 5) and SUB device obstruction (n = 1). Postoperative traditional surgery complications included anaemia (n = 7), UTIs (n = 6), non-infectious cystitis (n = 1), re-obstruction (n = 4) and ureteral stricture (n = 1). Median postoperative duration of hospitalisation (3 days) was significantly shorter for SUB cats than for C cats ( P = 0.013). Ten SUB cats (76.9%) and four C cats (40%) were still alive at a median follow-up of 225 days and 260 days, respectively. Owners were completely (90%) or mostly (10%) satisfied with the SUB device placement. Conclusions and relevance SUB device placement appears to be an effective and safe option for treating ureteral obstruction in cats, and this study has shown that fluoroscopic guidance is not essential in all cases.

Objectives Thrombolytic therapy is a treatment of choice for people with acute ischemic events, but is uncommonly administered for feline aortic thromboembolism (FATE). This study reports selected clinical data and outcomes of acute FATE treated with tissue plasminogen activator (TPA). A reference group treated with current standard of care (SOC) was analyzed for comparison. Methods This was a retrospective study of FATE in two academic hospitals. TPA-treated cats with two or more limbs (n = 16) affected were compared with a SOC-treated group with two or more limbs affected (n = 38). A limb score based on motor function and pulse quality was calculated for each group. Results Limb score and proportion of congestive heart failure at admission was similar in both groups. Time from FATE to admission was shorter in the TPA group, with a median of 3 h (range 0–6 h) vs 6 h (range 0–48 h; P = 0.0004). The most common regimen received for TPA was 1 mg/kg over 1 h. Other treatments were similar to those of the SOC group and included analgesia, thromboprophylaxis and furosemide. Documented complications for TPA-treated cats included reperfusion injury (5/10) and acute kidney injury (AKI; 3/10). Discharge proportion rate was 44% (TPA) vs 29% (SOC; P = 0.351). There were no differences in short-term survival rate (56.2% vs 39.5%; P = 0.369), clinical improvement (56.2% vs 31%; P = 0.122), rates of reperfusion injury (50% vs 50%; P = 1.00) or AKI (30% vs 27%; P = 1.00) between the TPA-treated and SOC groups, respectively. Conclusions and relevance Survival and complication rates of TPA-treated cats and SOC-treated cats for acute FATE were similar.

BACKGROUND Blood typing for the A and B antigens is essential and crossmatching testing is generally recommended before transfusing blood to cats. OBJECTIVE To evaluate 2 crossmatch (XM) tests. ANIMALS Forty-nine healthy domestic shorthair cats that had not received a blood transfusion. METHODS Prospective study. Blood samples were typed for AB using immunochromatographic and flow cytometric techniques. A gel column (GC) and a feline antiglobulin-enhanced gel column (AGC) XM tests were used for crossmatching. RESULTS The population included 34 type A, 13 B, and 2 AB cats, with concordant results (r = 1, P

Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in sepsis. Treatments allowing maintenance of renal blood flow (RBF) could help to prevent AKI associated with renal hypoperfusion. Amino acids (AA) have been associated with an increase of RBF and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in several species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an AA infusion on RBF and GFR in a porcine model of septic shock. Methods A total of 17 piglets were randomly assigned into three groups: Sham (Sham, n = 5), sepsis without AA (S-NAA, n = 6), sepsis treated with AA (S-AA, n = 6). Piglets preparation included the placement of ultrasonic transit time flow probes around left renal artery for continuous RBF measurement; ureteral catheters for GFR and urine output evaluation; pulmonary artery catheter for cardiac output (CO) and pulmonary arterial pressure measurements. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and renal vascular resistance (RVR) were also determined. Septic shock was induced with a live Pseudomonas aeruginosa infusion. Crystalloids, colloids and epinephrine infusion were used to maintain and restore MAP > 60 mmHg and CO > 80% from baseline. Results Renal haemodynamic did not change significantly in the Sham group, whereas RBF increased slightly in the S-NAA group. Conversely, a significant increase in RVR and a decrease in RBF and GFR were observed in the S-AA group. AA infusion was associated with a higher requirement of epinephrine [340.0 (141.2; 542.5) mg vs. 32.5 (3.8; 65.0) mg in the S-NAA group P = 0.044]. Conclusion An infusion of amino acids impaired renal haemodynamics in this experimental model of septic shock.

Objectives The aim of this study was to describe the clinical manifestations in cats of contact with caterpillars of the pine processionary moth. Methods Data were retrospectively obtained from the medical records (2004–2016) of cats that had been in contact with caterpillars of the pine processionary moth. Results Eleven cats were included in the study. The prevalence of lepidopterism was 0.13%. Tongue lesions and ptyalism were both present in 10/11 (91%) cats. Systemic signs consisted exclusively of vomiting and were encountered in 4/11 (36%) cats. The survival rate was 100%. Long-term follow-up data were available for 7/11 cats, and none of the cats showed impaired quality of life or definitive sequelae. Conclusions and relevance The clinical presentation of lepidopterism in cats appears to be similar to that in other animals; however, the clinical signs are less severe than those previously reported, mainly owing to the cautious behaviour of this species. Moreover, the prognosis is excellent, the length of hospitalisation is short (maximum 48 h) and our study showed the absence of any long-term disability after hospital discharge.

Changes in pharmacokinetic parameters of critically ill patients make the treatment of infections challenging, particularly when multidrug-resistant bacteria are involved. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of haemodialysis to reduce the exposure to high dose amikacin and prevent nephrotoxicity. Amikacin 50 mg/kg was administered intravenously to six adult sheep once-daily for four days. The sheep were divided into two groups according to the implementation (group 1) or not (group 2) of haemodialysis. In group 1, haemodialysis was performed for 4 h, initiated 2 h after starting amikacin infusion. Amikacin area under the curve (AUC) and trough concentrations (Cmin) were used as markers of amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity. The median haemodialysis amikacin clearance was 2.14 L/h (35.6 mL/min), 14% of the mean total body clearance for 24 h. Haemodialysis reduced Cmin (group 1: 0.3 µg/mL [0.3-1.1]; group 2: 1.4 µg/mL [1.1-3.9]; P = 0.0003). A trend towards reduced AUC with haemodialysis was observed (group 1: 1450 µg/mL⋅h [1311-1716]; group 2: 3126 µg/mL⋅h [2581-3171]; P = 0.10). In conclusion, haemodialysis seems interesting in reducing AUC and Cmin after the injection of high-dose of amikacin, parameters known to be involved in its induced nephrotoxicity, in an experimental ovine model.

In human medicine, age is a risk factor for thromboembolic diseases associated with hypercoagulable and antifibrinolytic states, but information in veterinary medicine is limited. This study compared the thromboelastometric (TEM) profiles of two groups of dogs of distinct ages. Ten healthy old (>10 years) Beagles and 10 healthy young (

Contact with the caterpillars of the pine processionary moth (CPPM) Thaumetopoea pityocampa induces severe local allergic reactions. The purpose of this large-scale retrospective cohort-study was to describe the clinical manifestations and related risk factors of CPPM exposure. This cohort-study included 109 dogs between the years of 2000 and 2016. Tongue lesions ranging from oedema to severe necrosis were observed in 94/109 dogs (86%). The following systemic signs were observed in 60/109 dogs (55%): vomiting (52/109, 48%), dyspnoea (6/109, 5%), hypovolemia (4/109, 4%) and diarrhoea (2/109, 2%). Based on the time elapsed from CPPM contact to the first oral flushing, three groups were defined:2 h (group 1, 37/105, 35%), 2 h-6 h (group 2, 39/105, 37%) and6 h (group 3, 29/105, 28%). Tongue necrosis (TN) at admission was significantly more common in the dogs in group 3 than those in groups 1 and 2 (45% vs. 5% and 5% respectively, p = 0.0002). In addition, the development of TN during hospitalisation was significantly more common in the dogs in group 3 (65%) than in those in the other groups (21% in group 1, p = 0.02) and 31% in group 2, p = 0.001). The dogs in group 3 presented a 14.63-fold higher risk of TN at admission and a 3.78-fold higher risk of developing necrosis during hospitalisation compared with the other groups. The survival rate after exposure was 97%. Long-term follow-up data were available for 69/109 dogs (63%). Twenty-three dogs (37%) had persistent, definitive TN without major consequences on quality of life. Elapsed time between contact and first oral flushing appears to be a key determinant for the progression of necrotic lesions, and the best results were observed when flushing occurred within 6 h of contact. The prognosis of CPPM envenomation is excellent, with a short hospitalisation duration.

International audience; The incidence of catheter-associated urinary tract infections in cats catheterised for an obstructive lower urinary tract disease (LUTD) has not previously been evaluated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of significant bacteriuria in cats with obstructive LUTD managed for 48 h with a closed urine collection system. Eighteen male cats admitted for a non-infectious obstructive LUTD were evaluated. This was a prospective study. A standard protocol was used for aseptic catheter placement and maintenance. Three urine samples were collected from each animal through the catheter immediately after placement, 24 h after placement and just before removal. All samples underwent complete urinalysis, including bacterial culture. Catheter tips were tested by bacterial culture. Six cats (33.3%) developed significant bacteriuria during catheterisation. The causative bacteria were common feline uropathogens (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus species) in five cases, and Streptococcus bovis in one. One cat developed a fungal infection. The presence of bacteria in urinary sediment was correlated strongly with positive urine culture results. The catheter tips from 10/18 cats (55.5%) were positive for culture. The positive predictive value of a positive culture from the urinary catheter tip was 87.5%. The specificity was 53.8%. The same infectious agents were cultured from both urine and catheter tip in six cases. In summary, one third of cats developed significant bacteriuria during catheterisation. Silent bacteriuria could not be clearly differentiated from true urinary tract infection. The presence of bacteria in the urinary sediment was strongly indicative of bacteriuria. The specificity of urinary catheter tip culture was low.

This work was supported by Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia-FCT (Project PEst-OE/AGR/U10276/2014). Hemorrhagic shock (HS) induces a compensatory endocrine and cytokine response which aims to restore homeostasis. This response can be modulated by general anesthetics. To our knowledge, no studies have evaluated if etomidate modulates this response in experimental HS. After being premedicated with buprenorphine (0.05 mg/kg subcutaneously), male Wistar rats were anaesthetized with 5% isoflurane and divided into three groups: G1 (control, n = 16), G2 (n = 13), and G3 (n = 14). G2 and G3 were subjected to HS by collecting 30% of their blood volume and resuscitated 90 min later with the collected blood and normal saline, in a 1:3 ratio, respectively. G3 received etomidate (1 mg/kg IV) before HS. Blood gas analysis, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone, and plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 mRNA obtained through real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were measured at 0, 90, 150, and 240 min after HS induction. Compared with G2, etomidate-treated animals had significantly lower corticosterone, PO2, PO2/FiO2, base excess and HCO3, and higher TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α mRNA levels (P

To evaluate the feasibility, benefits, and adverse effects of prolonged slow expiration (PSE) and assisted cough (AC) as chest physiotherapy (CP) techniques in dogs with airway fluid accumulation.Prospective interventional study.University teaching hospital.Intervention group of 30 client-owned dogs and retrospective control group of 71 client-owned dogs.PSE was performed on dogs with evidence of airway fluid accumulation, identified based on physical examination and thoracic radiographs. AC was performed if spontaneous cough or swallowing were not evident. The PSE treatment was performed every 6 hours until normalization of respiratory status or hospital discharge. Animals were monitored for respiratory distress, discomfort, and SpOOne hundred thirty-three sessions of CP were performed on 30 dogs. Discomfort frequency during physiotherapy was low (9%). The most commonly used position for CP was in lateral recumbency (95%) and this was well tolerated in most cases. There was no significant difference in the median SpOPSE associated with AC are easily adaptable, well-tolerated techniques in dogs. The benefit of CP in dogs with airway fluid accumulation remains to be determined and it is hoped that future randomized controlled prospective studies may help answer this line of inquiry.

A 7-year-old female Leonberger dog was referred to the National Veterinary School of Lyon Teaching Hospital with a 2-day history of anorexia and bleeding. A mammary mass had been removed 7 months earlier, but histologic examination was not performed. On physical examination, the dog was depressed and had pale mucous membranes and numerous petechiae and hematomas. Significant laboratory findings were moderate thrombocytopenia, prolonged prothrombin, activated partial thromboplastin, and thrombin times, hypofibrinogenemia, and increased concentration of fibrin(ogen) degradation products. A peripheral blood smear, buffy coat preparation, and bone marrow aspirate contained low numbers of large atypical cells that had moderate nuclear:cytoplasmic ratios, oval nuclei with multiple prominent nuclei, and basophilic cytoplasm with villous projections. A small nodule was found in the left inguinal mammary gland, and a fine-needle aspirate contained cells similar to those in blood and bone marrow. In samples of blood, bone marrow, and the mammary mass, the neoplastic cells were immunoreactive for cytokeratin. The diagnosis was mammary carcinoma with secondary disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow and circulating tumor cells in blood; this diagnosis was not confirmed by histopathologic examination. Owing to clinical deterioration and the poor prognosis, the dog was euthanized and a necropsy was not performed. This is the first report of a canine mammary carcinoma with circulating tumor cells and secondary DIC.

This study compared the haematological, haemostatic and thromboelastometric (TEM) parameters between dogs with and without suspected disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Seventy-six dogs with a medical condition known to predispose to DIC were prospectively included in the study. Thirty-eight dogs (50 per cent) presented with haemorrhagic diatheses. DIC was diagnosed in 32 dogs (42 per cent). Thirty-five dogs (46 per cent) had a normal TEM profile, 25 dogs (33 per cent) had a hypercoagulable profile and 16 dogs (21 per cent) had a hypocoagulable profile. Except for the lysis parameters, all TEM parameters were significantly correlated with the presence of DIC in univariate and multivariate analyses. Mortality rates were significantly higher in dogs with DIC (50 per cent) than in dogs without DIC (27 per cent, P=0.043; OR 2.667, 95 per cent CI 1.049 to 6.701), and mortality rates were significantly higher in dogs with a hypocoagulable profile (69 per cent) than in dogs with a hypercoagulable (24 per cent, P=0.017; OR 4.800, 95 per cent CI 1.241 to 16.220) or a normal profile (31 per cent, P=0.046; OR 3.429; 95 per cent CI 1.006 to 11.470). All TEM parameters were significantly associated with mortality in univariate and multivariate analyses. Thromboelastometry appears to be a valuable tool for the diagnosis and prognosis of dogs with suspected DIC, especially those with a hypocoagulable profile that was associated with increased risk of death and increased risk of haemorrhagic diatheses.

Objective: To report successful treatment of severe salt intoxication and hypernatremia in a dog. Case summary: A 5-year-old intact female Doberman Pinscher was admitted to the intensive care unit with a history of seizures and coma. The owner had administered approximately 100 g of cooking salt to induce vomiting following ingestion of a nontoxic dose (10 g) of chocolate. Upon admission, the dog was comatose with intermittent seizures and vomiting. Diagnostic tests confirmed salt intoxication (Na: 200 mEq/L, Cl: 180 mEq/L) and metabolic acidosis (pH: 7.18; p CO2: 39 mmHg; HCO3: 14.3 mmol/L). Immediate treatment included intravenous fluid therapy, an anticonvulsant, antiemetic, diuretic, low molecular weight heparin, and supplemental oxygen. A fluid therapy protocol was initiated to decrease serum sodium concentration by approximately 2 mEq/L/hr. After 24 hours of intensive care, the patient regained consciousness and volume and acid-base abnormalities improved. The patient developed a variety of abnormal clinical signs as a result of the severe hypernatremia. After 5 days of treatment, the serum sodium concentration returned to the established reference range. The patient recovered completely in 10 days. New information provided: Severe hypernatremia due to salt ingestion is a rare condition in dogs. All dogs in previous case reports of salt intoxication have died. This case report is the first to report survival of a dog with severe salt intoxication.

Enoxaparin at 0.8 mg/kg every 6 h is used in dogs to prevent prothrombotic events, but has only been validated in healthy Greyhounds, a breed with documented hypocoagulable haemostatic profiles in vitro and bleeding tendencies in vivo. This study investigated the effects of enoxaparin at this dose rate on the coagulation parameters of eight healthy adult Beagles over a 48 h period. Anti-Xa activity was significantly increased 3 h after the second and third of nine injections, and target anti-Xa activity was only reached transiently in 3/8 dogs. Paradoxically, a transient increase in endogenous thrombin potential was observed 6 h after the third injection. Other haematologic, biochemical and coagulation parameters were not significantly altered from the baseline values during enoxaparin treatment (P > 0.05). This study suggests that assumptions regarding the pharmacodynamic effects of enoxaparin are not generalisable across breeds.

Introduction L’insuffisance renale aigue (IRA) est une maladie complexe, frequente, dont les manifestations varient d’une augmentation de la creatininemie a une insuffisance fonctionnelle totale. Meme si des traitements de soutien existent, le recours a l’epuration extrarenale (EER) est parfois inevitable, et le taux de mortalite reste eleve (60 %) [1] , [2] . De nombreuses etudes chez l’homme, et quelques rares en medecine veterinaire, cherchent a determiner le moment optimal d’initiation des sessions d’EER [3] et a identifier des facteurs pronostiques [4] . Les objectifs de cette etude etaient d’abord de decrire la population, les donnees cliniques et paracliniques, les causes, et le devenir de chiens atteints d’IRA hospitalises en soins intensifs et necessitant une EER. Elle vise egalement a determiner des facteurs pronostiques, simples, disponibles a l’admission ou au cours de l’hospitalisation. Materiel et methode Etude retrospective portant sur des chiens hospitalises ayant recu au minimum une session d’EER entre 2012 et 2015. Des donnees manquantes ou des images echographiques en faveur d’une insuffisance renale chronique etaient les criteres d’exclusion. Les donnees analysees incluaient le signalement, le poids d’admission, le delai de refere, la duree d’hospitalisation, le delai avant la premiere seance et le nombre de sessions d’EER, la cause de l’IRA, la diurese, les resultats des bilans sanguins, le devenir et la cause de la mort. Un nouveau parametre, le DeltaCreat/h, a ete defini comme la difference entre la creatininemie apres la session d’EER N et avant la session N + 1, divise par le temps entre les deux sessions. Un catheter de dialyse a ete insere dans une veine jugulaire par une technique de Seldinger modifiee. Les traitements, l’initiation ou non d’une seance d’EER et le taux d’ultrafiltration net etaient a la discretion du clinicien. Resultats Quarante-trois chiens remplissaient les criteres d’inclusion, 4 ont ete exclus pour un total final de 39. L’âge et le poids medians etaient de 4,4 ans, et de 26,6 kg respectivement. La duree mediane d’hospitalisation etait de 8 jours, et le nombre median de seances d’EER de 3. Les deux principales causes d’IRA necessitant une EER etaient la leptospirose (74,4 %) et les nephrotoxiques (15,3 %). Le taux de mortalite etait de 47 %, dont 50 % d’euthanasies. A l’issue de l’hospitalisation, la creatininemie mediane etait de 200 μmol/L, et 55 % des chiens avaient une azotemie faible (creatininemie = 240 μmol/L). Les survivants etaient plus jeunes (4 vs. 5,4 ans ; p = 0,04), avaient une diurese superieure a l’admission (0,5 vs. 0 mL/kg/h ; p = 0,01) et une duree d’hospitalisation plus longue (10 vs 4 jours ; p = 0,0001). Le nombre de sessions d’EER (odds ratio [OR] = 5,1), la kaliemie (OR = 1,9), la diurese (OR = 0,2), la duree d’hospitalisation (OR = 0,4) et la variation de creatinine intersession, DeltaCreat/h (OR = 1,2) etaient correles a la mortalite. L’analyse des courbes ROC revelait que les facteurs pronostiques ayant les meilleures caracteristiques etaient la diurese (sensibilite = 69 %, specificite = 90 %, cut-off a 1 mL/kg/h, AUC = 0,9), et le DeltaCreat/h (sensibilite = 92 %, specificite = 63 %, AUC = 0,8). Ainsi pour chaque augmentation de la diurese de 1 mL/kg/h, le risque de deces diminuait de 77 % tandis qu’une augmentation de 1 mmol/h de DeltaCreat/h augmentait le risque de deces de 20 %. Discussion Le nombre de patients, anuriques a l’admission, peut expliquer un taux de mortalite superieur aux donnees publiees [2] . La diurese a une valeur pronostique a partir du troisieme jour, et est inversement correlee a la mortalite. Ainsi, le suivi en hospitalisation de la diurese est un parametre essentiel, puisqu’elle peut etre reflet de lesions renales plus severes. Malgre une absence de lien statistique direct entre la survie et les delais de refere ou d’initiation de l’EER, le fait que l’anurie ressorte comme parametre pejoratif doit inciter le clinicien a sa prise en charge precoce pour ameliorer les chances de survie [1] . Les autres facteurs de risque mis en evidence correspondent aux donnees de la litterature [2] , [3] , [4] . Le DeltaCreat/h constitue un nouveau parametre pronostique dont l’utilisation necessite d’autres etudes. Conclusion Notre population est essentiellement constituee de mâles d’âge et de poids moyen, dont la cause de l’IRA est le plus souvent une leptospirose ou des nephrotoxiques. Des l’admission, la diurese est significativement superieure chez les survivants, l’anurie etant un facteur pejoratif. Apres la premiere dialyse, le DeltaCreat/h constitue un facteur pronostique. Enfin, le niveau de sequelle est modere, 55 % des animaux n’ayant qu’une discrete azotemie (IRIS£II, creatinine sanguine£240 μmol/L).

L’anemie est un syndrome frequemment rencontre en pratique quotidienne chez le chien dont le diagnostic etiologique permet l’initiation d’un traitement approprie. Une etude retrospective rapporte que 151/456 (33 %) cas d’anemie accompagnaient une neoplasie, 130 (28 %) une condition inflammatoire et 35 (7,7 %) une « infection » au sens large [1] . Alors que l’importance des hemopathogenes vectorises (HV) est grandissante en Europe, le caractere retrospectif de l’etude n’a pas permis d’identifier leur frequence. Une seule serie chez des chiens anemies rapporte une frequence des HV de 287/2037 (14,1 %) [2] , qui a probablement ete mesestimee, en l’absence de recherche par PCR. A ce jour, aucune etude n’a evalue l’implication des HV lors d’anemie chez le chien en France, par recherche PCR exhaustive systematique. Notre etude prospective rapporte la frequence, l’impact clinique et hematologique des HV chez des chiens anemies, admis dans un centre hospitalier veterinaire universitaire sur une periode de 1 an (mai 2014–mai 2015) via a une recherche systematique PCR et serologique. Les chiens anemies sont inclus avec un hematocrite (Ht) = 37 % et une hemoglobine (Hb) = 12 g/dL et exclus lors d’administration prealable de doxycycline ou d’imidocarbe le mois precedent l’admission. La recherche et l’identification des HV sont basees sur des methodes directes (microscopie optique et PCR detectant Babesia sp., Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys/phagocytophilum, des rickettsies du groupe des fievres boutonneuses, Mycoplasma haemocanis (MH) – Candidatus M. haematoparvum et Hepatozoon spp). Des recherches indirectes sont realisees en complement (SNAP® 4Dx, SNAP® Leish). Un cas d’anemie accompagne d’un HV (AHV) est defini par un resultat PCR positif valide par sequencage. Par ailleurs, l’etiologie de l’anemie est etablie pour chaque cas par un resident de medecine interne (MI) encadre par une equipe de specialistes. L’analyse statistique decrit la frequence des AHV dans la population globale, l’epidemiologie, la frequences des anomalies cliniques et paracliniques globales (test binomial avec intervalle de confiance a 95 % [IC95 %]) et compare ces parametres entre les cas d’AHV et les non-cas d’AHV (analyse univariee test de Fisher : p = 0,05, autorisant une regression logistique multivariee : ACM avec evaluation des risques relatifs : RR). Sur la periode d’etude, 155/7038 chiens anemies sont repertories (2,20 %, IC95 %, 1,87–2,57) dont 21 exclus, car traites avec de la doxycycline ou imidocarbe. Les 134 cas inclus regroupent 62 femelles, 72 males, âges de 6 a 204 mois, dont 56, 41 et 37 hospitalises en cancerologie, MI et soins intensifs. Les Bouviers bernois sont surrepresentes par rapport a la population repertoriee la meme annee (p = 0,01). Les symptomes frequents sont : abattement (56 %, 47,1–64,5), hyperthermie (44,0 %, 35,5–52,9) et pâleur (35,8 %, 27,7–44,6). On compte 25/134 cas d’AHV (18,7 %, 12,5–26,3). Ils incluent 11 positifs pour MH (44,0 %), 9 piroplasmoses (36,0 %), 2 piroplasmoses positives pour MH (8,00 %), 2 anaplasmoses plaquettaires (8,00 %) et une ehrlichiose monocytaire (4,00 %). Onze autres chiens ont un test serologique positif (10 SNAP 4Dx® et 1 SNAP Leish®). La frequence des cas positifs pour MH est significativement plus importante parmi les chiens suivis en cancerologie (10/56, 17,9 % contre 3/78, 3,85 %, RR : 2,69, IC95 %, 1,00–7,32, p = 0,01). Les HV sont la premiere cause d’hyper-hemolyse (14/44, 31,8 %, 18,6–47,6). A l’analyse multivariee, les indices epidemio-cliniques ne different pas entre les cas et les non-cas d’AHV. Par contre, les cas d’AHV presentent une anemie significativement moins severe, plus regenerative et une numeration blanche significativement plus importante que les non-cas d’AHV (p = 0,005). La frequence des AHV (18,7 %) est plus elevee que celle rapportee precedemment [1] , [2] . D’autre part, les cas d’AHV semblent moins severes que les non-cas d’AHV (anemies moderee, regeneration plus forte), sans cause evidente. Les HV peuvent declencher une anemie par de multiples mecanismes. Ils peuvent perturber l’hematopoiese par suppression cytokinique (inflammatoire), anomalie de maturation des precurseurs erythroides (myelodysplasie transitoire secondaire), phenomenes hemorragiques (thrombopenie ou vascularite) ou, dans le cas le plus frequent ici, une hemolyse (mecanique directe, par augmentation de la fragilite osmotique des hematies, stress oxydatif, lyse immunologique ou combinaison de ces mecanismes) [3] . MH est l’HV majoritaire (13/25), surtout chez des chiens sous chimiotherapie : sa frequence globale (13/134, 9,7 %) est neanmoins proche de celle rapportee en France chez des chiens sains (15,4 %) [4] . Son impact clinique et son role dans la genese de l’anemie restent donc peu evidents ici. L’absence de suivi, ne permet pas comparer le pronostic entre les sous-groupes. En conclusion, ces donnees propres a notre institution, confirment l’importance des HV que le clinicien doit considerer dans son diagnostic differentiel face a une anemie chez le chien.

SummaryObjectives: To report a case series of thoracic bite trauma in dogs and cats and to evaluate risk factors for mortality.Methods: A retrospective study concerning thoracic bite wounds in dogs and cats was performed. Lesions were categorized by depth of penetration: no wound, superficial, deep or penetrating. Thoracic radiographic reports were reviewed. Lesion management was classified as non-surgical, wound exploration, or explorative thoracotomy.Results: Sixty-five cases were collected. Twenty-two percent of patients with normal respiratory patterns showed thoracic radio-graphic lesions. Respiratory distress was not correlated with mortality. Twenty-eight patients were presented with superficial wounds and 13 with deep wounds. Eight patients exhibited penetrating wounds. Radio-graphic lesions were observed in 77% of dogs and 100% of cats. Explorative thoracotomy was performed in 28% of patients, and surgical wound exploration in 17.2%. With the exception of skin wounds, thoracic wall discontinuity was the most frequent lesion. Thoracotomy was associated with increased length of hospitalisation but was not correlated with mortality. The mortality rate was 15.4%. No studied factor correlated with mortality, and the long-term outcomes were excellent.Clinical significance: A penetrating injury, more than three radiographic lesions, or both together seemed to be indicative of the need for a thoracotomy. In the absence of these criteria, systematic bite wound explorative surgery is recommended, with extension to thoracotomy if thoracic body wall disruption is observed.

Canine leishmaniosis is a common disease in the Mediterranean area, but sporadic cases in dogs having travelled through endemic regions are also reported. The disease's evolution is usually chronic and symptoms are either non-specific (fever, weight loss, lethargy, enlarged lymph nodes), dermatological, renal or ocular. The purpose of this article is to review the literature and to describe our own experience of certain atypical forms of canine leishmaniosis. These include specific skin lesions, monoclonal gammopathy, renal failure (without any other signs), chronic colitis, haemostatic problems and disorders of the cardiovascular, respiratory and musculo-skeletal systems.

Purpose: Evaluate if etomidate modulates adrenal apoptosis and if this influences the development of critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) in hemorrhagic shock (HS). Material and methods: Four groups of 16 male Wistar rats: G0 (control group anesthetized with isoflurane and mechanical ventilation), G1 (like G0, but with buprenorphine), G2 (like G1 with HS), and G3 (like G2 with etomidate 1 mg/kg, IV, before HS). HS induced by collecting 30% of blood volume. Resuscitation performed 90 min later with the collected blood and normal saline. Hemodynamic parameters, blood gas analysis, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone (CS), and TNF-α, IL6, IL10 were determined at 0, 90, 150, and 240 min post-HS induction (at the corresponding time points in G0 and G1). Apoptosis and necrosis were determined by TUNEL and caspase-3 immunofluorescence and a necrosis score, respectively. Results: HS groups had significantly higher levels of apoptosis and necrosis than G1 and G0. Compared with G2, etomidate-treated animals had significantly lower levels of CS (compatible with CIRCI), PO2, PO2/FiO2, BE, HCO3, apoptosis, and necrosis and significantly higher cytokine levels. Conclusions: Etomidate was associated with CIRCI. HS was associated with adrenal gland apoptosis and necrosis. The latter were decreased by etomidate, possibly by both direct and indirect mechanisms.

Introduction L’osteodystrophie hypertrophique (OH) est une maladie rare principalement rencontree chez les chiots mâles (2–6 mois) de grande race dont l’etiologie demeure meconnue bien que des desequilibres alimentaires, une origine infectieuse ou dysimmunitaire (associee a des predispositions raciales) aient ete suspectes [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] . L’OH s’accompagne d’un syndrome febrile, de douleurs osteoarticulaires et de difficultes locomotrices dont la gravite peut etre variable. L’aspect radiographique specifique de l’OH consiste en une ligne radio-transparente irreguliere en regard des metaphyses, longeant le cartilage de croissance et separee de celui-ci par une bande radio-opaque, pouvant s’accompagner secondairement d’une reaction periostee [4] . Son traitement necessite une analgesie et une therapie anti-inflammatoire. La superiorite de la corticotherapie sur les AINS a ete evoquee recemment [1] , [2] , [4] . Materiel et methode Etude retrospective entre 2012 et 2015. Criteres de recrutement : radiographies caracteristiques d’OH, dossier clinique complet et suivi clinique documente. Resultats Cinq chiens âges de sept semaines a quatre mois ont ete retenus (Labrador, Beauceron, Berger australien, Border Collie, Setter anglais). Quatre cas etaient presentes en second avis sans amelioration significative apres des premiers traitements (AINS). Tous les chiens ont presente une installation aigue en 48–72 heures d’une incapacite a se deplacer avec un maintien en decubitus sternal. L’hyperthermie etait systematique et persistante sous AINS. Les douleurs metaphysaires avec tumefaction des tissus mous periarticulaires concernaient les quatre membres dans quatre cas et uniquement les membres thoraciques dans un cas. L’hemogramme revelait une monocytose dans tous les cas. Les anomalies radiographiques ont ete initialement objectivees dans trois cas. De nouvelles radiographies ont ete necessaires apres 48 heures d‘evolution pour confirmer la presence des anomalies caracteristiques d’OH (non-visualisees initialement) dans deux cas. Une analyse cytologique de liquide synovial realisee pour deux cas a revele un contingent neutrophilique majoritaire. Les recherches d’hemopathogenes vectorises, maladie de Carre et leishmaniose realisees pour certains chiens etaient negatives. Tous les cas ont recu une analgesie opioide et une corticotherapie immunosuppressive (prednisolone 1–2 mg/kg/j) degressive sur 7 a 10 semaines. Un arret precoce de la corticotherapie apres trois semaines a necessite une reprise du traitement pour un cas. Une amelioration clinique des 48 heures de traitement est rapportee pour les cinq cas dont deux suivis ont atteint l’âge adulte sans recidive rapportee. Discussion Ces cinq cas homogenes dans leur presentation clinique et dans leur anamnese illustrent l’aspect severe et aigu que peut revetir l’OH et justifiant une presentation en urgence. Les observations de deux cas soulignent que le diagnostic peut necessiter le renouvellement des radiographies comme rapporte precedemment [3] . La reponse favorable a une corticotherapie immunosuppressive chez tous les chiens y compris ceux n’ayant pas repondu ou seulement partiellement aux AINS peut suggerer une superiorite des corticoides dans la prise en charge de l’OH, comme demontre chez le Braque de Weimar (1, 3 en lien avec l’origine immunitaire possible de la maladie).