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Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:45:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-10-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphorus insecticide detected in aquatic environments considered harmful to living beings. The aim of this research was to evaluate the ecotoxicity of CPF for neotropical aquatic organisms of distinct trophic levels (Lemna minor, Azolla caroliniana, and Wolffia brasiliensis macrophytes; Pomacea canaliculata snail; Macrobrachium acanthurus shrimp; Xiphophorus maculatus and Hyphessobrycon eques fish), to verify the risk of environmental poisoning for each organism, and to determine the best bioindicator species of aquatic contamination by the insecticide. Ecotoxicological assays were carried out with different concentrations of CPF under controlled laboratory conditions standardized for each species. IC50;7d, LC50;7d, EC50;48h, and LC50;48h values were calculated using the Trimmed Spearman Karber software with 95% confidence limits. The toxicity data were used to classify the CPF according to the ecotoxicity categories for aquatic organisms. The risk of CPF environmental poisoning was determined by the quotient method considering different environmental scenarios. The sensitivity order of neotropical aquatic organisms to chlorpyrifos was Macrobrachium acanthurus (0.002 mg L−1) > Xiphophorus maculatus (0.07 mg L−1) > Hyphessobrycon eques (1.65 mg L−1) > Pomacea canaliculata (30.66 mg L−1) > Azolla caroliniana (849.72 mg L−1) > Wolffia brasiliensis (1271.63 mg L−1) = Lemna minor (1299.60 mg L−1). The risk of poisoning by chlorpyriphos may vary according to the environmental concentration of the insecticide and the exposed trophic level. The best bioindicator and with the greatest risk of environmental poisoning was shrimp. The difference in CPF ecotoxicity for distinct aquatic trophic levels shows the relevance of evaluating the effects of contaminants considering food chains and highlights the importance of studying these levels in environmental monitoring programs. Graphic Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] School of Engineering São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ave. Brasil Sul, Number 56 Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Pesticide Efficacy of the Barretos Educational Foundation, Ave. Prof. Roberto Frade Monte, Number 389 Tecnologico de Monterrey School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada, 2501 School of Life Science and Food Engineering Huaiyin Institute of Technology Brazil University, Street Carolina Fonseca, Number 584 School of Engineering São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ave. Brasil Sul, Number 56 CAPES: 001

The use of chemotherapy agents has been growing worldwide, due to the increase number of cancer cases. In several countries, mainly in Europe countries, these drugs have been detected in hospitals and municipal wastewaters. In Brazil this issue is poorly explored. The main goal of this study was to assess the presence of three anti-cancer drugs, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), gemcitabine (GEM) and cyclophosphamide (CP), and two metabolites, alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine (3-NH2-F) and 2′-deoxy-2′,2′-difluorouridine (2-DOH-DiF), in effluents from a large cancer hospital, in the municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) influent and effluent, and also to evaluate toxicity of the mixtures of these compounds by ecotoxicological testing in zebrafish. The sample collections were performed in Barretos Cancer Hospital of the large cancer center in Brazil. After each collection, the samples were filtered for subsequent Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry analysis. The presence of CP, GEM, and both metabolites (3-NH2-F and 2-DOH-DiF) were detected in the hospital wastewater and the WWTP influent. Three drugs, GEM, 2-DOH-DiF and CP, were detected in the WWTP effluent. Two drugs were detected below the limit of quantification, 2-DOH-DiF

This study aimed to establish the mass cultivation of Wolffia brasiliensis under laboratory conditions, determine the sensitivity of reference substances (potassium dichromate, sodium chloride, and potassium chloride), and estimate the acute toxicity (LC50;7d) for the herbicide glyphosate, diquat, paraquat, imazapyr, 2,4-D, saflufenacil, imazamox, penoxsulam, metsulfuron-methyl, and atrazine. Three media were tested for culture establishment: Hoagland’s medium, 5.0 g L-1 NPK fertilizer (20-5-20), a mixture of Oxisol + organic substrate of decaying aquatic plant (2:1; v v-1). Sensitivity tests with reference substances and acute toxicity for herbicides were carried out after establishing the cultivation. The species W. brasiliensis presented an excellent sensitivity response to reference substances, with means of LC50;7d of 15.61±2.13 g L-1, 17.02±0.50 g L-1, and 52.54±4.27 mg L-1 for sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and potassium dichromate, respectively. The acute toxicity response indicated that W. brasiliensis was extremely sensitive to diquat (LC50;7d = 0.07 mg L-1) and paraquat (LC50;7d < 0.05 mg L-1), sensitive to imazapyr (LC50;7d = 21.10 mg L-1), and little sensitive to the other herbicides. The response capacity for the different groups of herbicides, the standardized response to reference substances, and ease of cultivation in the laboratory indicate the potential for using this aquatic plant in the assessment of herbicide risk in aquatic environments. RESUMO: Os objetivos deste estudo foram estabelecer o cultivo massal de W. brasiliensis em condição de laboratório, determinar a sensibilidade para as substâncias-referência (dicromato de potássio, cloreto de sódio e cloreto de potássio) e a estimar a toxicidade aguda (CL50;7d) para os herbicidas glyphosate, diquat, paraquat, imazapyr, 2,4-D, saflufenacil, imazamox, penoxsulam, metsulfuron-methyl e atrazine. Para estabelecimento do cultivo, foram testados três meios: Hoagland’s; 5,0 g L-1 de fertilizante NPK (20;5;20) e o da mistura Latossolo Vermelho + substrato orgânico de planta aquática em decomposição (2:1; v v-1). Após o estabelecimento do cultivo, foram realizados os ensaios de sensibilidade com as substâncias-referência e os ensaios de toxicidade aguda para os herbicidas. A W. brasiliensis apresentou excelente resposta de sensibilidade às substâncias-referência com CL50;7d média de 15,61±2,13 g L-1 para o cloreto de sódio, de 17,02±0,50 g L-1 para o cloreto de potássio e de 52,54±4,27 mg L-1 para o dicromato de potássio. A resposta de toxicidade aguda de W. brasiliensis para o diquat (CL50;7d = 0,07 mg L-1) e paraquat (< 0,05 mg L-1) indica que a planta pode ser considerada extremamente sensível; para o imazapyr, sensível (CL50;7d = 21,10 mg L-1), e para os demais herbicidas testados, pouco sensível. A capacidade de resposta relativa a diferentes grupos de herbicidas somada à resposta padronizada às substâncias-referência e facilidade de cultivo em laboratório indicam potencial para o uso desta planta aquática na avaliação de risco de herbicidas em ambientes aquáticos.