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9 Páginas.-- 2 Figuras.-- 2 Tablas, Green teas are nonfermented teas, the quality of which is measured by the green color. However, this category encompasses a high number of tea varieties that differ in cultivation and processing. For example, leaf or stem/bubble tea, plants cultivated under a light or shadow regime, powdered or unpowdered tea, etc. These variables determine the different qualities among green teas (Matcha, Sencha, Gyokuro, etc.) and consequently their different values on the market. Our purpose is to determine if these variables can exert an influence on the chlorophyll profile and to establish a characteristic profile for specific green teas. With such an aim, we analyzed the chlorophyll profiles of 6 different green tea varieties via HPLC-hr ESI/APCI-MS2 and identified up to 17 different chlorophyll compounds. For the first time, 132-hydroxy-chlorophylls, 132-hydroxy-pheophytins, and 151-hydroxy-lactone-pheophytins have been identified in green teas. Shadow teas (Matcha and Sencha) and light-regimen green teas can be statistically differentiated by the total chlorophyll content and the a/b ratio. However, only Matcha tea contains a higher proportion of chlorophylls a and b among the green tea varieties analyzed, justifying the higher quality and price of this variety. Other chlorophyll metabolites (pheophytins, pyropheophytins, and oxidized chlorophylls) are indicative of the various processing and storage conditions., This research is part of the project RTI2018-095415-B-I00 and PID2021-12799OB-I00, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”. M.H. is a recipient of grant PRE2019-088632, funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and by “ESF Investing in your future”.

14 Páginas.-- 3 Figuras.-- 4 Tablas, The current management of alperujo as the main solid by-product from the two-phase olive oil extraction system has led to the appearance of a new liquid effluent that until now was treated together with the alperujo itself. The composition and antioxidant properties of its bioactive components at different depths of the pond were studied using colorimetric and HPLC with UV and MS detectors, DPPH, reducing power and rancimat. The concentration of suspended solids varied between 1.71 and 8.49 g/L, total fat was between 0.74 and 1.47 g/L, and total phenols were found between 3.74 and 4.11 g/L, which included hydroxytyrosol, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol and tyrosol as the main phenols. Two types of extracts were obtained through two industrial systems with ethyl acetate and by chromotography, with an average content in total sugars of 2.1% and 3.16%, total phenols of 17.9% and 28.6% and hydroxytyrosol of 51.5 and 79.0 mg/g of extract, respectively. The activity presented by the chromatographic extract was higher in terms of free radical sequestering capacity, reducing power and the inhibition of lipid oxidation. Obtaining bioactive extracts would improve the formulation of food with natural components and at the same time would be the first step in a biorefinery to improve the management of the new effluent., This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and co-funded by a European Social Fund (ESF) (project AGL2016-79088R), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Ramon y Cajal Programme: (RyC 2012-10456).

27 Páginas, 3 Figuras, 3 Tablas, A characterization of the phenolic profile of 25 cocoa genotypes established in a Mexican gene bank was carried out. From five different extraction methods commonly used for phenols, extraction with acidified methanol–water was chosen as the best to quantify the concentrations of theobromine and individual phenols in cocoa beans. High concentrations of individual and total phenols were found for genotypes native to Mexico (like RIM105, M031, and M033) or from Peru and Ecuador (INI10), but not the commercial mix (CAF), and were directly associated with their antioxidant activities. Despite the loss of some theobromine and phenols during fermentation, epicatechin remained in the fermented cotyledon in high concentrations. This study could help promote the commercialization of Mexican genotypes of cocoa and reports the possibility of upcycling fermented cocoa husks, which are rich in bioactive compounds and fiber, as novel functional extracts for use in food formulation or for nutraceutical purposes., This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and co-funded by a European Social Fund (ESF) (project AGL2013-48291-R), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Ramon y Cajal Programme: (RyC 2012-10456), and the Mexican National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT-Mexico).

In the Nerpio region (Albacete, Spain), endogenous walnut cultivars have been grown since ancient times. None of them has been chemically characterized to valorize them in comparison to commercial varieties. In this work, 47 native (N) and 7 foreign (F) walnut cultivars grown in Nerpio, and 13 commercial (C) samples were studied during three seasons. The average yield, moisture, and protein and oil contents were slightly lower in the N samples than in C. The composition of fatty acid suggested that the N walnuts could be more stable against oxidation due to their higher amount of MUFA and lower amount of PUFA. The biological protein value for the samples was similar but the antioxidant capacity marked important differences among them: N cultivars reached the highest scores, with intermediate F values. Local walnut varieties from Nerpio should be valorized on the basis of their potentially enhanced health benefits, although further studies must be developed on their phytochemicals.

The triacylglycerols in the subcutaneous fat from Iberian pigs reared on four different feeding types, Montanera, Recebo, extensive Cebo and intensive Cebo, have been determined by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. Analyses were performed in a column coated with a bonded stationary phase (50% phenyl-50% methylpolysiloxane) with hydrogen as the carrier gas. Lipids were extracted by melting the subcutaneous fat in a microwave oven and then filtering and dissolving it in hexane. A total amount of 2783 samples from several campaigns were considered. Using the triacylglycerols as chemical descriptors, a study on the discriminating power to differentiate samples according to the pig feeding type and system was performed. With this aim, pattern recognition techniques, such as linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and multilayer perceptron artificial neural networks (MLPANN), have been used. ANN performed better than LDA, with a mean prediction ability of approximately 97% in the differentiation of fattening diets such as Montanera, extensive Cebo and intensive Cebo. In the case of including the recebo fattening diet, the model presents a mean performance of 82%. The differentiation of fattening systems has also been achieved by means of ANN, with a mean performance of 96%.Se ha determinado mediante cromatografía de gases con detector de ionización de llama los triglicéridos de la grasa subcutánea de cerdos ibéricos, cebados con cuatro tipos de alimentación: montanera, recebo, cebo extensivo y cebo intensivo. Los análisis se realizaron en una columna con una fase estacionaria ligada químicamente (50% fenil-50% metilpolisiloxano) usando hidrógeno como gas portador. La grasa subcutánea se extrajo por fusión en horno de microondas, posteriormente se filtró y se disolvió en hexano. Un total de 2.783 muestras de varias campañas fueron analizadas. Usando los triglicéridos como descriptores químicos se ha llevado a cabo un estudio sobre la capacidad de discriminación de éstos para diferenciar el tipo y régimen de alimentación de los cerdos. A tal fin, se han empleado técnicas de reconocimiento de patrones, tales como análisis discriminante lineal (LDA) y redes neuronales artificiales de perceptores multicapa (ANN-MLP). Las ANN presentan mejores resultados que el LDA, con una capacidad de predicción media de aproximadamente 97% en la diferenciación del tipo de alimentación entre Montanera, Cebo extensivo y Cebo intensivo. Al incluir el recebo, el modelo presenta un rendimiento promedio de 82%. La diferenciación del régimen de cebado también se ha llevado a cabo por medio de la ANN, con un rendimiento promedio del 96%.

Triacylglycerols of 50 samples of subcutaneous fat of Iberian pigs reared extensively on two different feeding systems: montanera (M) and cebo (C) have been analysed by gas chromatography flame ionization detector. The lipids were extracted by melting from subcutaneous fat into microwave oven. The fat was then filtered and dissolved in hexane. This analysis was performed on a column (30 m x 0.25 mm i.d.) coated with a bonded stationary phase DB-17HT (50% phenyl-50% methylpolysiloxane; 0.15 microm film thickness) with hydrogen (2.1 mL min(-1)) as a carrier gas, programmed temperature was kept at 320 degrees C, and was then raised to 350 degrees C at a rate of 2.0 degrees C min(-1) and flame ionization detector. By using the triacylglycerols as chemical descriptors, pattern recognition techniques were applied to differentiate between montanera and cebo fattening diet of Iberian pig. Triolein, palmitoyl-stearyl-oleoyl glycerol and di-oleoyl-linoleoyl glycerol were found to be the most differentiating variables.

The composition of the oils extracted from the acorn fruit of three species of Mediterranean oaks, Quercus ilex L., Q. suber L., and Q. faginea L., was characterized. Both major and minor components, including FA, TG, sterols, methyl sterols, triterpenic and aliphatic alcohols, tocopherols, and hydrocarbons, were identified by standard methods and MS. High-resolution GLC and HPLC were used for quantification. The FA profile, together with the equivalent carbon numbers and TG carbon numbers, was compared with data for other edible vegetable oils. Oil yield, expressed as wet weight, was 5% (w/w). Sterol content was remarkable for the three species (8,563–11,420 mg/kg), with β-sitosterol being the most abundant (80%). Oils were also high in tocopherol, with a wide variation between species (165–456 mg/kg) but with γ-tocopherol predominating in all three oils (90% of the total tocopherol content). Also, high terpenic alcohol contents were found (1527–2984 mg/kg), with dammaradienol and β-amyrin being the most abundant (33–60% of the total alcohol content). Bioactive properties and industrial applications of this underutilized native product are also discussed.

A detailed study of the efficacy of the bleaching process for elimination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Spanish olive pomace oils has been carried out. For this purpose active carbon with bleaching earth was used as absorbent. The amount of benzo-(α)-pyrene was determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with a Fluorimetric detector. The use of exhausted filter-cakes in countercurrent processes with a cake formed of active carbon and bleaching earth is very efficient for reducing the initial content of benzo-(α)-pyrene before the addition of fresh adsorbent, thus reducing the amounts of carbon and earth required.

9 pages, 4 tables, 3 figures.-- Research article., [EN] The n-Alkene content in samples of subcutaneous fat corresponding to 755 castrated male Iberian pigs has been determined by an off-line combination of HPLC and GC method. The samples corresponded to three groups based on the type of feeding during the finish fattening period (“Montanera”, fed on acorns and pasture; “Recebo”, fed on acorns, feed and pasture; and “Cebo”, fed on feed and pasture). By using the n-alkenes as chemical descriptors, multivariate statistical techniques were applied to differentiate between the three fattening diet types for Iberian pigs. The most differentiating variables were n-C16:1, n-C18:1, n-C22:1 and n-C24:1. However, a clear classification of the samples was not achieved. The level of classification was improved when the data corresponding to the animals fed with the “Recebo” fattening diet was removed from the analysis. A relationship between n-C14:1, n-C16:1 and n-C18:1 levels and the slaughter period was found to be very low for the animals fed with the “Cebo” fattening diet when the animals had not been closely managed and pasture had not been included in their fattening diet., [ES] El contenido de n-alquenos de la grasa subcutánea de 755 muestras procedentes de cerdos ibéricos machos, se ha determinado mediante combinación off-line de los métodos HPLC y GC. Las muestras correspondían a tres grupos según el tipo de alimentación en el período final de engorde (“Montanera”, alimentados con bellota y pasto; “Recebo”, alimentados con bellota, pasto y pienso; y “Cebo”, alimentados con pienso y pasto). Usando los n-alquenos como descriptores químicos, se aplicaron técnicas de análisis multivariante para diferenciar entre los tres tipos de alimentación de cerdo ibérico. Se encontró que las variables más diferenciadores fueron n-C16:1, n-C18:1, n-C22:1 y n-C24:1. Sin embargo, el total de las muestras no están clasificadas, mejorando el nivel de clasificación cuando se eliminan las muestras correspondientes a animales de “Recebo”. Para el “Cebo”, se encontró una relación entre los niveles de n-C14:1, n-C16:1 y n-C18:1 y el período de sacrificio, siendo los niveles de estos muy bajos cuando los animales, no eran de cría en extensivo y no tenían pasto en su dieta de engorde.

10 pages, 5 tables, 4 figures., [EN] The triacylglycerol (TGs) composition of 1, 560 samples of subcutaneous fat of Iberian purebred and crossbred (iberianxDuroc) pigs reared extensively on three different feeding systems: montanera (M), cebo (C) and recebo (R), were determined. Seventeen TG species were identified by Gas Chromatography and six of them (POO, PSO, POL, OOO, SOO, OOL) accounted for 75 %. Significant differences (p < 0.01) were found for the majority of TG species among the three types of feeding. The effect of the duration of montanera on the TG composition was also explored and a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) was found with the following TGs: OOO, SOL, OOL and OLL. After 110 days of Montanera, all the samples showed a percentage of OOO and OOL over 9.5 % and 4.5% respectively. Genotype also showed a significant effect (p < 0.01) on the TG composition. Principal Component and Linear Discriminant analyses were applied to the data set. No clear separation among the three groups (M, R and C) according to the TG profile was achieved. Only M and C groups were clearly separated according to their TG composition., [ES] Se ha determinado la composición de trigliceridos (TGs) en 1560 muestras de grasa subcutánea de cerdo ibérico puro y cruzado (ibericoxDuroc) criados en régimen extensivo en tres sistemas de alimentación: montanera (M), cebo (C) y recebo (R). Diecisiete TGs se han identificado mediante Cromatografía de Gases, y seis de ellos (POO, PSO, POL, OOO, SOO, OOL) representan el 75 %. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p < 0.01) para la mayoría de los TGs entre los tres tipos de alimentación. También se investigó el efecto del tiempo de montanera sobre la composición de TGs, encontrándose una correlación positiva (p < 0.05) con los siguientes TGs: OOO, SOL, OOL y OLL. Tras 110 días de Montanera, todas las muestras presentaron % de OOO y OOL por encima del 9.5 % y 4.5 % respectivamente. El genotipo también mostró un efecto significativo (p < 0.01) sobre la composición de TGs. Se aplicó Análisis de Componentes Principales y Análisis Lineal Discriminantes a los datos obtenidos. No se obtuvo una buena separación entre los tres grupos de alimentación (M, R y C), sólo para los grupos de M y C se obtuvo una clara separación en base a la composición de TGs.