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Previous data support that the inflammatory process underlying ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) can start years before the diagnosis. The aim of this study was to determine if patients with an incidental diagnosis of UC or CD demonstrate an increase in healthcare utilization in the years preceding the symptomatic onset of the disease.We performed a multicenter, retrospective, hospital-based, case-control study. Patients with an incidental diagnosis of UC or CD during the colorectal cancer screening program at 9 hospitals were included. Cases were matched 1:3 and compared separately with two control populations: one including healthy non-IBD subjects adjusted by gender, age, and date, excluding those with visits to Gastroenterology; and a second control cohort of UC/CD patients with symptomatic onset.A total of 124 patients with preclinical inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) were included (87 UC, 30 CD, 7 IBD unclassified; median age 56 years). Patients with preclinical IBD showed an increase in the number of visits to Primary Care up to 3 and 5 years before diagnosis (aIRR 1.59, 95% CI [1.37-1.86], p = 0.001; aIRR 1.43, 95% CI [1.24-1.67], p = 0.01) and more frequent use of steroids (aOR 2.84, 95% CI [1.21-6.69], p = 0.03; aOR 2.25, 95% CI [1.06-4.79], p = 0.04) compared to matched non-IBD healthy controls, respectively. In contrast, patients with a symptomatic onset visited Primary Care less frequently, but they had an increase in the number of visits to Emergency Department, specialist care, sick-leaves, CT/ultrasound examinations, and use of antibiotics or systemic steroids.There is an increased need for medical assistance and use of systemic steroids during the presymptomatic phase of IBD. These results will help in establishing new tools for early identification of IBD in the future.

Background The immune response involved in the pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) may be present years before the diagnosis, but the characteristics of the disease during the preclinical period have been scarcely investigated. Aim To describe the microscopic findings of preclinical IBD and its relationship with the natural history of the disease. Methods Medical records from all patients with an incidental diagnosis of IBD during a screening colonoscopy were included in this multicentric and retrospective study. We assessed 15 histologic items in the biopsy samples at diagnosis, and the Geboes score was calculated in patients with Ulcerative Colitis (UC). The main outcome was the development of gastrointestinal symptoms during follow-up. Results We included 110 patients (79 UC, 24 Crohn's Disease (CD) and 7 with unclassified disease). In UC the most common histologic findings were acute or chronic inflammatory infiltrate and crypt epithelial polymorphs, while in CD we observed acute or chronic neutrophilic infiltrate and epithelial irregularity. Granuloma were only observed in 4% of CD patients. Crypt distortion and the infiltration of neutrophils in the epithelium were associated with a higher risk of developing symptomatic disease. Conclusions Preclinical IBD shows specific microscopic findings and they are associated with the progression to symptomatic disease.

Background & Aims Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disease usually diagnosed after the appearance of gastrointestinal symptoms. Little is known about IBD progression during its early and even preclinical phases. We aimed to determine the number of new incidental diagnoses of IBD in an older population, and evaluate disease progression from its early stages. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 31,005 colonoscopies performed during colorectal cancer screening of patients with positive results from fecal immunochemical tests, at 11 centers in the Basque Country (Spain) from 2009 through 2014. We collected clinical and laboratory data from all asymptomatic individuals suspected to have IBD during screening colonoscopies, with histologic confirmation. Results Colonoscopy screening led to 79 new diagnoses of ulcerative colitis, 24 of Crohn's disease, and 7 of unclassified colitis (average patient age, 57 y; interquartile range, 52–62 y; 57% male). Eleven patients had symptoms before colonoscopy and were excluded from the analysis. Among those patients who were asymptomatic at diagnosis, 36% developed symptoms after a follow-up period of 25 months (interquartile range, 10.5–42 mo), mostly rectal bleeding and diarrhea. Treatment was prescribed for 81 patients (88%), and 2 cases required surgery. Conclusions We analyzed data from a large cohort of patients with IBD diagnosed at early or even preclinical stages, from an older population. New incidental diagnoses of IBD were made in 0.35% of individuals undergoing a population-based screening colonoscopy—most were classified as ulcerative colitis. Approximately one third of patients developed symptoms during the follow-up period.

Background The diagnosis of ulcerative colitis (UC) is usually established after the development of symptoms, but preclinical disease may be present even years before the final diagnosis. Around 25% of UC patients may show a proximal extension of the disease. The primary aim of the study was to define the main characteristics and the risk of progression of preclinical UC. Methods We performed a multicentric, retrospective study of all patients included in the colorectal cancer screening programme in 11 centres between 2009–2014. All subjects were initially assessed with a faecal occult blood test (OC-Sensor, Eiken Chemical Co., Tokyo, Japan) and, if this test was positive (cut-off 20 μg Hgb/g), a colonoscopy was performed. All patients were asymptomatic and had an incidental diagnosis of UC confirmed by histology during a screening colonoscopy. The main outcomes were the risk of developing symptomatic disease and proximal disease extension. A chi-square test was performed in order to assess the risk factors of proximal extension and symptomatic disease. Results During this period we performed 31 005 colonoscopies after 498 227 FIT. We included 79 patients with a new diagnosis of UC (age 58 years [IQR, 52–63], 37% non-smokers]). At baseline, disease extension was E1 in 32%, E2 in 33% and E3 in 35%. After a median follow-up of 29 months (IQR, 17–41), 76% received some treatment, and no patient showed proximal disease extension. In 45% (33% E3 and 12% E2) we observed a reduction of the disease extension. Among those subjects who were asymptomatic at diagnosis, 32% developed symptomatic disease after a median of 7.5 months (IQR, 1–14). Disease extent at diagnosis did not influence the risk of symptomatic disease during follow-up (p = 0.85). Those patients with left-sided or extensive UC were more frequently treated with mesalazine, systemic steroids or thiopurines, compared with those with proctitis (p = 0.001, 0.023 and 0.047, respectively). Conclusion Approximately one-third of patients with preclinical UC develop symptomatic disease, but there is no risk of proximal disease extension after 2 years of follow-up.

Background The diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is usually established after the development of symptoms, but preclinical disease may be present years before the final diagnosis. Recently, histology has become one of the main outcomes of IBD treatment. The primary aim of our study was to define the main histological findings of preclinical IBD and its association with the natural history of the disease. Methods This multicentric, retrospective study included all patients who participated in the colorectal cancer screening programme in 11 centres between 2009–2014. All patients were firstly assessed by a faecal immunochemical test (OC-Sensor, Eiken Chemical Co., Tokyo, Japan) and, if this test was positive (cut-off 20 μg Hgb/g), a colonoscopy was performed. All patients had an incidental diagnosis of IBD confirmed by histology, according to current ECCO criteria, during a screening colonoscopy. Three histologic findings were evaluated at diagnosis: presence of granuloma, crypt abscesses and/or eosinophilic infiltrate. The main outcomes were the development of symptoms and the risk of proximal disease extension. The frequency of each finding was described separately by IBD subtype and the chi-square test was used to describe possible association with the main outcomes. Results During this period we performed 31,005 colonoscopies after 498,227 FIT. Finally, 110 patients were included with an incidental diagnosis of ulcerative colitis (UC, 79 cases), Crohn’s disease (CD, 24 cases) or IBD-Unclassified (IBD-U, 7 cases). Crypt abscesses were present in 56%, 33% and 57% of UC, CD and IBD-U patients, respectively (Figure 1). An eosinophilic infiltrate was observed in 27%, 25% and 57% of patients, respectively. Granuloma were only observed in 4% of CD patients. There were no statistically significant differences in these findings according to IBD subtype (p = 0.14, 0.22 and 0.17 for crypt abscesses, eosinophilic infiltrate and granuloma, respectively). After a median follow-up of 25 months (IQR, 11–42), 36% of patients developed symptomatic disease. Neither of the histological findings were associated with a higher risk of developing symptomatic disease (p = 0.29, 0.78 and 0.3, respectively). No patient showed proximal extension of UC. Conclusion Preclinical IBD is frequently associated with the presence of crypt abscesses, especially in UC. Granuloma is probably a late finding in CD. Around one third of patients show a eosinophilic infiltrate in the early phases of the disease.

The stabilization of nanoparticles in solution is a challenge of major proportions, and avoiding the formation of aggregates and eventual coalescence of particles is directly linked to the conservation of its unique properties. In this work, we reported the synthesis of two hexakis-heterocyclic compounds, containing the tetrazole or 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole group, respectively. The hexa-heterocyclic compounds were used in the synthesis and stabilization of Au and Ag nanoparticles. To obtain these molecules was used phosphonitrilic chloride trimer compound as core, which reacted with phenols properly substituted in theparaposition with either cyano or aldehyde group. The cyano group was successfully converted to the corresponding tetrazole using a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction with ammonium azide generatedin situ. In the case of aldehyde derivative, it was converted to the corresponding thiosemicarbazone, which was further cyclized using FeCl3. Compounds were characterized by RMN and IR spectroscopy. The UV-Vis spectroscopy was used for nanoparticles analysis.

Colonoscopy and fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) are accepted strategies for colorectal-cancer screening in the average-risk population. METHODS: In this randomized, controlled trial involving asymptomatic adults 50 to 69 years of age, we compared one-time colonoscopy in 26,703 subjects with FIT every 2 years in 26,599 subjects. The primary outcome was the rate of death from colorectal cancer at 10 years. This interim report describes rates of participation, diagnostic findings, and occurrence of major complications at completion of the baseline screening. Study outcomes were analyzed in both intention-to-screen and as-screened populations. RESULTS: The rate of participation was higher in the FIT group than in the colonoscopy group (34.2% vs. 24.6%, P, Supported by grants from Asociación Española contra el Cáncer (Fundación Científica and Junta de Barcelona), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI08/90717), FEDER funds, and Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (2009SGR849). Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) is funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III. In the Basque Country, the study received additional grants from Obra Social de Kutxa, Diputación Foral de Gipuzkoa (DFG 07/5), Departamento de Sanidad del Gobierno Vasco, EITB-Maratoia (BIO 07/ CA/19), and Acción Transversal contra el Cáncer del CIBERehd (2008). In Galicia, this work was supported by Dirección Xeral de Innovación e Xestión da Saúde Pública, Conselleria de Sanidade, and Xunta de Galicia. Eiken Chemical of Japan and its Spanish representatives, Palex Medical and Biogen Diagnóstica, donated supplies and automated analyzers used for FIT

Composites based on low-density polyethylene (LDPE) were prepared withAgavefiber powder (AFP) that was coated by plasma polymerization process using ethylene gas. Treated and pristine AFP were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and contact water angle for the assessment of surface properties. The polymer composites were prepared by melt mixing using 0, 5, 10, and 20 wt% of AFP and their mechanical and thermal properties were measured. Dispersion evaluation in water confirmed that the AFP treated changed from hydrophilic to hydrophobic behavior and it was also corroborated with water contact angle tests. The addition of treated and untreated AFP (200 mesh) at 20 wt% promotes an increase of Young’s modulus of the composites of up to 60% and 32%, respectively, in relation to the neat matrix. Also, an increase of crystallinity of LDPE was observed by the addition of treated and untreated AFP; however no significant effect on the crystallization temperature was observed in LDPE containing AFP.

Background: There is no information on the impact of age and gender on the diagnostic yield of different positivity thresholds for the fecal immunochemical test for hemoglobin (FIT). Objectives: To evaluate the performance of this test at distinct positivity cut-offs in a population -based colorectal cancer (CRC) screening program. Methods: CRC detection rate (DR), and analysis of resources were evaluated retrospectively, at different cut-offs of FIT (20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 tig Hb/g) respect to a reference value (15 tig Hb/g), according to age and gender, in a screening population of 10,611 participants of the ColonPrev study (Quintero. NEJM 2013). Results: At the reference cut-off value, 36 CRC and 252 advanced adenomas (AA) were diagnosed. Increasing the cut-off in women 60 years increasing cut-off at 25-30 tig Hb/g. In men >60 years, all increases in the cut-off affected the CRC DR, especially when the cut-off was increased from 35 to 40 tig Hb/g (CRC miss rate 25%). Conclusions: To improve the performance of FIT in CRC screening programs, FIT cut-offs could be individualized by age and gender. (C) 2016 Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

BACKGROUND: Screening for colorectal cancer with sigmoidoscopy benefits from the fact that distal findings predict the risk of advanced proximal neoplasms (APNs). This study was aimed at comparing the existing strategies of postsigmoidoscopy referral to colonoscopy in terms of accuracy and resources needed. METHODS: Asymptomatic individuals aged 50-69 years were eligible for a randomized controlled trial designed to compare colonoscopy and fecal immunochemical test. Sigmoidoscopy yield was estimated from results obtained in the colonoscopy arm according to three sets of criteria of colonoscopy referral (from those proposed in the UK Flexible Sigmoidoscopy, Screening for COlon REctum [SCORE], and Norwegian Colorectal Cancer Prevention [NORCCAP] trials). Advanced neoplasm detection rate, sensitivity, specificity, and number of individuals needed to refer for colonoscopy to detect one APN were calculated. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify distal findings associated with APN. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: APN was found in 255 of 5059 (5.0%) individuals. Fulfillment of UK (6.2%), SCORE (12.0%), and NORCCAP (17.9%) criteria varied statistically significantly (P < .001). The NORCCAP strategy obtained the highest sensitivity for APN detection (36.9%), and the UK approach reached the highest specificity (94.6%). The number of individuals needed to refer for colonoscopy to detect one APN was 6 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4 to 7), 8 (95% CI = 6 to 9), and 10 (95% CI = 8 to 12) when the UK, SCORE, and NORCCAP criteria were used, respectively. The logistic regression analysis identified distal adenoma ≥10 mm (odds ratio = 3.77; 95% CI = 2.52 to 5.65) as the strongest independent predictor of APN. CONCLUSIONS: Whereas the NORCCAP criteria achieved the highest sensitivity for APN detection, the UK recommendations benefited from the lowest number of individuals needed to refer for colonoscopy.

Whipple's disease is an infrequent chronic infection caused by Tropheryma whipplei, identified in 1992. Intestinal, articular, central nervous system and cardiac involvement is common. The presence of abdominal adenopathies, especially mesenteric adenopathies, without peripheral adenopathies or gastrointestinal, articular, neurological or cardiac symptoms is rare. We present the case of a male patient with tonsillar hypertrophy, mesenteric adenopathies, fever and constitutional syndrome, leading to suspicion of lymphoma. Biopsy findings of the lingual tonsil and mesenteric adenopathies were compatible with Whipple's disease. The diagnosis was confirmed by blood polymerase chain reaction.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We compared the ability of biennial fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) and one-time sigmoidoscopy to detect colon side-specific advanced neoplasms in a population-based, multicenter, nationwide, randomized controlled trial. METHODS: We identified asymptomatic men and women, 50-69 years old, through community health registries and randomly assigned them to groups that received a single colonoscopy examination or biennial FIT. Sigmoidoscopy yield was simulated from results obtained from the colonoscopy group, according to the criteria proposed in the UK Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Trial for colonoscopy referral. Patients who underwent FIT and were found to have >= 75 ng hemoglobin/mL were referred for colonoscopy. Data were analyzed from 5059 subjects in the colonoscopy group and 10,507 in the FIT group. The main outcome was rate of detection of any advanced neoplasm proximal to the splenic flexure. RESULTS: Advanced neoplasms were detected in 317 subjects (6.3%) in the sigmoidoscopy simulation group compared with 288 (2.7%) in the FIT group (odds ratio for sigmoidoscopy, 2.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.93-2.70; P = .0001). Sigmoidoscopy also detected advanced distal neoplasia in a higher percentage of patients than FIT (odds ratio, 2.61; 95% confidence interval, 2.20-3.10; P = .0001). The methods did not differ significantly in identifying patients with advanced proximal neoplasms (odds ratio, 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 0.78-1.76; P = .44). This was probably due to the lower performance of both strategies in detecting patients with proximal lesions (sigmoidoscopy detected these in 19.1% of patients and FIT in 14.9% of patients) vs distal ones (sigmoidoscopy detected these in 86.8% of patients and FIT in 33.5% of patients). Sigmoidoscopy, but not FIT, detected proximal lesions in lower percentages of women (especially those 50-59 years old) than men. CONCLUSIONS: Sigmoidoscopy and FIT have similar limitations in detecting advanced proximal neoplasms, which depend on patients' characteristics; sigmoidoscopy underperforms for women 50-59 years old. Screening strategies should be designed on the basis of target population to increase effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. ClinicalTrials.govnumber: NCT00906997