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To efficiently target capacity-building efforts for child mental health services in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), it is critical to define how care is structured across sectors and individual-level factors.In a community-based sample of 1,408 children and adolescents (ages 6-15 years) from Itaboraí, Brazil, the authors assessed need and service use across four care systems (mental health specialty, health, welfare, and informal). Individual-level factors included child gender and age, maternal perception of child mental health need, paternal absence, maternal education, and maternal anxiety and depression.The mental health treatment gap was 88%, with only 12% of children with psychiatric problems using mental health services. Children with mental health problems were more likely than those without these problems to use health and other sectors of care and to use services in more than one sector of care. Overall, 46% of the children with any clinical mental health problems and 31% of those with only internalizing problems were identified by their mothers as having a mental health need. Among those with clinical mental health problems, factors associated with mental health service use were being a boy and paternal absence but not mental health problem type or maternal awareness.Closing the child mental health treatment gap in urban settings in LMICs where resources are scarce will likely require system-level changes, such as engagement of diverse service sectors of care. Interventions need to target increased maternal awareness about mental health problems and encourage provision of mental health services to girls.

Introduction Exposure to peer aggression (PA) and bullying victimization (BV) are both expressions of peer victimization. Objectives In four age-sex groups, (1) Can exposure to PA and BV be considered distinct experiences? (2) To what extent do adolescents exposed to PA consider themselves bullying victims? and (3) What is the effect on BV of the number of PA events experienced? Methods This cross-sectional study evaluated a probabilistic community-based sample of 669 adolescents (11-15 years, 51.7% girls). A three-stage probabilistic sampling plan involved random selection of census units, eligible households, and one target child per household selected. A 15-item scale investigated exposure to PA events (physical aggression, verbal harassment, social manipulation) occurring more than once in the past six months. BV occurring more than once a week or most days in the past six months was investigated after presenting respondents with a BV definition that required them to feel harmed by their victimization experiences. Results Adolescents exposed to PA and/or BV reported PA only (76.2%), BV only (4.7%), and both (19.1%). Rates of BV among those exposed to PA were as follows: 11-to-12-year-old boys (22.7%), 13-to-15-year-old boys (9.7%), 11-to-12-year-old girls (46.5%), and 13-to-15-year-old girls (13.2%). Multiple logistic regression analysis (outcome = BV) found a significant interaction between PA, age, and sex. PA events had a significant effect on BV for all except older girls. Conclusion Exposure to PA and BV are different constructs; few older boys exposed to PA consider themselves bullying victims; and older girls are less affected by PA when it comes to BV.

Background: Adolescents and parents often disagree about the perception of bullying victimization since adults tend to underestimate its occurrence. Objective: This study identifies factors that can influence maternal perception of bullying victimization experienced by her son/daughter in the past 12 months. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved a representative sample of in-school adolescents (n=669, 11-15-years) living in Itaboraí city, Brazil (mean age±SE: 13.01±0.07 years; 51.7% females). A 3-stage probabilistic sampling procedure (random selection of census units, eligible households and target child) generated sampling weights. Trained lay interviewers individually applied semi-structured questionnaires to mothers and adolescents in the households. Multivariable logistic regression analysis examined factors potentially influencing maternal perception of bullying victimization experienced by her son/daughter: adolescent gender and age, adolescent self-perceived bullying victimization, exposure to severe physical punishment by parents, internalizing/externalizing behaviour problems identified by the Youth Self-Report/YSR, maternal education and maternal anxiety/depression identified by the 20-item Self-Reporting Questionnaire/SRQ-20. Results: Univariable logistic regression analysis identified a strong association between adolescent self-perceived bullying victimization and maternal perception of bullying victimization experienced by her son/daughter. Multivariable models showed that adolescent perception influenced maternal perception when adolescents had no clinical internalizing behaviour problems and when mothers had higher education. Conclusion: Anxious/depressive adolescents may hide victimization incidents, while those with no problems probably reveal these incidents to the mother. Considering that maternal low education is an indicator of low socioeconomic status, which is associated with multiple stressors, less educated mothers may be more likely to interpret these incidents as a common part of growing-up.

Background - Adolescents may seek help for many reasons beyond health needs, such as personal stress due to violence exposure. Objective -To investigate factors associated with receiving professional assistance and informal help due to violence exposure in the community and at school. Participants and setting - This study was conducted in Itaboraí, a low-income medium-size city in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Southeast Brazil, characterized by poverty, inequality and violence. It analyses data reported by 669 in-school adolescents (11–15-years, 51.7% girls). Methods - This is a cross-sectional study nested in a longitudinal study (Itaboraí Youth Study). The Itaboraí Youth Study involved a probabilistic community-based sample of 1409 6-to-15-year-olds based on a 3-stage probabilistic sampling plan that included a random selection of census units, eligible households and the target child. Results - Professional assistance was mainly received from psychologists (the Brazilian population has free access to health services). Family members were the main source of informal help. Correlates of professional assistance were having clinical emotional problems and not counting on an adult (if needing help) for community violence victims, and absent father for community and school violence victims. Correlates of informal help were female sex, maternal anxiety/depression and absent father for community violence victims, and younger age and higher maternal education for school violence victims. Conclusions - The mental health needs of violence victims, and maternal difficulties to deal with the adolescent distress resulting from violence exposure (maternal increased burden due to father absence and/or having anxiety/depression) are important influences on the help-seeking process.

Objective: Our study aimed to verify whether cyberbullying victimization among adolescents occurs concomitantly with other forms of violence exposure (at home, at school and in the community). Methods: A collaborative longitudinal study by Norwegian and Brazilian researchers was conducted in Itaboraí, a low-income city in southeast Brazil. At baseline, trained interviewers applied a semi-structured questionnaire to a population-based sample of 669 in-school adolescents (11-15 years old). The investigated types of violence exposure included cyberbullying, traditional bullying, severe physical punishment by parents and community violence (victimization and eye-witnessed violent events outside the home and school). Results: In the previous six months, 1.9% of the adolescents had been victims of cyberbullying, and 21.9% had been victims of physical aggression, verbal harassment and/or social manipulation by peers. However, only 5.5% of the adolescents considered themselves bullying victims. In the previous 12 months, 12.4% of adolescents had suffered severe physical punishment, 14.0% had been victims of community violence, and 20.9% eye-witnessed community violence. Multivariable regression analysis showed that victimization by multiple types of traditional bullying and self-perceived bullying victimization were correlates of cyberbullying victimization, while suffering violence at home and in the community were not. Conclusion: This study provides evidence of an association between cyberbullying, traditional bullying and self-perceived bullying among low-income Brazilian adolescents.

This version of the article has been accepted for publication, after peer review and is subject to Springer Nature’s AM terms of use, but is not the Version of Record and does not reflect post-acceptance improvements, or any corrections. The Version of Record is available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02143-4. Purpose - The purpose of this study is to assess whether violence exposure is associated with emotional/conduct problems, when adjusting for confounders/covariates and controlling for comorbidity, and to investigate interactions between violence exposure and sex and/or age. Methods - This cross-sectional study evaluated a community-based sample of 669 in-school 11–15-year-olds. A three-stage probabilistic sampling plan included a random selection of census units, eligible households, and target child. Multivariable logistic regression investigated the effect of severe physical punishment by parents, peer victimization at school, and community violence on the study outcomes (adolescent-reported emotional/conduct problems identified by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire/SDQ) when controlling for confounders (resilience, parental emotional warmth, maternal education/unemployment/anxiety/depression) and covariates (age, sex, stressful life events, parental rejection). Results - Considering interactions, emotional problems were associated with community violence victimization among girls, while conduct problems were associated with severe physical punishment among the younger, suffering peer aggression among the oldest, bullying victimization among girls, and witnessing community violence among boys. Desensitization (less emotional problems with greater violence exposure) was noted among the youngest exposed to severe physical punishment and the oldest who witnessed community violence. Conclusion - Age and sex are moderators of the association between violence exposure and emotional/conduct problems. Interventions at local health units, schools, and communities could reduce the use of harsh physical punishment as a parental educational method, help adolescents deal with peer aggression at school and keep them out of the streets by increasing the usual five hours in school per day and making free sports and cultural/leisure activities available near their homes.

For the purpose of studying Alexithymia in low-educated adults, we intend to adapt the Brazilian version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-26) and to verify its internal consistency. With that aim, we translated the original TAS-26 (English) to Portuguese, adopting a colloquial language, without content distortion. An exploratory qualitative study interviewed 50 women (38-65 years, education

The purpose of the study is to identify early vulnerabilities for psychiatric disorders among Brazilian elementary school children, controlling for familial and community adversities. This is a cross-sectional study examining the association between child psychiatric disorders and potential early vulnerabilities (disability, low intellectual quotient, and negative dimensions of the temperament trait self-directedness (low resourcefulness, low purposefulness, low enlightened second nature), controlling for the potential confounders: familial and community adversities. Sample: Four probabilistic samples of second-to-sixth grade students from public schools in four towns from different Brazilian regions (N = 1620). The following instruments were applied: the K-SADS-PL (to assess child/adolescent psychiatric disorders); the Ten-Question Screen (to measure child disability); three structured questions used as proxy of self-directedness; and the reduced version of the WISC-III to measure IQ. To evaluate familial/community adversities: Self-Report Questionnaire—SRQ-20 (to assess maternal/primary caretaker anxiety/depression); questions derived from structured questionnaires (to measure child abuse, marital physical violence, neighborhood violence); Brazilian Association of Research Companies questionnaire (to evaluate poverty/socioeconomic status). Trained psychologists interviewed mothers/primary caretakers and evaluated children/adolescents individually. A final logistic regression model showed that children/adolescents with low resourcefulness, low purposefulness, low enlightened second nature, lower IQ and disability were more likely to present any child psychiatric disorders. Early vulnerabilities such as low IQ, presence of disability, and dimensions of temperament were associated with psychiatric disorders among Brazilian elementary school children, after controlling for familial and ecological confounders. These early vulnerabilities should be considered in mental health prevention/intervention programs in low-middle-income countries like Brazil.

Objective: To identify child behaviors and types of impairment that increase the likelihood of maternal recognition of emotional/behavioral problems (EBP) in children and adolescents. Methods: Maternal-reported data were obtained from two subsamples of 11-to-16-year-olds derived from cross-sectional studies conducted in two Brazilian municipalities: Itaboraí, state of Rio de Janeiro (n=480), and Embu, state of São Paulo (n=217). The Itaboraí study involved a representative sample of 6-to-16-year-olds (n=1,248; response rate = 86.0%) selected from the Family Health Program registry, which covered 85.5% of the municipal population. The Embu study was based on a probabilistic sample of clusters of eligible households (women aged 15-49 years, child < 18 years), with one mother-child pair selected randomly per household (n=813; response rate = 82.4%). The outcome variable was mother’s opinion of whether her child had EBP. Potential correlates included types of child behaviors (hyperactivity/conduct/emotional problems as isolated or combined conditions) and impairment, assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ); child’s age and gender; maternal education and anxiety/depression (assessed using the Self-Reporting Questionnaire [SRQ]). Results: Multivariate regression models identified the following correlates of maternal perception of child EBP: comorbidity (co-occurring hyperactivity/conduct/emotional problems), emotional problems alone, and interference of problems with classroom learning and friendships. Conclusion: Comorbidity of different problem types, emotional problems alone, and interference with classroom learning and friendships increase the likelihood of maternal recognition of EBP in children.

The goal of this study was to evaluate family functioning in two groups of adolescents: adolescents with major depressive disorder (cases) and adolescents with no psychiatric disorders (controls). A total of 18 adolescents (13-18 years) and their first-degree relatives (N = 70) were evaluated. Cases and controls were matched for the adolescent's age, gender, level of education, number and age of siblings, parental marital status, and economic condition. A family therapist conducted the Structured Family Interview with each family to evaluate nine family functioning dimensions (communication, rules, roles, leadership, conflict, aggressiveness, affect, individuation, and integration). The interview transcripts were independently rated by two different family therapists blinded to case-control status, i.e., without knowing whether they were evaluating cases or controls. The raters scored all interview items using a standardized coding system (overall agreement = 83.5%), and when compared to the controls, the cases showed lower mean scores in seven dimensions, particularly affect (p = 0.0078). There was no difference between cases and controls regarding the dimensions rules and leadership. Difficulty in expressing affect in parent-child relationship was the main disturbance in the families of depressive adolescents evaluated. Avaliar a dinâmica familiar em dois grupos de adolescentes, um com transtorno depressivo maior (casos) e outro sem transtornos psiquiátricos (controles), totalizando 18 adolescentes (13-18 anos) acompanhados de seus pais e irmãos (N = 70). Pareou-se casos e controles segundo idade, sexo, escolaridade, número e idade dos irmãos, estado civil parental e condição econômica. Uma terapeuta familiar aplicou a Entrevista Familiar Estruturada a cada família, avaliando nove dimensões da dinâmica familiar (comunicação, normas, papéis, liderança, conflito, agressividade, afeto, individualização, integração). As sessões transcritas foram independentemente avaliadas por duas outras terapeutas familiares que desconheciam se as famílias constituíam casos ou controles. A pontuação dos itens da entrevista baseou-se em um sistema de codificação padronizado (concordância geral = 83,5%). Comparados aos controles, os casos obtiveram médias de escores mais baixas em sete dimensões, especialmente afeto (p = 0,0078); não houve diferença nas dimensões normas e liderança. A dificuldade em expressar afeto nas relações entre pais e filhos foi a principal disfunção nas famílias dos adolescentes deprimidos avaliados.

Little is known about specific learning disorder (SLD) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and even less from representative school samples in small size cities outside huge urban centers. Few studies addressed the new DSM-5 criteria for SLDs. We investigated the prevalence of DSM-5 SLDs, their comorbidities and correlates in school samples of students from the second to sixth grades living in median cities from four different geographic regions in Brazil. A national test for academic performance covering reading, writing and mathematical abilities was applied. Psychiatric diagnoses were assessed by the K-SADS-PL applied to the primary caregiver. A total of 1618 children and adolescents were included in the study. The following prevalence rates of SLDs were found: 7.6% for global impairment, 5.4% for writing, 6.0% for arithmetic, and 7.5% for reading impairment. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was the only comorbidity significantly associated with SLD with global impairment (p = 0.031). Anxiety disorders and ADHD were associated with SLD with arithmetic impairment. Significant differences were detected in prevalence rates among cities, and several socio-demographic correlates (age, gender, IQ, and socioeconomic status) were significantly associated with SLD with global impairment in our sample. Careful validation and normatization of instruments to assess academic performance is a major problem in LMICs. As expected, we found a significant heterogeneity in prevalence rates of SLD according to geographic regions considering that Brazil is a country with a robust diversity. SLD with global and arithmetic impairment was significantly associated with psychiatric comorbidities.

Objectives To evaluate temperament and character traits using the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI) in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) in comparison with healthy control subjects (HC), and to verify if comorbidity with disruptive behavioral disorders and being currently depressed influence JTCI scores. Methods A case–control study comprising 41 MDD children/adolescents matched to 40 HC by gender and age (8–17 years). All participants were assessed diagnostically with the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia – Present and Lifetime (K-SADS-PL). Temperament and character traits were measured with the parent and child versions of JTCI, and depression was evaluated with the Children's Depression Rating Scale (CDRS). Results According to child and parent data, MDD subjects had significantly higher scores on harm avoidance and novelty seeking, and lower scores on reward dependence, persistence, self-directedness and cooperativeness compared with HC. According to parent data only, MDD subjects significantly differed from HC on self-transcendence (lower spirituality scores and higher fantasy scores). Comorbidity with disruptive behavioral disorders exerted influence on almost all dimensions, in general increasing the mean differences between MDD and HC subjects. Also, being currently depressed did not influence the results, except for reward dependence according to parent data. Limitations The cross-sectional nature of the study and its limited sample size. Conclusions MDD children/adolescents have a different temperament and character profile compared to HC subjects. This study supports previous findings of trait-like characteristics of harm avoidance and self-directedness.

A violência doméstica é um dos temas mais difíceis de serem tratados pelos profissionais de saúde. Buscou-se compreender, na pesquisa realizada, a experiência dos profissionais de saúde sobre a violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes, descrevendo a identificação dos casos e a assistência prestada às vítimas em Unidades Básicas de Saúde. As técnicas utilizadas foram observação participante, entrevistas semi-estruturadas e grupos focais conduzidos em duas Unidades Básicas de Saúde de Embu/SP, considerada uma das regiões mais violentas do país. Dentre os resultados obtidos, os profissionais ressaltaram inúmeras dificuldades para lidar com a questão da violência, como o medo de se envolver com pessoas criminosas, a falta de resguardo nas unidades de saúde e a falta de comprometimento dos familiares. Um dos motivos da dificuldade de denúncia seria a reprodução de padrões culturais da população em que se aceita a punição física como uma prática educativa. Além disso, não se sentiam responsáveis ou capacitados para lidar com o problema. Os profissionais do Embu, de certa forma, acabam por reproduzir os mesmos valores e atitudes da comunidade em relação à violência, mantendo-se coniventes com o silêncio das famílias, evitando o comprometimento com os casos e desacreditando nas instituições responsáveis pela proteção ao menor. Ficou evidente que o problema da violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes não é de fácil manejo. A assistência oferecida às vítimas é restrita, principalmente pelas dificuldades dos profissionais em lidar com as características socioculturais da população atendida e pelo pouco diálogo com as instituições responsáveis pelo encaminhamento dos casos. A abordagem, o encaminhamento e o tratamento de crianças e adolescentes vítimas de violência física podem adquirir maior eficácia quando se estabelece essa aproximação dos serviços de saúde com o cotidiano vivido pela população. Domestic violence is one of the most difficult topics to be dealt with by health professionals. We aimed, in this research, to understand the experience of health professionals concerning domestic violence against children and teenagers, describing the identification of the cases and the aid offered to the victims in the Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS - Primary Health Care Units). The techniques were participant observation, focus groups and semi-structured interviews conducted at two UBSs in the city of Embu, one of the most violent regions of Brazil, located in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. According to the results, the professionals said they have several difficulties in tackling the question of violence, such as fear of getting involved with criminal people, lack of protection in the UBSs and the relatives' lack of commitment. The fear of assuming legal obligations makes it difficult for the professionals to have attitudes in order to assist the victims. One of the reasons for their denunciation difficulty would be the reproduction of cultural standards in which physical punishment is accepted as an educational practice. Besides, they seem not to feel responsible or qualified to deal with the problem. The professionals of Embu, in a certain way, reproduce the same values and attitudes of the community in relation to violence, conniving at the silence of the families, avoiding commitment to the cases and not believing in the institutions that are responsible for children's protection. It was clear that the problem of domestic violence against children and teenagers is not easy to deal with. The assistance offered to the victims is restricted, mainly due to the professionals' difficulties in handling the social-cultural characteristics of the population and to the lack of dialogue with the institutions that are responsible for referring the cases. The approach, referral and treatment of children and teenagers who are victims of physical violence can be more effective when the health services are in close contact with the daily life of the population.

BACKGROUND: Although the history of recognition of child abuse in Europe and North America extends over 40 years, recognition and data are lacking in other parts of the world. Cultural differences in child-rearing complicate cross-cultural studies of abuse. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain rates of harsh and less-harsh parenting behavior in population-based samples. METHODS: We used parallel surveys of parental discipline of children in samples of mothers in Brazil, Chile, Egypt, India, Philippines, and the United States. Data were collected between 1998 and 2003. The instrument used was a modification of the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale, along with a study-developed survey of demographic characteristics and other parent and child variables. Women (N = 14 239) from 19 communities in 6 countries were surveyed. We interviewed mothers aged 15 to 49 years (18–49 years in the United States) who had a child younger than 18 years in her home. Sample selection involved either random sampling or systematic sampling within randomly selected blocks or neighborhoods. RESULTS: Nearly all parents used nonviolent discipline and verbal or psychological punishment. Physical punishment was used in at least 55% of the families. Spanking rates (with open hand on buttocks) ranged from a low of 15% in an educated community in India to a high of 76% in a Philippine community. Similarly, there was a wide range in the rates of children who were hit with objects (9%–74% [median: 39%]) or beaten by their parents (0.1%–28.5%). Extremely harsh methods of physical punishment, such as burning or smothering, were rare in all countries. It is concerning that ≥20% of parents in 9 communities admitted shaking children younger than 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: Physical and verbal punishments of children are common in high-, middle-, and low-income communities around the world. The forms and rates of punishment vary among countries and among communities within countries. A median of 16% of children experienced harsh or potentially abusive physical discipline in the previous year.

Objectives. To estimate the lifetime prevalence of domestic violence against women (DVAW) in a low-income urban community and evaluate the immediate impact of DVAW on health, work, and family life.Methods. The present cross-sectional study was carried out in the city of Embu (state of Sao Paulo, Brazil) as part of an international multicenter project (World Studies of Abuse in the Family Environment, WorldSAFE). A probabilistic sample of census sector-based clusters including all eligible households identified was used. A total of 784 women (age 16-49 years) with at least one child younger than 18 years and a lifetime resident husband/partner were included. We evaluated the occurrence of any kind of DVAW (slapping, kicking, hitting, beating, threatening to use or using a weapon, other aggressions mentioned spontaneously), of severe DVAW (same items, except slapping and other aggressions informed spontaneously), and of immediate impacts on the health, work, and family of the victims.Results. The prevalence of DVAW was 26.0% for any kind of violence and 18.5% for severe DVAW. Among the victims of any kind of DVAW, 38.7% judged that they needed medical care, 4.4% were hospitalized, 18.1% were incapacitated for work (paid work or household chores), 51.5% left their partner due to the aggression and 66.7% had children who witnessed the violence. For severe violence, these rates were 51.0, 5.5, 23.4, 59.3 and 75.9%, respectively. Shame and fear of retaliation obstructed access to medical care.Conclusions. The frequency of DVAW is high in the studied community and produces immediate impacts on the victim's health, work, and family life. These impacts decrease the victim's ability to look for help and hinder the breaking of the cycle of violence. Univ Fed Alagoas, Fac Med, BR-57072900 Maceio, AL, Brazil Univ Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Programa Posgrad Disturbios Desenvolvimento, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Fed Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Setor Psiquiatria Social, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Fed Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Setor Psiquiatria Social, Sao Paulo, Brazil Web of Science

To examine the relationship between specific types of child mental health problems and severe physical punishment, in combination with other important known risk factors.We conducted a cross-sectional study in Embu, São Paulo, Brazil, as the Brazilian component of a multicountry survey on abuse in the family environment. From a probabilistic sample of clusters that included all eligible households (women aged 15-49 years with a son or daughter18 years of age), we randomly selected one mother-child pair per household (n = 813; attrition rate: 17.6%). This study focused on children aged 6-17 years (n = 480). Child Behaviour Checklist CBCL/6-18 was used to identify children with internalizing problems only, externalizing problems only, and both internalizing and externalizing problems (comorbidity). Severe physical punishment was defined as being hit with an object, being kicked, choked, smothered, burnt, scalded, branded, beaten or threatened with a weapon. We examined other potential correlates from four domains: child (gender, age, ever witnessing marital violence); mother (education, unemployment, anxiety or depression, marital violence); father (absence, drunkenness); and family (socioeconomic status). The WHO Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) was used to identify maternal anxiety or depression (score7). Backward logistic regression analysis identified independent correlates and significant interactions.Multivariate modelling showed that severe punishment was an independent correlate of comorbid internalizing and externalizing problems but was not associated with internalizing problems only. It increased the risk of externalizing problems alone only for children and adolescents not exposed to maternal anxiety or depression. Maternal anxiety or depression increased the risk only for children or adolescents not exposed to severe punishment.Severe punishment may be related to child mental health problems, with the mechanism depending on the type of problem. Its influence persists in the presence of family stressors such as the father's absence and maternal anxiety or depression.

This paper examines challenges and current issues involved in measuring exposure to different types of violence which are associated mental health problems in children and adolescents. Standardized measures suitable for epidemiological studies, selected based on their relevance in the current literature, are briefly described and commented. The assessment of child's exposure to violence may focus on a specific event (e.g., kidnapping), a specific context (e.g., war) or even of a certain type of exposure (e.g., intrafamilial physical violence). The assessment of child mental health after exposure to violence has traditionally focused on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - most frequently measured through non-diagnostic scales. However, other mental health reactions may be present and screening as well as diagnostic instruments which may be used to assess these reactions are also described. Two issues of emerging importance - the assessment of impairment and of traumatic grief in children - are also presented. Availability of culturally appropriate instruments is a crucial step towards proper identification of child mental health problems after exposure to violence.Este artigo examina os desafios e perspectivas atuais envolvidos na mensuração da exposição a diferentes tipos de violência e problemas de saúde mental em crianças e adolescentes. Instrumentos padronizados apropriados para estudos epidemiológicos, selecionados com base em sua relevância na literatura, são brevemente descritos e comentados. A avaliação de exposição à violência em crianças pode dizer respeito a um evento específico (como sequestro) ou um contexto específico (como guerra) ou mesmo um determinado tipo de exposição (como violência física intrafamiliar). A avaliação da saúde mental infantil após a exposição à violência tradicionalmente concentrou-se na avaliação do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT) - freqüentemente avaliado através de escalas não-diagnósticas. Porém, outras reações psicológicas podem ocorrer e instrumentos que podem ser usados para avaliar estas reações também são descritos neste artigo. Dois tópicos de importância emergente - a avaliação de prejuízo funcional e do pesar traumático em crianças - são também apresentados. Instrumentos culturalmente apropriados são essenciais para a identificação de problemas de saúde mental em crianças após a exposição à violência.

OBJETIVO: Analisar fatores individuais e familiares associados à gravidez na adolescência, incluindo uso freqüente de álcool e drogas ilícitas por familiar. MÉTODOS: Estudo de caso-controle com amostra de 408 adolescentes (13-17 anos) escolares sexualmente ativas, de Marília, SP, 2003-2004. Os casos eram 100 primigestas atendidas em programas de pré-natal de unidades de saúde e os controles, 308 estudantes que nunca haviam engravidado, provenientes de oito escolas estaduais. Foram coletados com instrumentos padronizados dados sociodemográficos, educacionais, comportamento contraceptivo, problemas de saúde mental e características familiares. A análise estatística incluiu testes de qui-quadrado e modelos de regressão logística. RESULTADOS: A baixa escolaridade paterna (p=0,01), a falta de informação sobre sexualidade e fertilização (p=0,001) e o uso de drogas ilícitas por familiar residente no domicílio (p=0,006) foram fatores de risco independentemente dos demais. Renda familiar per capita e pedir ao parceiro que usasse preservativo foram fatores de confundimento. CONCLUSÕES: O uso freqüente de drogas ilícitas por familiar residente no domicílio é um fator fortemente associado à gravidez na adolescência, independentemente dos demais. A expectativa de cursar a faculdade constitui fator de proteção, principalmente na presença de baixa escolaridade materna.

Engagement in drug trafficking may place a child or youth at risk for exposure to severe violence, drug abuse, and death. However, little is know about the nature of youth involvement in drug trafficking. The purpose of this study is to describe drug trafficking behaviour of delinquent youth and identify adverse experiences as potential predictors of trafficking. Cross-sectional sample of youth (12–17 years of age) incarcerated in detention facilities for delinquent or criminal acts in Sao Paulo City, Brazil. Structured face-to-face interviews completed with 325 youth (289 boys, 36 girls). Approximately half of the boys and girls in this sample have had at least some role in drug trafficking prior to incarceration. Though youth who had engaged in drug trafficking activities did not differ on basic socio-demographic variables, they were more likely to have been exposed to a number of adverse experiences. Beyond heavy substance use, no longer attending school, gang involvement, witnessing violence, and easier access to guns, drugs and alcohol remained significantly related to trafficking involvement in the final regression model. Girls experienced a very similar pattern of adverse exposures as boys. Special efforts may be required for rehabilitation of youth who engage in drug trafficking. Potential targets may include keeping or re-engaging delinquent youth in school for longer periods of time and reducing youth exposure to violence in poor urban communities.

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de problemas de saúde mental em adolescentes primigestas e comparar seu perfil de saúde mental com o daquelas sexualmente ativas que nunca engravidaram. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal, comparativo entre dois grupos de adolescentes de 13 a 17 anos, em Marília, Estado de São Paulo, 2003-2004. A amostra incluiu 207 primigestas atendidas em programas de pré-natal de serviços públicos municipais urbanos e 308 estudantes de escolas estaduais, sexualmente ativas, que nunca engravidaram. Foram aplicados um instrumento de rastreamento para problemas de saúde mental em adolescentes (versão brasileira do Youth Self-Report) e um questionário sobre fatores de risco para gravidez na adolescência. A análise estatística incluiu testes de qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher, U de Mann Whitney e modelos de regressão logística. RESULTADOS: Adolescentes grávidas e não-grávidas não diferiram quanto à prevalência do total de problemas de saúde mental (24,6% vs. 27,3%; p=0,50). Comparado às adolescentes não-grávidas, o grupo das primigestas apresentou maior prevalência de sintomas de ansiedade/depressão (24,2% vs. 15,3%; p=0,01) e sintomas de retraimento/depressão (13,0% vs, 4,5%; p

The objective of this case-control study was to investigate the determinants of maternal stress in mothers of children with autism. Mothers of 31 children with autism from mental health clinics were matched by child age/gender and mother age to 31 mothers of children without mental health problems, drawn from public schools and a primary care unit. Logistic regression models showed that the presence of stress in mothers was primarily associated with having a child with autism. However, poor expression of affect, little interest in people, being an older mother, and having a younger child also contributed to increased stress levels. Although having a child with autism was the main factor responsible for stress, the presence of the other factors further increased maternal stress. The implication is that a subgroup of mothers of children with autism is more prone to experience stress, thus requiring special attention from mental health professionals.

The literature documenting the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on health and injury does not provide a clear consensus on how to account for socioeconomic indicators in population and health outcome studies across countries. The World Studies of Abuse in the Family Environment (WorldSAFE) consortium conducted a series of population-based, multi-stage probability sampling cross-sectional surveys in selected communities in five countries from 1997 to 2003 that allows for the examination of the relationship of SES with current physical and psychological intimate partner violence (IPV).Women aged 15-49 years (n = 3975) from six urban low- and middle-income communities participating the the WorldSAFE consortium were interviewed. Using a standardized instrument, the following SES indicators were collected: dwelling ownership, land ownership, number of rooms in the house along with number of residents, toilet facilities, ownership of 13 specific individual/household items, current work status of the woman and her husband/partner, and years of formal schooling completed by the woman and her husband/partner. A family asset index was constructed using principal coordinate analysis. The outcome variables utilized in this manuscript were current (past 12 months) physical IPV, and current psychological IPV. Basic bivariate associations between the categorical predictors and outcome variables were followed by a multiple logistic regression analysis to investigate the effect of covariates on the study outcomes.The were considerable variability among the six sampled communities with respect to the relationship between socioeconomic indicators and current physical and psychological IPV. In general, the employment status of the woman was related to her experience of intimate partner violence, and her educational level and family's assets index were protective factors. When considered in multiple logistic regression models, the asset index was the only indicator that was consistently significant across communities.The derived asset index as an SES indicator was found to be associated with current psychological and physical IPV against women across the sampled six communities in four countries.

The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)/4-18 is one of the few standardized means available for assessing child mental health in Brazil. In this context, the identification of a specific pathology such as autism by the CBCL/4-18 is relevant. To examine the validity of the CBCL/4-18 for the identification of autism, the CBCL/4-18 was applied to 101 children: 36 with autism and related conditions, 31 with other psychiatric disorders, and 34 schoolchildren. Children ranged in age from 4 to 11 years. A CBCL factor called Autistic/Bizarre and the narrow-band Thought Problems scale differentiated autistic conditions from other psychiatric disorders and school-children. Conclusion: The CBCL/4-16 can identify autistic children in clinical and school settings in Brazil.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:22:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-15T15:03:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-44462014000300191.pdf: 85818 bytes, checksum: d49c915f5d76a48909495b864433c737 (MD5) Objective: To quantitatively study the exposure to childhood maltreatment and urban violence in children from families with at least one child working on the streets and to investigate the relationship between these factors and street work. Methods: Families who participated in a nongovernmental organization (NGO) program to eliminate child labor were included. Data concerning sociodemographic characteristics, punishment methods used in the family environment against the children, five types of abuse and neglect perpetrated by the caregivers, urban violence exposure and family functioning were collected. Results: The sample included 126 children who were working on the streets and 65 siblings who were not working on the streets. Caregivers reported high levels of severe physical punishment. The children reported high levels of abuse and neglect, and high levels of urban violence exposure. The families showed a predominance of dysfunctional and unsatisfactory relationships. A multiple logistic regression model showed that age older than 12 years and severe physical punishment at home were associated with street work. Conclusion: Interventions to decrease the risk of child street work should be family-focused and should aim to reduce violence in the family environment. © 2014 Associação Brasileira de Psiquiatria. Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de Saão Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP), São Paulo, SP Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, SP Department of Psychology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS RUKHA Institute and Center for Studies and Research in Neuropsychoanalysis (CEINP), São Paulo, SP Mathematics and Statistics Institute, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP), São Paulo, SP

We assessed the mental disorders rate in treatment-seeking, nonintravenous cocaine users in a Brazilian outpatient clinic, and evaluated how comorbidity affects global functioning. Fifty male nonintraveneous cocaine users from an outpatient clinic were interviewed with semistructured instruments based on DSM-III-R criteria. All subjects met the DSM-III-R criteria for "cocaine abuse" or "dependence" during the last 6 months. The lifetime Axis I or Axis II disorders rate was 69%, with a higher prevalence of anxiety disorders (31%) and depressive disorders (20%). By using a multivariate analysis, the number of personality disorders, the number of psychiatric diagnoses, and the presence of depressive and anxiety disorders were found as significant factors associated with poor global functioning among nonintraveneous cocaine addicts.

BACKGROUND The immunomodulatory effects of allogeneic blood transfusions have been attributed to the white cells (WBCs) present in the cellular blood components transfused to patients. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The effect of the transfusion of allogeneic red cells (RBCs) or allogeneic prestorage WBC-reduced RBCs (WBC-reduced RBCs) on host immune responsiveness was evaluated by measuring the lymphocyte subsets and the in-vitro cytokine production in response to phytohemagglutinin stimulation of WBCs of orthopedic surgery patients. Forty-seven patients undergoing hip replacement surgery were randomly assigned to receive allogeneic RBCs (n = 17) or WBC-reduced RBCs (n = 14; 99.95% WBC removal). Sixteen patients were not transfused. Patient blood samples taken before surgery and on Days 1 and 4 after surgery were tested for complete blood count, lymphocyte subset analysis, and measurement of cytokine levels. RESULTS After surgery, the lymphocyte count was significantly decreased in patients transfused with > or = 3 units of allogeneic RBCs (2.0 +/- 0.5 vs. 1.3 +/- 0.3 x 10(9)/L; p = 0.017), but not in patients transfused with > or = 3 units of WBC-reduced RBCs (2.0 +/- 0.9 vs. 1.7 +/- 0.8 x 10(9)/L). Compared with preoperative levels, on Day 4 after surgery, patients transfused with > or = 3 units of allogeneic RBCs also had a decrease in the number of natural killer cells (0.07 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.04 +/- 0.03 x 10(9)/L; p = 0.018). Postoperatively, interleukin-2 was decreased in one patient who received WBC-reduced RBCs compared with that in four patients transfused with allogeneic RBCs (p = 0.32), and eight untransfused patients (p = 0.01). On Day 4, about 70 percent of patients transfused with allogeneic RBCs showed a 20-percent decrease in the interferon gamma level. CONCLUSION Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that transfusion of > or = 3 units of allogeneic RBCs is associated with early postoperative lymphopenia in otherwise healthy individuals undergoing surgery. These findings were not observed in those individuals transfused with RBCs that had undergone prestorage WBC reduction.

[Author Affiliation]Marcelo C. Zappitelli. Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.Marilia L. Pereira. Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.Isabel A. Bordin. Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.Funding: The data collection of the study was funded by a Brazilian research Funding Agency: FAPESP (http://www.fapesp.br/). No author was paid to write this article by a pharmaceutical company or any other agency. The funders had no role in study design, data analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Address correspondence to: Marcelo C. Zappitelli, MD, PhD, Rua Borges lagoa, 570, 5° Andar, Room 51, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo CEP: 040023-061, Brazil, E-mail: marcelozappitelli@yahoo.com.brTo The Editor:In the past 20 years, different screening measures have been developed to identify children early who are at risk for bipolar disorder (BD), such as the Child Behavior Checklist - Mania scale (CBCL-MS) developed by Papachristou and colleagues (Papachristou et al. 2013). It comprises 19 CBCL items, and has high internal consistency and satisfactory accuracy detected in a general population sample of 2230 Dutch adolescents.The aims of the present study were to identify 6-17-year-olds at risk for BD in a population-based sample (n=474) and to examine the potential association of mania symptom severity according to CBCL-MS with co-occurring child psychopathology and maternal anxiety/depression. Mothers of 6-17-year-olds were interviewed in a cross-sectional study conducted in a low-income urban community in southeast Brazil.The study was based on a probabilistic sample of clusters of eligible households (women ages 15-49 years, son/daughter 97), borderline (93-97), and no mania (7 (Mari and Williams 1986).According to CBCL-MS, 3.0% of the participants had clinical-level mania and 4.9% had borderline-level mania. …

IntroductionWorldwide, a minority of disordered children/adolescents receives mental health assistance. In order to improve service access, it is important to investigate factors that influence the process leading to receiving care. Data on frequency and barriers for mental health service use (MHSU) among Brazilian children/adolescents are extremely scarce and are needed to guide public policy.ObjectivesTo establish the frequency of MHSU among 6-to-16-year-old with psychiatric disorders from four Brazilian regions; and to identify structural/psychosocial/demographic barriers associated with child/adolescent MHSU.MethodsMulticenter cross-sectional-study involving four towns from four out of five Brazilian regions. In each town, a representative sample of elementary public school students was randomly selected (sample: 1,721). Child/adolescent MHSU was defined as being seen by a psychologist/psychiatrist/neurologist in the previous 12 months. Standardized instruments measured: (1) children/adolescent characteristics [(1.1) Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS-PL)-psychiatric disorders; (1.2) Ten Questions Screen-neurodevelopment problems; (1.3) two subtests of WISC-III-estimated IQ; (1.4) Academic Performance Test-school performance)], (2) factors related to mothers/main caregivers (Self-Reporting Questionnaire-anxiety/depression), (3) family (Brazilian Research-Companies-Association's Questionnaire-SES).ResultsOnly 19.8% of children/adolescents with psychiatric disorder have used mental health services in the previous 12 months. Multiple logistic regression modeling identified five factors associated with lower rates of MHSU (female gender, adequate school performance, mother/main caregiver living with a partner, lower SES, residing in deprived Brazilian regions) regardless of the presence of any psychiatric disorders/neurodevelopmental problems.ConclusionsOnly a small proportion of children/adolescents with psychiatric disorders had been seen by a mental health specialist in the previous 12 months. Structural/psychosocial/demographic factors were associated with uneven access to service for certain groups of children/adolescents. These results call attention to the urgent need to implement programs to help reduce this large unmet mental health need; inequalities must be considered by policy makers when planning strategies to address barriers for care.

Objective. To verify if emotional/behavioral problems are associated with lifetime paid work in poor urban children, when taking into account other potential correlates.Methods. Cross-sectional study focused on 9-to-13-year-old children (n=212). In a probabilistic sample of clusters of eligible households (women 15–49 years and son/daughter<18 years), one mother-child pair was randomly selected per household (n=813; response rate = 82.4%). CBCL/6-18 identified child emotional/behavioral problems. Potential correlates include child gender and age, socioeconomic status/SES, maternal education, parental working status, and family social isolation, among others. Multivariate analysis examined the relationship between emotional/behavioral problems and lifetime paid work in the presence of significant correlates.Findings. All work activities were non-harmful (e.g., selling fruits, helping parents at their small business, and baby sitting). Children with lower SES and socially isolated were more involved in paid work than less disadvantaged peers. Children ever exposed to paid work were four times more likely to present anxiety/depression symptoms at a clinical level compared to non-exposed children. Multivariate modeling identified three independent correlates: child pure internalizing problems, social isolation, and low SES.Conclusion. There is an association between lifetime exposure to exclusively non-harmful paid work activities and pure internalizing problems even when considering SES variability and family social isolation.

A consortium of researchers, advocates and clinicians announces here research priorities for improving the lives of people with mental illness around the world, and calls for urgent action and investment. Schizophrenia, depression, epilepsy, dementia, alcohol dependence and other mental, neurological and substance-use (MNS) disorders constitute 13% of the global burden of disease (Table 1), surpassing both cardiovascular disease and cancer1. Depression is the third leading contributor to the global disease burden, and alcohol and illicit drug use account for more than 5% (ref. 2). Every seven seconds, someone develops dementia3, costing the world up to US$609 billion in 2009 (ref. 4). By 2020, an estimated 1.5 million people will die each year by suicide, and between 15 and 30 million will make the attempt...

OBJETIVO: Esse estudo procurou determinar a extensão da exposição à violência na comunidade entre jovens brasileiros delinquentes nos 12 meses que antecederam sua privação de liberdade e identificar fatores associados a essa exposição. MÉTODO: Um corte transversal de menores de 18 anos internados em unidades da Fundação Casa/ex-FEBEM na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil (com meninas superamostradas) participou de entrevista estruturada. Itens-chave sobre exposição à violência (testemunhada e vivenciada) foram retirados do questionário Social and Health Assessment para cobrir o período de 12 meses anterior à internação. RESULTADOS: Os participantes (n = 325, 89% meninos) referiram altas taxas de exposição à violência, taxas estas muito similares entre meninos e meninas. Ter sofrido ameaças de lesão física, ter sido espancado ou assaltado e/ou baleado foram as formas mais comuns de violência vivenciada. Após controlar por fatores sociodemográficos e familiares, o relacionamento com jovens envolvidos em comportamentos de risco, o fácil acesso a armas de fogo e a passagem prévia pela Justiça estiveram associados à violência testemunhada, enquanto ter dormido na rua foi o único fator associado à violência vivenciada. CONCLUSÃO: Esse grupo de jovens foi exposto a altos níveis de violência e a outras experiências adversas. Pesquisas futuras devem examinar a efetividade de estratégias que visem reduzir a exposição à violência entre jovens de alto risco. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the extent of exposure to community violence among delinquent Brazilian youth in the 12-month period prior to their incarceration and to identify factors associated with this exposure. METHOD: With an oversampling of girls, a cross-section of youth under 18 years of age from juvenile detention units in the city of São Paulo, Brazil completed a structured interview. Key items related to exposure to violence (witnessed and experienced) were drawn from the Social and Health Assessment questionnaire to cover the 12-month period prior to incarceration. RESULTS: Participants (n = 325, 89% boys) reported high rates of exposure to violence with largely similar levels for boys and girls. Being threatened with physical harm, being beaten or mugged and/ or shot at were the most common forms of violence experienced. After controlling for demographic and family variables, the fact of having peers involved in risk behavior, easy access to guns and previous involvement with the justice system were associated with witnessed violence; whereas having slept on the street was the only variable associated with experienced violence. CONCLUSION: This group of youth was exposed to high levels of violence and other adverse experiences. Future research should examine the effectiveness of strategies aimed at reducing the exposure to violence of high-risk youth. University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine Department of Community Health Sciences University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine Departments of Community Health Sciences, Psychiatry and Pediatrics Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de Psiquiatria UNIFESP, Depto. de Psiquiatria SciELO

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) NARSAD Krus Endowed Chair in Psychiatry UTHSCSA BACKGROUND: Recent studies have demonstrated high rates of psychopathology in the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. The aim of this study was to identify psychiatric diagnoses in a sample of children of bipolar parents. METHOD: This case series comprised 35 children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years, with a mean age of 12.5 + 2.9 years (20 males and 15 females), who had at least one parent with bipolar disorder type I. The subjects were assessed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children - Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL). Family psychiatric history and demographics were also evaluated. RESULTS: Of the offspring studied, 71.4% had a lifetime diagnosis of at least one psychiatric disorder (28.6% with a mood disorder, 40% with a disruptive behavior disorder and 20% with an anxiety disorder). Pure mood disorders (11.4%) occurred less frequently than mood disorders comorbid with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (17.1%). Psychopathology was commonly reported in second-degree relatives of the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder (71.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results support previous findings of an increased risk for developing psychopathology, predominantly mood and disruptive disorders, in the offspring of bipolar individuals. Prospective studies with larger samples are needed to confirm and expand these results. Federal University of São Paulo Department of Psychiatry The University of Texas Health Science Center Departments of Psychiatry and Orthodontics Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Department of Psychiatry University of Texas Health Science Center The University of Texas Health Science Center Department of Psychiatry UNIFESP, Department of Psychiatry NARSAD: MH 69774 NARSAD: RR 20571 NARSAD: MH068280 SciELO

Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world and the largest in the southern hemisphere. With a current population of about 186 million, of whom 33 percent are under 18 years of age (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica [IBGE], 2006b), it is the fifth most populated country in the world (IBGE, 2006a). Despite being a regional economic giant, Brazil is an extremely inequitable society, with the richest 10 percent of the population having a mean monthly income 16 times greater than the poorest 40 percent segment of the population (IBGE, 2006b). An estimated 54 million Brazilians live on less than US$2.00 a day, of whom 17 million subsist on less than US$1.00 a day (CIDA, 2005). These realities situate Brazil in fourth place among countries with the greatest inequality (Pearson Education Inc., 2006a).

RESUMO – Estudo de corte transversal conduzido em comunidade urbana de baixa renda do municipio de Embu-SP com objetivo de identificar fatores associados a problemas de saude mental em criancas/adolescentes (PSMCA) em amostra probabilistica (N=67, faixa etaria 4-17 anos). Foram aplicados instrumentos estruturados as maes: Child Behavior Checklist (PSMCA); WorldSAFE Core Questionnaire (dados sociodemograficos; violencia domestica; embriaguez do pai/padrasto); Self-Report Questionnaire (problemas de saude mental maternos, ideacao suicida materna). Os resultados do estudo apontaram fatores estatisticamente associados aos PSMCA: crianca/adolescente ser do sexo masculino e sofrer punicao fisica grave; ideacao suicida da mae e violencia conjugal fisica grave contra a mae; embriaguez do pai/padrasto. Concluindo, grupos vulneraveis com caracteristicas individuais/familiares identificadas neste estudo devem ser considerados prioritarios em propostas de prevencao/tratamento. Palavras-chave: saude mental; fatores de risco; crianca; adolescente; estudos transversais. ABSTRACT – A cross-sectional study was conducted in an urban low-income community in the municipality of Embu-SP with the objective of identifying factors associated with mental health problems of children and adolescents (MHPCA) in a probabilistic sample (N=67, aged 4-17 years). Standardized instruments were applied to mothers: Child Behavior Checklist; WorldSAFE Core Questionnaire (demographics, domestic violence, father/stepfather drunkenness); Self-Report Questionnaire (maternal mental health problems and suicide ideation). The results of this study identified factors statistically related to MPHCA: child/adolescent of male gender and severe physical punishment; maternal suicide ideation and severe physical marital violence; father/stepfather drunkenness. As a result, vulnerable groups with individual/family characteristics identified in this study should have priority in prevention/treatment programs. Keywords: mental health; risk factors; child; adolescent; cross-sectional studies.