14 results on '"Irvin JE"'
Search Results
2. What accounts for the association of education and smoking cessation?
- Author
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Wetter DW, Cofta-Gunn L, Irvin JE, Fouladi RT, Wright K, Daza P, Mazas C, Cinciripini PM, and Gritz ER
- Subjects
- Adult, Alcohol Drinking, Cohort Studies, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Male, Marital Status, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Prospective Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, Southeastern United States, Smoking Cessation statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Background: Education has been identified as a potent sociodemographic predictor of smoking cessation and the Healthy People 2010 goals include the elimination of health disparities attributable to education., Method: The current study prospectively examined the association of education with smoking cessation as well variables that might account for that association among employed adults residing in the southeastern United States., Results: A strong educational gradient in cessation was evident. Only 6% of smokers with less than a high school (HS) degree quit smoking during the 4-year study period, whereas 17% of smokers with a HS degree but no college degree and 28% of smokers with at least a college degree quit smoking., Conclusions: Education appeared to uniquely contribute to the prediction of smoking abstinence over and above the effects of demographic, environmental, tobacco dependence, transtheoretical model, and job-related variables. Obtaining a better understanding of how or why education influences smoking cessation could contribute to reducing the educational gradient in abstinence and warrants further research attention.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Numeracy and medicine: key family physician attitudes about communicating probability with patients.
- Author
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Gramling R, Irvin JE, Nash J, Sciamanna C, and Culpepper L
- Subjects
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires standards, Data Collection methods, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Physician-Patient Relations, Physicians, Family standards, Probability
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Cognitive and social learning models of drug dependence: implications for the assessment of tobacco dependence in adolescents.
- Author
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Brandon TH, Herzog TA, Irvin JE, and Gwaltney CJ
- Subjects
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Humans, Models, Psychological, Predictive Value of Tests, Reinforcement, Psychology, Self Efficacy, Tobacco Use Disorder therapy, Cognition physiology, Learning physiology, Tobacco Use Disorder psychology
- Abstract
This paper is part of a series that has the goal of identifying potential approaches toward developing new instruments for assessing tobacco dependence among adolescents. The fundamental assumption underlying the series is that contemporary theories of drug dependence offer a rich source of opportunities for the development of theoretically based assessment tools. The present paper focuses on cognitive and social-learning models of drug dependence and the implications of these models for novel assessment instruments. In particular, the paper focuses on Mark Goldman's model of drug expectancies, Albert Bandura's model of self-efficacy, Thomas Wills's model of stress and coping and Stephen Tiffany's cognitive-processing model of drug urges and cravings. In addition to traditional self-report measures, naturalistic and laboratory-based assessments are identified that may yield information relevant to multi-dimensional measurement of tobacco dependence.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Pretreatment task persistence predicts smoking cessation outcome.
- Author
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Brandon TH, Herzog TA, Juliano LM, Irvin JE, Lazev AB, and Simmons VN
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Reinforcement, Psychology, Attitude, Smoking Cessation methods, Smoking Cessation statistics & numerical data, Smoking Prevention
- Abstract
R. Eisenberger's (1992) learned industriousness theory states that individuals display differing degrees of persistence depending on their history of reinforcement for effortful behavior. These differences may influence the development, maintenance, and cessation of addictive behaviors. In cross-sectional studies, E. P. Quinn, T. H. Brandon, and A. L. Copeland (1996) found that cigarette smokers were less persistent than nonsmokers, and R. A. Brown, C. W. Lejuez, C. W. Kahler, and D. R. Strong (2002) found that smokers who had previously abstained for 3 months were more persistent than those who had never quit. The present study extended these findings by using a prospective design. A pretreatment measure of task persistence (mirror tracing) completed by 144 smokers predicted sustained abstinence throughout 12 months of follow-up. Moreover, persistence predicted outcome independent of other significant predictors: gender, nicotine dependence, negative affect, and self-efficacy.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. The increasing recalcitrance of smokers in clinical trials II: Pharmacotherapy trials.
- Author
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Irvin JE, Hendricks PS, and Brandon TH
- Subjects
- Adaptation, Psychological, Administration, Cutaneous, Chewing Gum, Female, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Smoking epidemiology, Teaching methods, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy methods, Smoking Cessation methods, Smoking Prevention
- Abstract
Irvin and Brandon (Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2, 79-84, 2000) reported a significant decline in reported abstinence rates between 1977 and 1996 from clinical trials of cognitive-behavioral smoking cessation treatments based on coping skills training. The present study extends that approach to the analysis of pharmacotherapy trials. A literature search identified 59 studies, published between 1983 and 2000 and conducted in the U.S., that reported post-cessation abstinence rates after treatment with nicotine gum, nicotine patch or any type of placebo medication. Across all three types of treatment conditions and four post-cessation assessment points, negative correlations between publication year and abstinence rates were found. The strongest pattern of negative correlations was found for the placebo conditions. However, the correlations for placebo conditions could be accounted for by the simultaneous shift toward treatments offered in individual rather than group format. No other methodological or subject variable appeared to mediate the declining outcomes. Findings are discussed with respect to the theory that the population of remaining smokers is becoming progressively more dependent and difficult to treat.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. The increasing power of placebos in trials of antidepressants.
- Author
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Brandon TH, Irvin JE, and Hendricks PS
- Subjects
- Clinical Trials as Topic, Humans, Placebo Effect, Antidepressive Agents therapeutic use, Depressive Disorder, Major drug therapy, Placebos therapeutic use
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. The increasing recalcitrance of smokers in clinical trials.
- Author
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Irvin JE and Brandon TH
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Male, Smoking epidemiology, Socioeconomic Factors, United States epidemiology, Clinical Trials as Topic statistics & numerical data, Smoking Cessation statistics & numerical data, Treatment Failure
- Abstract
It has been suggested that a consequence of the declining prevalence of smoking in the United States over the past 25 years is that the population of remaining smokers is becoming more difficult to treat. That is, compared to smokers of years past, today's smokers are more likely to be highly nicotine dependent, have comorbid psychiatric and substance abuse disorders, have less education, and be of lower economic status. If this is indeed the case, there should be found declining abstinence rates in published clinical trials, when the type of treatment is held constant. To test this hypothesis, a literature search was conducted for group-administered multicomponent smoking cessation trials that emphasized coping skills training. Twenty-three studies published between 1977 and 1996 were identified. As predicted, robust negative correlations were found between year of publication and end-of-treatment abstinence rates. Using point-prevalence abstinence rates from later follow-up points produced somewhat weaker associations. Controlling for the use of biochemical verification or nicotine replacement therapies did not alter the findings. In summary, the efficacy of clinical trials--with treatment held constant--appears to be declining. One possible cause is the increasing recalcitrance of those individuals who continue to smoke despite social, regulatory, and medical pressures to quit.
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Efficacy of relapse prevention: a meta-analytic review.
- Author
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Irvin JE, Bowers CA, Dunn ME, and Wang MC
- Subjects
- Alcoholism psychology, Combined Modality Therapy, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Substance-Related Disorders psychology, Alcoholism rehabilitation, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Smoking Cessation psychology, Substance-Related Disorders rehabilitation
- Abstract
Although relapse prevention (RP) has become a widely adopted cognitive-behavioral treatment intervention for alcohol, smoking, and other substance use, outcome studies have yielded an inconsistent picture of the efficacy of this approach or conditions for maximal effectiveness. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the overall effectiveness of RP and the extent to which certain variables may relate to treatment outcome. Twenty-six published and unpublished studies with 70 hypothesis tests representing a sample of 9,504 participants were included in the analysis. Results indicated that RP was generally effective, particularly for alcohol problems. Additionally, outcome was moderated by several variables. Specifically, RP was most effective when applied to alcohol or polysubstance use disorders, combined with the adjunctive use of medication, and when evaluated immediately following treatment using uncontrolled pre-post tests.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Cloning and expression of a Bacteroides succinogenes mixed-linkage beta-glucanase (1,3-1,4-beta-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase) gene in Escherichia coli.
- Author
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Irvin JE and Teather RM
- Subjects
- Bacteroides enzymology, Blotting, Southern, DNA, Bacterial genetics, Electrophoresis, Agar Gel, Glucans metabolism, Glucose metabolism, Glycerol metabolism, Glycoside Hydrolases metabolism, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, Restriction Mapping, beta-Galactosidase genetics, beta-Galactosidase metabolism, Bacteroides genetics, Cloning, Molecular, Escherichia coli genetics, Gene Expression Regulation, Glycoside Hydrolases genetics
- Abstract
A pseudorandom genomic library of Bacteroides succinogenes DNA, cloned into pUC8 in Escherichia coli, was screened for beta-glucanase activity on 0.1% lichenan plates. Six high-activity clones, containing identical 5.2-kilobase inserts of B. succinogenes DNA, were obtained. The clones exhibited activity solely on beta-glucan substrates containing beta-(1----3)(1----4) linkages, thus manifesting a specific fibrolytic enzyme previously unrecognized in B. succinogenes. A subclone (pJI10) of the original insert (1.35 kilobases in size) expressed full beta-glucanase activity under control of its own promoter. The expression of beta-glucanase in pJI10 appeared subject to catabolite regulation by glucose. Detailed analysis of enzyme activity in the parental and deleted derivatives, subcloned into pUC18 and pUC19, suggested that the apparent glucose repression was an artifact arising as a consequence of interactions with the lac transcriptional unit in the plasmid vector.
- Published
- 1988
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol-uptake by rat liver lysosomes.
- Author
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Irvin JE and Mellors A
- Subjects
- Animals, Carbon Radioisotopes, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Dronabinol administration & dosage, Female, Hydroxylation, In Vitro Techniques, Injections, Intravenous, Liver metabolism, Rats, Subcellular Fractions metabolism, Cannabis metabolism, Dronabinol metabolism, Liver ultrastructure, Lysosomes metabolism
- Published
- 1975
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- View/download PDF
12. Purification and properties of a 1,3-1,4-beta-D-glucanase (lichenase, 1,3-1,4-beta-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.73) from Bacteroides succinogenes cloned in Escherichia coli.
- Author
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Erfle JD, Teather RM, Wood PJ, and Irvin JE
- Subjects
- Chromatography, Affinity, Chromatography, Ion Exchange, Cloning, Molecular, Escherichia coli, Glucans metabolism, Glycoside Hydrolases metabolism, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Substrate Specificity, Xylan Endo-1,3-beta-Xylosidase, Bacteroides enzymology, Glycoside Hydrolases isolation & purification
- Abstract
A 1,3-1,4-beta-D-glucanase (lichenase, 1,3-1,4-beta-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.73) from Bacteroides succinogenes cloned in Escherichia coli was purified 600-fold by chromatography on Q-Sepharose and hydroxyapatite. The cloned enzyme hydrolysed lichenin and oat beta-D-glucan but not starch, CM(carboxymethyl)-cellulose, CM-pachyman, laminarin or xylan. The enzyme had a broad pH optimum with maximum activity at approx. pH 6.0 and a temperature optimum of 50 degrees C. The pH of elution from a chromatofocusing column for the cloned enzyme was 4.7 (purified) and 4.9 (crude) compared with 4.8 for the mixed-linkage beta-D-glucanase activity in B. succinogenes. The Mr of the cloned enzyme was estimated to be 37,200 by gel filtration and 35,200 by electrophoresis. The Km values estimated for lichenin and oat beta-D-glucan were 0.35 and 0.71 mg/ml respectively. The major hydrolytic products with lichenin as substrate were a trisaccharide (82%) and a pentasaccharide (9.5%). Hydrolysis of oat beta-D-glucan yielded a trisaccharide (63.5%) and a tetrasaccharide (29.6%) as the major products. The chromatographic patterns of the products from the cloned enzyme appear to be similar to those reported for the mixed-linkage beta-D-glucanase isolated from Bacillus subtilis. The data presented illustrate the similarity in properties of the cloned mixed-linkage enzyme and the 1,3-1,4-beta-D-glucanase from B. subtilis and the similarity with the 1,4-beta-glucanase in B. succinogenes.
- Published
- 1988
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Chloramphenicol-resistant variants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa defective in amino acid transport.
- Author
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Irvin JE and Ingram JM
- Subjects
- Biological Transport drug effects, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Kinetics, Mutation, Pseudomonas aeruginosa drug effects, Species Specificity, Amino Acids metabolism, Chloramphenicol pharmacology, Pseudomonas aeruginosa metabolism
- Abstract
High-level chloramphenicol (CM) resistant variants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated after culture of the wild-type (WT) strain in broth containing high concentration of the drug. These variants exhibit reduced ability to accumulate several amino acids. The extent of reduction in transport capacity is a function of the concentration of CM in which the variants are grown. Respiratory activity is not reduced in these strains. Amino acid uptake is not affected by the presence of CM during assay. An isogenic strain carrying a plasmid coding for CM resistance does not show this response to CM. Transport capacity is restored to the WT level in CM-sensitive revertants. These results suggest that the acquisition of CM resistance in P. aeruginosa is associated with a fundamental alteration in membrane permeability which is regulated by metabolism in the presence of the drug. The ramifications of this for the study of CM action and resistance are discussed.
- Published
- 1980
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Intracellular distribution of steroid glycosidases of rabbit liver.
- Author
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Mellor JD, Layne DS, Irvin JE, and Mellors A
- Subjects
- Animals, Cell Nucleus enzymology, Centrifugation, Density Gradient, Cytosol enzymology, Estradiol, Female, Glycerophosphates, Liver cytology, Lysosomes enzymology, Microsomes, Liver enzymology, Mitochondria, Liver enzymology, Rabbits, Subcellular Fractions enzymology, Tritium, Glucosidases analysis, Glucuronidase analysis, Hexosaminidases analysis, Liver enzymology, Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases analysis
- Published
- 1973
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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