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Developing learner autonomy (LA) has been the teachers' focus in addressing the problems of second language pedagogy (Oxford 2003; Benson 2007; Little 1995) for a long time. The research, however, shows that the traditional pedagogical culture does not favor this idea, especially in the Asian context (Borg and Al-Busaidi 2012). The teachers' beliefs, moreover, may affect their classroom practices for the development of English language learner autonomy. In keeping with this view, we have gathered the data from 64 university teachers of Pakistan through a survey-based questionnaire to find out if teachers' positive beliefs about learner autonomy result in the rejection of teacher-centered authoritarian classroom practices or if the teachers give attention to those teaching practices that help in the development of learner autonomy, although this study cannot ascertain if learner autonomy is linked to the development of English language skills.

The objective of this research endeavor is to examine the properties of stagnation point flow in the presence of absorption, viscous dissipation, and internal thermal generation with respect to a shrinking surface. The resulting system of differential equations is notoriously challenging to solve analytically. The equations controlling the boundary layer flow were solved using a finite difference method. The analysis includes the examination of important physical quantities through the presentation of plots and tabulated values. Our findings reveal a strong connection between the presence of solutions for high shrinking parameters and the magnetic field that was applied. Temperatures increase when there is an increase in both Ec and α at the same time. These results also suggest a shallowing of the thermal boundary layer. As a result of these findings, it appears that temperature and thermal boundary layer thickness are sensitive to changes in these factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the thermal flow of Maxwell fluid in a rotating frame using a numerical approach. The fluid has been considered a temperature-dependent thermal conductivity. A non-Fourier heat flux term that accurately reflects the effects of thermal relaxation is incorporated into the model that is used to simulate the heat transfer process. In order to simplify the governing system of partial differential equations, boundary layer approximations are used. These approximations are then transformed into forms that are self-similar with the help of similarity transformations. The mathematical model includes notable quantities such as the rotation parameter 𝜆, Deborah number 𝛽, Prandtl number Pr, parameter 𝜖 and the dimensionless thermal relaxation times 𝛾. These are approximately uniformly convergent. The Keller box method is used to find approximate solutions to ODEs. We observed due to the addition of elastic factors, the hydrodynamic boundary layer gets thinner. The thickness of the boundary layer can be reduced with the use of the k rotation parameter as well. When Pr increases, the wall slope of the temperature increases as well and approaches zero, which is an indication that Pr is decreasing. In addition, a comparison of the Cattaneo-Christov (CC) and Fourier models are provided and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experts in English language teaching have, of late, been recommending the development of requisite language competencies through an outcomes-based education (OBE). Following this spirit, the government of Punjab in Pakistan outlined the desired core competencies for secondary school students in the National Curriculum for English Language (NCEL) in 2006. Foregrounding Biggs' (2014) theory of Constructive Alignment, this study attempted to explore the extent of alignment of these core competencies with the classroom practices. For this purpose, 5 focus group discussions of two-hour duration, each consists of 7 members, were held with 35 teachers, who teach English to grade 10 in the government secondary schools of district Jhelum. The data was transcribed and analyzed thematically following interpretative analysis approach. The findings show a lack of alignment of teachers' selfreported classroom practices with the learning outcomes presented in NCEL. Lack of awareness of the teachers regarding OBE, absence of professional qualification and training, a traditional assessment system, and lack of expertise of the teachers and students in English language were found to be some of the main reasons for this lack of alignment. The study has implications for policymakers who devise and implement policies without taking sufficient actions on the ground at the micro-level. It recommends an overhaul of the teaching and assessment system to make the OBE work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching literature is challenging because it requires a thorough grasp of philosophical foundations. To grasp the whole story, learners and instructors must engage in some theorising (Chambers and Gregory, 2006). This task is made more difficult and time-consuming by absurd literature. To address this issue, movies have been employed as a source of visual help for students, since it is seen to be an effective technique for overcoming obstacles to learning. "Using movies in the classroom is an excellent strategy to reach people's emotive domain, foster reflective attitudes, and connect learning to experiences," says the author (Blasco et al., 2015). Movies, like novels, allow pupils to imagine the lives of people and their points of view. The current study used an experimental case study methodology with sixteen (16) individuals. The experimental group viewed the video while the controlled group listened to the audio. The researcher gives a two-hour presentation to both groups after a lunch break provided by the researcher. The following day, the participants' comments are recorded using the interview approach. Because students have never studied "The Metamorphosis," a pre-test is not feasible, thus a one-shot case study technique is used. Constructive coding of the replies is done, and the Gery Tyan and Russell Bernard theme identification approach is utilised to look for recurrent and overlapping patterns in the participants' responses. Repetitive and comparable patterns having a linguistic relationship to the issue under investigation have been identified and assessed using a theoretical framework (2003, p.90-95). Movies include lived experience, as does the visualisation process; phenomenology is a perspective from which lived experiences may be appropriately understood, hence interpretative phenomenology is used for this project. This study is also a continuation of current cognitive stylistics efforts in the field of cinema studies, and it explores the link between films (adaptations of literary texts) and learners' perceptions. This study examines the ineffectiveness of movies non the context of ludicrous literature. This study will contribute to the body of knowledge in the fields of cinema studies, cognitive stylistics, and literary teaching approaches in this manner. This study is especially noteworthy since movies are increasingly being utilised in academic settings. Movies are adaptations of literary works, but they do not capture the emotional and psychological significance of philosophical books. Because absurd literature is more empathic than expressive, it's difficult to envisage and instil the intended impression in students. These adjustments may sometimes confine and confine the student to tight quarters, preventing them from thinking beyond the predetermined visual barriers. This study looks at the cognitive dissonance that movies cause in pupils, who are unable to think beyond the visual enigma that has engulfed their heads. The movie becomes a trap, limiting students' ability to digest ridiculous literature and record its influence on cognitive level in order to properly comprehend ludicrous tragedy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During these immediate and unprecedented challenges faced in education due to COVID-19, the mode of instruction suddenly shifted from face-to-face (FTF) to online. The Pandemic's lockdown has created an opportunity for English language teachers and learners to explore new digital tools and resources in teaching and learning English. The aim of the present study is therefore to document the perceptions of English-language teachers about online Instructional teaching (OIT) in general and during the pandemic in particular. A Google form-based survey questionnaire was distributed randomly to English language teachers through social media networks because of lockdown during the Pandemic. We have used descriptive statistics to analyze the data quantitatively. The results indicate that most of the teachers have positive perceptions toward OIT. The results also reveal that the use of OIT is effective for English language teachers and learners. The findings reveal that even though teachers are motivated in using technology in English language teaching, their intentions, and perceptions toward the use of OIT are restricted to handle the present circumstances of COVID-19. It also shows that professional training programs also play an important role in enhancing teachers' skills in using technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study which aimed to investigate the ecological linkages of the bird species of selected riverine habitats of River Ravi including the livestock of the sample area. Results show that the percentage of grasshoppers and beetles are higher than other insects in the food of these birds and that the quantity of eatable grass available in the habitat is associated to the extent of grasshoppers damage. It was also found that the food plants, insects, birds, livestock, milk production and the economic benefits to the rural communities in the riverine habitats were interlinked and interdependent.