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View of man operating motor-operated irrigation pump., Vintage negative number : (no number).

T.C. Power was a Montana merchandise, transportation, mining, ranching, banking, and real estate magnate; and U.S. Senator from Montana from 1890 to 1895. Collection (1868-1950) includes personal, business, and political correspondence plus financial and legal papers of many of his business enterprises. Collection documents Power's involvement in military and Indian trade, steamboating, freighting, stage coach lines, mail contracts, cattle and sheep ranching, mining, banking, bridge building, townsite development, and other enterprises., The T.C. Power Papers are arranged into sixteen subgroups: 1) T.C. Power--Political, 2) T.C. Power--Personal, 3) T.C. Power and Brother (includes associated companies), 4) C.B. Power--Personal, 5) Grain Companies, 6) Hardware Companies, 7) Mercantile Companies, 8) Mining Companies, 9) Organizations 10) Ranch Companies, 11) Real Estate, 12) Transportation Companies, 13) Water Companies, 14) Bismarck, North Dakota, enterprises, 15) Washington and Oregon enterprises, and 16) Miscellaneous enterprises., The papers (1881-1902) in the T.C. POWER--POLITICAL SUBGROUP document his unsuccessful bid to be the first State governor in 1889 and, more importantly, his term as a United States senator, 1890-1895. Forming the largest segment of the political papers is the General Correspondence, which reflects issues that affected the livelihood of his constituents: free silver and the wool tariff. Most of this is incoming correspondence with only a few letters of reply from Power. Other questions of interest to Montanans during his term of office were the establishment of better services, such as post offices for rural areas, irrigation, uses of public lands, and requests for political patronage. The subgroup also contains Financial Records, including an election expense account for 1888-1895; Legal Documents, Speeches, including an 1889 campaign speech; Clippings, mainly tariff issues, irrigation, and political scrapbooks; and a Miscellany Series, which includes lists of registered voters; federal documents; a record of bills, etc., pertaining to irrigation introduced in the U.S. Senate during the 52nd Congress, an 1892 list of attorneys in Montana, and petitions for the establishment of post offices., The papers (1871-1923) in the T.C. POWER--PERSONAL SUBGROUP reflect his involvement in the firm of T.C. Power and Brother, and his financial investments in other areas. Because Power played such an important role in the administration of T.C. Power and Brother, his General Correspondence details some of the activity of the holding company, particularly after 1900. The Financial Records, which detail his personal investments in mining and real estate--including areas outside of Montana, make up another significant portion of his personal papers. There are also some records for his household expenses. Other series include Legal Documents, consisting mostly of agreements and bills of sale; Organization records, including stock certificates and minutes of meetings; miscellaneous Clippings; assay and company Reports; and a Miscellany Series including such things as a 1920 list of sheep owners in Montana and a 1916 list of materials suitable for paving streets in Fort Benton., The largest volume of records are those in the T.C. POWER AND BROTHER SUBGROUP. T.C. Power and Brother was a holding company whose operations first centered at Fort Benton. Originally the activity of the company focused on steamboating on the Missouri River, supplying merchandise to branch stores, Indian agencies and military posts, cattle ranches, and area residents. The company later expanded to include mining, stage coach lines, and real estate. Records for the holding company are nearly complete for the period 1880-1900. Some records, such as outgoing correspondence and financial material, date to the late 1860s. Between 1900 and 1920 there is almost no correspondence in the company's records. Consequently, the personal papers of T.C. Power and of C.B. Power, and those companies in which T.C. Power and Brother had an interest, must be used to fill this gap., Charles Benton Power's personal records (1895-1941), in the C.B. POWER--PERSONAL SUBGROUP, document his active participation in various aspects of T.C. Power and Brother, as well as his extensive interests outside of Montana. His General Correspondence (1895-1940) documents the economic reversals of the 1920s and 1930s, particularly as they affected the companies of T.C. Power and Brother. Other series include Financial Records (1895-1940); Legal Documents (1894-1938); and Organization records (1922-1932), including stock certificates and minutes of the Montana Automobile Association., The GRAIN, HARDWARE, MERCANTILE, MINING, RANCH, REAL ESTATE, TRANSPORTATION, and WATER SUBGROUPS reflect the Powers' wide-ranging economic interests. In many ways the records represent a cross-section of Montana's economic life during the late 1800s and the early 1900s. During the 1800s most of the records of these companies were retained with the T.C. Power and Brother records. After 1900, however, they were filed separately by each company. The difficulty then in dealing with this collection is that the whole Power corporation was not entirely consistent in either of these practices. Consequently a researcher interested in one of these subgoup companies also has to look in the T.C. Power and Brother records, and in the personal papers of T.C. Power and C.B. Power. In addition to their Montana businesses, T.C. and C.B. Power were also involved in real estate, irrigation, mercantile, banking, and lumbering operations in Oregon and Washington., The records in the WASHINGTON AND OREGON SUBGROUP have been kept separate from the Montana businesses, but additional material can be found in the T.C. Power and Brother, T.C. Power--Personal, and C.B. Power--Personal subgroups. (Manuscript Collection 55).

Frances Merriam (b. 1899) served as the Executive Secretary of the Committee for Paradise Dam, an organization that promoted the construction of the Paradise and Knowles dams in western Montana. Papers (1948-1972) consist primarily of subject files and correspondence concerning the dams and her work in the Montana Democratic Party. [Processed and deposited through the University of Montana Archives.], The majority of the materials reflect Frances Logan's work as the executive secretary of the Committee for Paradise Dam. Included are subject files containing correspondence, reports, clippings, publications, and miscellany; clippings; and testimony from hearings presented before various congressional committees. These materials are included in the Paradise-Knowles Dams subgroup. The remaining papers are general correspondence (primarily with Lee Metcalf), and subject files relative to Frances Logan's work in the Montana Democratic Party, 1955-1972. (Manuscript Collection 58)

"Ground-water depletion in western Kansas has become a problem not only to the users of ground water, but to the economy of the area, state and region as well. The Western Kansas Groundwater Management District No. 1 has launched a program of improved water management to assist the area in maintaining the economic well being while conserving the resource base in western Kansas. This program is one tool which Districts can use to achieve these goals."--Executive Summary

This book, which contains 14 chapters, covers all aspects of rainfed agriculture, starting with its potential, current status, rainwater harvesting and supplementary irrigation, to policies, approaches, institutions for upscaling, and impacts of integrated water management programmes in rainfed areas.

Photos include: map of irrigation canal, map of irrigation source, construction of irrigation canal, construction of irrigation dam, workers camp, first irrigation canal, present day canal, flood irrigation canal, intake diversion dam, crops irrigated by canal, lower yellowstone valley.

The recent stagnation of productivity growth in the irrigated areas of the Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia has led to a quest for resource conserving technologies that can save water, reduce production costs and improve production. The present synthesis of two detailed country studies confirmed widespread adoption of zero tillage (ZT) wheat in the rice-wheat systems of India's Haryana State (34.5% of surveyed households) and Pakistan's Punjab province (19%). The combination of a significant "yield effect" and "cost-saving effect" makes adoption worthwhile and is the main driver behind the rapid spread and widespread acceptance of ZT in Haryana, India. In Punjab, Pakistan, adoption is driven by the significant ZT-induced cost savings for wheat cultivation. Thus, the prime driver for ZT adoption is not water savings or natural resource conservation but monetary gain in both sites. Water savings are only a potential added benefit. ZT adoption for wheat has accelerated from insignificant levels from 2000 onwards in both sites. Geographic penetration of ZT is far from uniform, suggesting the potential for further diffusion, particularly in Haryana, India. Diffusion seems to have stagnated in the Punjab study area, and further follow-up studies are needed to confirm this. The study also revealed significant dis-adoption of ZT in the survey year: Punjab, Pakistan 14 percent and Haryana, India 10 percent. Better understanding the rationale for dis-adoption merits further scrutiny. Our findings suggest that there is no clear single overarching constraint but that a combination of factors is at play, including technology performance, technology access, seasonal constraints and, particularly in the case of Punjab, Pakistan, the institutional ZT controversy. In terms of technology performance, the relative ZT yield was particularly influential: dis-adopters of ZT reporting low ZT yields as a major contributor to farmer disillusionment in Punjab, Pakistan and the lack of a significant yield effect in Haryana, India. In neither site did the ZT-induced time savings in land preparation translate into timelier establishment, contributing to the general lack of a yield increase. Knowledge blockages, resource constraints and ZT drill cost and availability all contributed to nonadoption. This suggests that there is potential to further enhance access to this technology and thereby its penetration. The study highlights that in both Haryana, India and Punjab, Pakistan ZT has been primarily adopted by the larger and more productive farmers. The structural differences between the adopters and non-adopters/dis-adopters in terms of resource base, crop management and performance thereby easily confound the assessment of ZT impact across adoption categories. This calls for the comparison of the ZT plots and conventional tillage plots on adopter farms. ZT-induced effects primarily apply to the establishment and production costs of the wheat crop. Both the Haryana, India and Punjab, Pakistan studies confirmed significant ZT-induced resource-saving effects in farmers' fields in terms of diesel and tractor time for wheat cultivation. Water savings are, however, less pronounced than expected from on-farm trial data. It was only in Haryana, India that there were significant ZT-induced water savings in addition to significant yield enhancement. The higher yield and water savings in Haryana, India result in significantly Abstract vi higher water productivity indicators for ZT wheat. In both sites, there are limited implications for the overall wheat crop management, the subsequent rice crop and the rice-wheat system as a whole. The ZT-induced yield enhancement and cost savings provide a much needed boost to the returns to, and competitiveness of, wheat cultivation in Haryana, India. In Punjab, Pakistan, ZT is primarily a cost-saving technology. Based on these findings the study provides a number of recommendations for research and development in South Asia's rice-wheat systems.

Discharge from the Krishna River into the ocean decreased by 75 percent from 1960-2005, and was zero during a recent multi-year drought. This paper describes the physical geography and hydrology of the Krishna Basin, including runoff production and a basic water account based on hydronomic zones. More than 50 percent of the basin's irrigated area is groundwater irrigation, which is not currently included in inter-state allocation rules. Future water allocation will require inclusion of the interactions among all irrigated areas, including those irrigated by groundwater and surface water.

Treadle pump (TP) technology has been promoted by Enterprise Works Worldwide (EWW) as an alternative to the traditional rope and bucket irrigation that is necessary to overcome the challenge of uncertain and inadequate rainfall for agricultural production. The aim is to improve output, increase incomes and reduce poverty among farm households. This study examines the strategies used for dissemination of the TP and the dynamics of its adoption and impacts, with a special focus on poverty reduction. The results of the study reveal that time and labor savings for irrigation, increased size of irrigated areas and lack of fuel requirements are the attractive features of the TP for those who adopt it. Adoption of TP increases land and labor productivities; and also net farm incomes. The study also demonstrates that adoption of the TP reduces poverty.

This document summarizes the materials and methods used to create a series of maps of irrigated areas of the world using remote sensing approaches. These maps are complementary to existing statistics (FAO-Aquastat) and the GIS derived maps (FAO/University of Frankfurt Global irrigated area map). The document also provides details of how the estimates of global irrigated areas in one main season (net) and more than one season (intensity or annualized) were derived.

This report analyzes a case from southern Sri Lanka, where the Samanalawewa dam and the Kaltota Irrigation Scheme (KIS) compete for the water of the Walawe river. At the catchment level, it is shown that dam releases are well attuned to the needs of KIS and to the occurrences of natural runoff, and that little of the dam water is "lost" to the river.

In the highly populated South Asian region, where pump irrigation has gained predominance over gravity-flow irrigation in recent decades, the fortunes of groundwater and energy economies are closely tied. Little can be done in the groundwater economy that will not affect the energy economy, and the struggle to make the energy economy viable is frustrated by the often violent opposition from the farming community to the rationalization of energy prices. As a result, the region's groundwater economy has boomed at the expense of the development of the energy economy. This report suggests that this does not have to be so; and the first step to evolving approaches to sustaining a prosperous groundwater economy with a viable power sector is for the decision makers in the two sectors to talk to each other, and jointly explore better options for energy-groundwater co-management which, the authors suggest, have so far been overlooked.

The management of water resources is being transformed in South Africa. All water users, especially the small-scale ones, are now invited to participate in this movement. This report reviews the process of inclusion of small-scale users in the new large-scale Water User Associations (WUA). Considering the difficulties encountered in this process, this report also recommend external monitoring after the transformation of an Irrigation Board into a WUA. This method may also facilitate assessment of the inclusion of small-scale users into catchment management agencies, and water resource management organizations.

The growing population in the Texas Lower Rio Grande Valley, shortfalls in water deliveries from Mexico, and multiple years of drought have placed an increased need for efficient water management and allocation in the Rio Grande Basin. These improvements are essential regardless of the treaty compliance issues between Mexico and the U.S. for improved water deliveries to satisfy the 1944 Water Treaty. This report presents a broad overview of how the history of settlement and development shaped current water rights and laws, how the waters of the Rio Grande are divided between the two nations, and how the U.S. and the State of Texas manage their portions.