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This study underscores the critical importance of assessing the performance of the Upper Ganga Canal (UGC) and its minors, Harchandpur and Naserpur. The UGC serves as a lifeline, providing water for both agricultural and non-agricultural purposes in the region, making it vital for food security, rural economies, and environmental sustainability. The uniqueness of this study lies in its comprehensive evaluation of the efficiency of UGC using a multifaceted approach, encompassing meteorological data, field observations and remote sensing. The monetary aspects of the irrigation system performance, which were often ignored in previous studies, have also been included in this study. The study, conducted from 2012 to 2018, assesses various performance indicators. The findings reveal that the capacity of UGC to meet peak irrigation requirements highlights the potential for increased crop production. However, it also demonstrates a concerning decreasing trend in the availability of water, driven by rising non-agricultural water demands. Several performance indicators, such as relative irrigation supply (RIS), relative water supply (RWS), depleted fraction (DF), and crop water deficit (CWD), expose inefficiencies in the system, especially during the sugarcane growth period. Despite supplying ample water, sugarcane exhibits a water deficit, possibly due to the annual maintenance closure of the UGC. This calls for a revision of irrigation scheduling to address changing agricultural practices. Future research can expand this work to include climate change impact assessment, economic analyses, advanced technologies, and socio-economic factors. In summary, this study provides critical insights into the performance of UGC, highlighting the need for modernization and equitable water distribution to meet evolving agricultural demands while addressing the challenges of decreasing water availability and the changing climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wave of modernization and globalization in the last century has rapidly involved a technological paradigm shift from indigenous irrigation water systems to modern systems in arid regions. Despite interest in the drought resilience of indigenous water systems, the impact of this paradigm shift on drought resilience remains poorly understood because previous studies have focused on fixed irrigation water systems. To fill this gap, we investigated the drought resilience of an indigenous and modern irrigation water system that coexists in the drought-prone Mahaweli H region of the Sri Lankan dry zone. To explain drought resilience, we quantified the historical irrigation system performance (1985–2021) of both water systems using the water duty indicator (i.e., the volume of water required to cultivate a unit land area). The statistical Pettitt test was used to detect significant change points in the time series of water duty, and we divided the time line into few periods based on the change points. Furthermore, a quantitative trend analysis of several socio-hydrological variables and a qualitative analysis of their socio-hydrological backgrounds with triggers of water duty were conducted to explain drought resilience path dependency in modern and indigenous water systems. The results indicated a higher drought resilience is embedded in the indigenous system as the mean water duty increment in drought years compared to non-drought years is 16.4% for the indigenous system and 58.3% for the modern system. In addition, drought resilience pathways that elucidated by water duty change points also demonstrated that indigenous water system features a higher drought resilience compared to the modern water system. The findings of this comparative study can contribute to the design of drought resilience improvement strategies in arid region irrigation water systems in a more comprehensive manner.

This study was carried out to evaluate the system performances of Karataş and Karaçal irrigation associations located in Burdur province. Karataş irrigation association was put into operation in 1982 and Karaçal irrigation association in 2015 with irrigation areas are 5476 and 4975 ha, respectively. The same public personnel were appointed to both irrigation associations as the Head of the Association in 2018, and as of 2019, both irrigation Associations were gathered under the management of Karataş irrigation association. In this study, the performances of Karataş irrigation, which has an old and predominantly open canal system, and Karaçal irrigation systems, which are relatively new and have a pressurized irrigation system, between the years 2015-2019 have been evaluated. In the performance evaluation, a set of indicators under two main headings as water use efficiency, and financial efficiency recommended by the International Technology and Research Program in Irrigation and Drainage (IPTRID) was used. According to the results of the research, when the water use efficiency is examined, especially Annual relative irrigation supply (0.53-0.73 for Karataş; 0.47-0.96 for Karaçal) and irrigation ratio (20-72% for Karataş; 36% for Karaçal) 55) values were not at the desired levels. In terms of Financial Efficiency, cost recovery ratio (119-401% for Karataş; 144-311 for Karaçal) and revenue collection performance (78-442% for Karataş; 10-130 for Karaçal) were found to be high. Although this is a new irrigation, Karaçal irrigation shows that relatively high maintenance costs are incurred. Total operating maintenance and management (MOM) cost per unit area is US$ 9.60-14.98/ha for Karataş and as 1.32-22.92 US$/ha for Karaçal. These values showed that, in general, both irrigations have sufficient financial strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, COPAM (Classified Characteristic Curves Model) computer software was used to analyze the performance of the Burdur Çavdır Küçükalan pressurized irrigation system. With the help of COPAM, analyses such as flow rate - water source elevation, detection of hydrants insufficient in terms of relative pressure, hydrant dependability, the sufficiency of hydrants at different water source elevations, re-calculation of pipe diameters in current conditions, comparison of old and new cost of the irrigation system according to calculated pipe diameters were made. At the end of the study, it was determined that the irrigation system could work with an efficiency of 90 % under current conditions. In the study, it was also determined that 2 of the 42 hydrants in the system were insufficient in terms of relative pressure and their reliability values were -0-. In the evaluation made in terms of pipe diameters under current conditions, it was determined that while smaller diameter pipes should be used in 26 pipelines (6 818.50 m), larger diameter pipes should be used in 2 pipelines (491.40 m). In the case of using pipe diameters calculated with COPAM, hydrants numbers with relative pressure deficiency decreased to 1. In the cost analysis, it was determined that if the pipe diameters determined by the COPAM are used, 57 262.49 $ can be saved from the project cost. As a result, it has been concluded that the COPAM can be used in the performance analysis of pressurized irrigation systems. If COPAM or similar programs are used, it will be possible to increase the efficiency of the projects by reducing their investment costs. For this reason, it is thought that COPAM or similar programs should be used by relevant institutions for the evaluation of pressurized irrigation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pandrah Weir, built-in 1987, serves the Pandrah Technical Irrigation Area in Bireuen District, Aceh Province, with an area of 1.203 Ha. Its old infrastructure has experienced various damage that can decrease the irrigation system performance. The Pandrah irrigation system's previous performance assessment by both the MASSCOTE approach and Rapid Appraisal Procedure (RAP) evaluation suggested a service level of 3.05 (useful classification). This study assessed the effect of the variables on the Pandrah irrigation system's performance with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) operated by the AMOS program. The four leading indicators were irrigation service, Water User Farmers Association (P3A), operator Human Resources (H.R.), and irrigation operation modernization. The refinement of irrigation system performance analysis using SEM showed that results of the four irrigation system performance indicators, namely: 0.082 (p=0.768), 0.090 (p=0.273), 0.419 (p=0.287), and 0.606 (p=0.039) for irrigation service, P3A indicator, irrigation operation modernization, and H.R. respectively. Based on the evaluation of the four indicators of irrigation system performance, it is concluded that the Pandrah irrigation system's performance is good. This performance assessment provides a clear picture of irrigation water services, H.R., P3A being an initial assessment for priorities, planning, and scheduling to start modernization programs for irrigation system operations. Irrigation modernization aims to facilitate the operation and maintenance by improving the irrigation system. This modernization means that irrigation planning, irrigation operation, maintenance, and monitoring systems have been carefully calculated before proposing a new irrigation network. The success of monitoring activities requires the use of information technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, COPAM (Combined Optimization and Performance Analysis Model) software revealing optimum design possibilities and performance analysis of pressurized irrigation systems, was applied to on-demand pressurized irrigation system in Uludag University Agricultural Application and Research Centre, Bursa, Turkey. The system reliability, hydrant pressure heads, upstream elevation, discharges and pipe diameters related to this irrigation system were analyzed with COPAM software which have a variety of analysis tools. Analysis results showed that there were no deficiencies of performance in the hydrant level of the examined system. Furthermore, pipe diameters of the existing irrigation network were recalculated.

Highlights • A new cost-effective indicator of assessing irrigation performance can be performed by using surface energy balance models. • Comparing hydrants delivered water volumes to surface energy balance actual evapotranspiration can be used for assessing irrigation systems. • A methodology to extract actual evapotranspiration was set to overcome the bias induced by cubic convolution resampling of satellite images. • It was observed that monthly irrigation volumes applied at plot scale were higher than actual evapotranspiration under full water supply. • It was demonstrated that a considerable amount of water could have been saved in the whole irrigation district over an entire irrigation season. Abstract Remote sensing techniques allow monitoring the Earth surface and acquiring worthwhile information that can be used efficiently in agro-hydrological systems. Satellite images associated to computational models represent reliable resources to estimate actual evapotranspiration fluxes, ET a , based on surface energy balance. The knowledge of ET a and its spatial distribution is crucial for a broad range of applications at different scales, from fields to large irrigation districts. In single plots and/or in irrigation districts, linking water volumes delivered to the plots with the estimations of remote sensed ET a can have a great potential to develop new cost-effective indicators of irrigation performance, as well as to increase water use efficiency. With the aim to assess the irrigation system performance and the opportunities to save irrigation water resources at the "SAT Llano Verde" district in Albacete, Castilla-La Mancha (Spain), the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) was applied on cloud-free Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) images, processed by cubic convolution resampling method, for three irrigation seasons (May to September 2006, 2007 and 2008). The model allowed quantifying instantaneous, daily, monthly and seasonal ET a over the irrigation district. The comparison between monthly irrigation volumes distributed by each hydrant and the corresponding spatially averaged ET a , obtained by assuming an overall efficiency of irrigation network equal to 85%, allowed the assessment of the irrigation system performance for the area served by each hydrant, as well as for the whole irrigation district. It was observed that in all the investigated years, irrigation volumes applied monthly by farmers resulted generally higher than the corresponding evapotranspiration fluxes retrieved by SEBAL, with the exception of May, in which abundant rainfall occurred. When considering the entire irrigation seasons, it was demonstrated that a considerable amount of water could have been saved in the district, respectively equal to 26.2, 28.0 and 16.4% of the total water consumption evaluated in the three years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Journal of Agricultural Sciences (YYU J Agr Sci) is the property of Yuzuncu Yil University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Population growth is increasing, but it is not accompanied by an increase in food needs impartial. Indonesian swamp land potential of about 33.4 million ha, consisting of tidal swamp 20.1 million ha and 13.3 million ha of lowland swamp. The Government has made the development of swamps into agricultural land, including the Semangga swamp area (4,000 ha) The cropping pattern of rice (100%) - crops (40%) – “bero”. The problem faced are; the length is 7-month of dry season and low agricultural production, are therefore likely to swamp irrigation system optimalization. The method used to carry out water balance analysis and performance assessment of irrigation system include; the physical condition of irrigation, the application of the system of planting and water delivery techniques to the use of land for a year, then performed according to the potential land development plan and water resources available. Results of water balance analysis on Semangga Swamp Area existing condition indicate that water deficit occurred during the second growing season crops (May-July) and in December. So do the appropriate development plan defined cropping pattern III, namely rice (100%) - crops (60%) - crops (45%) with the addition of a total area of 1,000 ha through the use Kumbe River and Maro River and other water reservoirs to overcome deficits in the availability of water in the dry season that is equal to 2.5m³/s (April to August and October to December), while 6.5m³/s in September, 72.40% irrigation system performance with good category.

In this study, COPAM (Combined Optimization and Performance Analysis Model) software revealing optimum design possibilities and performance analysis of pressurized irrigation systems, was applied to on-demand pressurized irrigation system in Uludag University Agricultural Application and Research Centre, Bursa, Turkey. The system reliability, hydrant pressure heads, upstream elevation, discharges and pipe diameters related to this irrigation system were analyzed with COPAM software which have a variety of analysis tools. Analysis results showed that there were no deficiencies of performance in the hydrant level of the examined system. Furthermore, pipe diameters of the existing irrigation network were recalculated with COPAM as an alternative scenario and the system performance was reanalyzed based on the new pipe diameters obtained. As a result of this analysis, it wasn't seen any difference in the system performance, although total pipe cost was reduced by 16%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bu çal ışmada, sulama sistemleri aras ı nda performans ı n karşı laşt ı rmal ı analizini sa ğ layan karşı laşt ı rma göstergeleri Sakarya Havzas ı Sulama Şebekelerine uygulanm ış ve sistem performans ı değerlendirilmi ştir. Ara şt ı rma alan ı ndaki sulama şebekelerinin 1999-2000 y ı lları na ilişkin proje alan ı eşdeğer brüt üretim de ğeri PAEBÜD 67-2001 $/ha, fiilen sulanan alan e şdeğer brüt üretim de ğeri FSAEBÜD 354-8659 $/ha, sapt ı rı lan suya karşı l ı k eşdeğer brüt üretim değeri SSKEBÜD 0.02-0.67 $/m3 , sulama suyu ihtiyac ı na karşı l ı k eşdeğer brüt üretim değeri SSIEBOD 0.08- 2.54 $/m3 , su temini oran ı STO 1.3-8.4, mali yeterlilik oran ı MYO %8-300, yat ı rı mı n geri dönü ş üm oran ı YGDO %54-941, tahsilat oran ı TO %21-111, sulama oran ı SO %15-94 ve sürdürülebilir sulama alan ı oran ı SSAO %89- 130 olarak belirlenmi ştir

Son yı llarda sulama sistemlerinde performans ı n değerlendirilmesi yan ı nda sistemler aras ı nda karşı laşt ı rmayı sağlayan yeni göstergeler geli ştirilmektedir. Bu çal ışmada sulama sistemleri aras ı nda performans ı n ı n karşı laşt ı rı lmas ı nda kullan ı lan Uluslararas ı Su Yönetimi Enstitüsü IWMI taraf ı ndan geliştirilen proje alan ı eşdeğer brüt üretim değeri PAEBÜD , fiilen sulanan alan e şdeğer brüt üretim değeri FSAEBÜD , sapt ı rı lan suya karşı l ı k eşdeğer brüt üretim değeri SSKEBÜD , sulama suyu ihtiyac ı na karşı l ı k eşdeğer brüt üretim değeri SSIEBÜD , su temini oran ı STO ve sulama oran ı SO göstergeleri Konya Sulama Birliklerine uygulanm ış ve 1995-1999 y ı lları na ilişkin sistem performanslar ı değerlendirilmiştir. Araşt ı rma alan ı nda PAEBÜD 195-5391 $/ha, FSAEBÜD 359-6197 $/ha, SSKEBÜD 0.02-1.29 $/m 3 , SSIEBÜD 0.07- 2.25 $/m3 , STO 0.30-7.83 ve SO %36-104 olarak belirlenmi ştir

Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summary: Poor performance of government-managed irrigation systems persists in developing countries despite numerous policy interventions over the last four decades. We argue that many of these interventions have failed, because they did not recognize irrigation bureaucracies as prime actors in policy change. This paper examines the varied actors and agendas within irrigation bureaucracies, highlighting the dichotomy between “hydraulic missions” on the one hand and direct service provision to farmers on the other. To increase the significance of future reform, bureaucracies must be considered as explicit actors, and reform efforts should derive from better understanding of the farmer–agency interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: We examine the development of irrigation management in northern China using data from village and household panels. During the past decade, reform-oriented institutions, such as water user associations and contracting, have largely replaced the traditional institution of collective management in village-level irrigation systems. A feature unique to China is that water user associations and contractors are provided with monetary incentives to save water. Water user associations have not yet achieved the broad-based participation of farmers that some advocates consider as a primary goal for forming the associations. Many village leaders serve also as the leaders of water user associations, thus possibly reducing opportunities for receiving operational input and policy direction from farmers. However, we observe improved performance of irrigation systems managed by water user associations, relative to collective management, in terms of maintenance expenditures, the timeliness of water deliveries, and the rates of fee collection. Performance has improved also in systems managed by contractors, although not as substantially as in the case of water user associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: On-demand pressurized irrigation systems are designed to deliver water with the flow rate and pressure required by the farm irrigation systems, sprinkling or micro-irrigation, and respecting the time, duration and frequency decided by the farmers. Due to the variation in farm demand along the season and the day, a large spatial and temporal variability of flow regimes occurs in these systems, which may affect the performance of the farm systems and the yields of the irrigated crops. Therefore, there is a need to analyse those systems to identify and solve performance problems. In this research, two simulation models for the analysis of irrigation systems operating on-demand, ICARE and AKLA, are used and compared to assess the hydraulic performance of the irrigation network of the Lucefecit Irrigation System, in Southern Portugal. ICARE assesses the global performance of the irrigation system through the indexed characteristic curves, while AKLA provides for the identification of the relative pressure deficit and reliability at every hydrant. Both models adopt a flow-driven analysis approach, performing the analysis for multiple flow regimes. To support the hydraulic characterization of the system and for calibration of the steady-state hydraulic model, field measurements were performed at selected nodes of the network, including four hydrants. The analysis with ICARE does not provide for a sufficient identification of problems. In fact, poor performance is indicated when a few hydrants operate below the minimum pressure set at design. Differently, the analysis with AKLA, applied at the hydrant level, shows that the performance of the Lucefecit system is generally acceptable. AKLA identifies which hydrants operate below the required pressure and, therefore, allows to support any eventual related improvement. Results show that the performance of the system highly improved when changing the piezometric elevation from 260 to 265m a.s.l. However, this improvement is not sufficient because three hydrants still have high relative pressure deficit and low reliability. Solutions for those hydrants require increasing diameters of network pipes supplying them. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]