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Many agricultural areas of the western United States and other parts of the world practice irrigation using a variety of irrigation methods. Maps of irrigation methods are needed but existing technologies are often unable to distinguish between different irrigation methods when they co‐exist on the same landscape. In this study, we develop a deep learning irrigation methods mapping tool for broad scale application. The technique uses a U‐Net model trained on Landsat 5‐ and 8‐derived input images. Training data consisted in irrigation method classified as Flood, Sprinkler or Other on agricultural fields from the Utah Water Related Land Use data set and additional labeling in selected areas of southern Idaho. An ensemble of 10 trained models had an overall accuracy of 0.78. Precision for Flood, Sprinkler and Other were 0.73, 0.82, and 0.80 while recall values were 0.75, 0.74, and 0.84 respectively. Model performance was generally stable throughout the training years but varied by areas. The best performance was obtained in regions with uniform irrigation method across large patches while small fields of contrasting irrigation method with their surroundings were inadequately predicted. Model prediction in an irrigated watershed of southern Idaho for 2006, 2011, 2013, and 2016 were consistent with previously published survey data. This methodology provides a tool for water resource managers to estimate irrigation methods in agricultural watersheds where natural precipitation is low during the growing season and irrigation methods include center pivots, wheel lines and flood irrigation. Plain Language Summary: Many agricultural areas of the western United States practice irrigation using a variety of irrigation methods. Irrigation methods can be classified into 3 main groups: surface (or flood), sprinkler systems and micro‐irrigation systems. Flood and sprinkler irrigation account for 90% of irrigated areas in the United States but impact water resources differently. Flood irrigation has been associated with many adverse effects on water quality whereas sprinkler systems are promoted as improved irrigation alternatives to preserve water quantity and quality. Maps of irrigation methods are needed to improve assessment of irrigation methods on water quantity and quality. In this study, we develop an irrigation methods mapping tool by training a deep learning model on publicly available satellite imagery. The model was trained on the Utah Water Related Land Use data set and additional data from southern Idaho. The trained model correctly predicted irrigation method over 78% of the test area. This methodology provides a tool for water resource managers to estimate irrigation methods in agricultural watersheds where natural precipitation is low during the growing season and irrigation methods include center pivots, wheel lines and flood irrigation. Key Points: A deep learning model was developed to predict the type of irrigation (Flood, Sprinkler or Other) used in areas of the northwestern USAOverall the model predicted the right type of irrigation with an accuracy of 78%This tool has application in other irrigated agricultural areas of the semi‐arid northwest where irrigation methods are varied [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Yinchuan Plain, the main source of water supply for agricultural crops is irrigation infiltration. Therefore, the irrigation process, method, and time are crucial for the rational planning and utilization of water resources in the region. In this study, the effects of different irrigation methods on groundwater recharge were investigated through irrigation quadrat tests combined with numerical simulations. The water content at depths of 10–50 cm had a more significant response to irrigation than that at 80 and 100 cm in the intelligent irrigation quadrat. The water content change at depths of 10–50 cm was smaller than that at 80 and 100 cm in the flood irrigation quadrat. The flood irrigation method had a greater impact on the water content in the deep vadose zone. The water content of intelligent irrigation was concentrated at depths of 30–50 cm, with weak groundwater recharge. The water content of the flood irrigation quadrat was concentrated at depths of 50–80 cm, with a significant impact in the vertical direction. The simulation results indicated that flood irrigation had the best effect on groundwater recharge, with an infiltration recharge coefficient of 0.73, compared to intelligent irrigation, which had an infiltration recharge coefficient of 0.41. When the groundwater depth range was 0.65–3.8 m, the infiltration recharge efficiencies of intelligent and flood irrigation were the highest at groundwater depths of 1.3 and 1.8 m. Our findings provide a scientific basis for methods of rational irrigation, which could help save water resources in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective Water is the most important and limiting production factor in agriculture. The rapid decline of groundwater table is threatening sustainable irrigation agricultural development. Considering the limitation of ground water resources and the necessity of optimal use of surface water, the reform of the irrigation systems is a necessity. Iran is located in one of the driest regions of the world. Based on this, one of the major challenges in providing food for the growing population is the issue of water and proper management of water resources. With the increasing shortage of irrigation water, new irrigation methods for optimal use of water will be more important in the future. Another way to increase water productivity is to adopt deficit irrigation strategies. Deficit irrigation is defined as the use of water less than the plant's water requirement, which has been developed in many countries in order to reduce the amount of irrigation water. Methodology This study compares the effects of different irrigation regimes on seed yield and water productivity of canola with three irrigation methods of furrow, sprinkler and drip with four irrigation treatments included 60, 80, 100, and 120 percent of full irrigation amount. For this purpose, a field experiment was carried out using a split plot completely randomized design with three replications in Tabriz during 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 growing seasons. The soil class of the farm is sandy loam. The amount of effective rainfall in the growing season was 278 mm in the first year and 202 mm in the second year. In each experimental unit of furrow and drip irrigation method, there were 4 rows of planting 8 meters long and in each experimental unit of sprinkler irrigation method there were 6 rows of planting 3 meters long. The distance between planting rows was 50 cm and the distance between plants in each row was 3 to 5 cm, and the seeds were planted at a depth of 1 to 2 cm. Octans autumn hybrid canola seed variety was used for cultivation. Hunter model A12 hidden sprinkler with a spraying radius of 3.7 meters was used for sprinkler irrigation. In this plan, a sprinkler was installed in each corner of the plot, and to prevent interference between the plots, the radius of the sprinkler was adjusted to 90 degrees. For drip irrigation, a strip with an aperture distance of 20 cm and a thickness of 175 microns was used. In this research, the irrigation timing was applied in the furrow method based on the fixed cycle of 10 days for the area and for drip and sprinkler irrigation cycle of 5 days. The amount of irrigation water in each irrigation round was estimated by measuring the volumetric soil moisture before each irrigation round in the full irrigation treatment, and according to the area of each plot and applying the irrigation efficiency, the amount of water used for each method was obtained. The actual evaporation and transpiration of rapeseed was obtained from the water balance equation. At the end of the growing season, the product of each plot was harvested separately and the weight of dry matter, weight of seeds, weight of 1000 seeds, the amount of yield per unit area and other characteristics were measured and recorded, and the parameters related to water consumption efficiency for each plot were was achieved Findings The obtained results showed that regardless of the amount of irrigation, crop yield and other growth indicators were better in drip irrigation than the other two methods, so that the drip method at the level of 120% had the highest amount of yield, weight of 1000 seeds and plant height. The lowest amount of irrigation water is related to the drip method at the level of 60%, and this method reduced the amount of irrigation water by 49% and 21%, respectively, compared to furrow and sprinkler irrigation at the same level. The highest value of water productivity and irrigation water productivity related to drip irrigation was at the level of 60%. At this level, the drip method increased the efficiency of irrigation water productivity by 87% and 25%, respectively, compared to the furrow and sprinkler methods. Also increased the water use efficiency by 22 and 15% compared to the furrow and sprinkler methods, respectively. Conclusion The results of this research showed that the use of modern irrigation methods such as drip and sprinkler instead of the surface methods, in addition to saving the amount of water used, also improves the performance of the product. Also, the application of deficit irrigation techniques in these methods will have less yield loss and increase the water use efficiency compared to traditional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haloxylon ammodendron is a pioneering tree species for windbreak and sand fixation and improving the ecological environment. However, its cultivation faces substantial challenges, including low survival rates and slow growth. Designing a scientifically reasonable irrigation method is crucial to ensure the survival and healthy growth of H. ammodendron. Therefore, a field cylinder experiment with two drip irrigation methods — vertical tube surface drip irrigation (PSDI) and traditional surface drip irrigation (TSDI) — was conducted from May 2022 to May 2023 to explore the effects of irrigation methods on H. ammodendron growth. Additionally, three tube diameters (D = 90, 110, and 160 mm) and three burial depths (B = 10, 15, and 20 cm) were designed in PSDI to reveal the response of H. ammodendron growth to different tube parameters. The results showed that PSDI improved soil moisture content in the 5–40 cm layer while reducing soil temperature, demonstrating a more pronounced effect on water retention and temperature control. Throughout the growing season, when each indicator reached its maximum value, PSDI resulted in increases in plant height, stem diameter, crown width, new shoot length, and number of new shoots by 61.3 %, 45.1 %, 44.4 %, 37.8 %, and 24.6 % compared to TSDI, respectively. Additionally, PSDI increased total fresh and dry weights, aboveground fresh and dry weights, and underground fresh and dry weights by 30.5 % and 39.3 %, 31.9 % and 42.5 %, and 26.4 % and 27.6 %, respectively, while decreasing the root-to-shoot ratio by 15.4 %. The optimal growth indicators and biomass were achieved with a tube diameter of 160 mm and a burial depth of 15 cm under PSDI. On this basis, an empirical model to predict the growth dynamics of H. ammodendron was developed and showed consistency with measured values. These findings provide a theoretical basis for optimizing PSDI design and its application in plant sand-fixation engineering.

【Objective】 This paper is to explore the effect of different soil thickness and irrigation methods on rice growth in cold region. 【Method】 In 2020, a rice water-saving experiment was carried out in Yuan Longping Rice test Base, Keyou Front Banner, Ulanhot City, Xingan League. The experiment consisted of three soil thickness treatments: 15-20 cm (H1), 20-25 cm (H2) and 25-30 cm (H3), and two irrigation treatments: controlled irrigation (K) and conventional irrigation (CK). In each treatment, we measured the growth and yield of the rice. 【Result】 The plant height in the K treatment was lower than that in the CK. Compared to CK, the K treatment increased root length, stem diameter, effective panicle number per hole, thousand grain weight and the rice yield. Compared to H1, H2 and H3 increased rice yield by 30.49%-32.91% and 63.74%-76.33%, respectively. Compared to CK, the K treatment reduced total irrigation amount by 55.04%-56.84%, and increased irrigation water productivity by 1.55 to 1.86 times. Compared to H1, H2 and H3 increased the irrigation water productivity by 35.61% to 38.62% and 73.07% to 94.14%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Irrespective of the irrigation methods, varying soil thicknesses exerted distinct effects on plant height, root length, stem thickness, effective panicle count per hole, and rice yield. Implementing controlled irrigation alongside a soil thickness of 25-30 cm significantly enhanced rice growth, improved water use efficiency, and boosted rice yield. These findings offer valuable guidelines for rice cultivation in cold regions.

In order to investigate the effect of different methods and levels of irrigation water on some vegetative and reproductive characteristics of saffron, this research was carried out as a split-plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Razavi Khorasan Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization Center (Gonabad Research Station) in the crop years of 2019-2021. In this research, irrigation method treatments (including basin, drip (tape), and sprinkler (P-flex) methods) were in the main plot, and different levels of irrigation water (including supply of 100, 75 and 50% of water requirement) were in the secondary plot. The traits studied in this experiment include the number of plants, the number of leaves in a plant, the average length of a leaf, total leaf length per plant, total leaf length in m², total dry weight of leaves per plant, total dry weight of leaves in m², flower number, stigma dry weight and water efficiency. The results of the means comparison showed that in both years of the experiment, changing the irrigation method from basin to drip (tape) and sprinkler (P-flex) increased the number of plants in m², total leaf length in m², number of flowers in m², stigma dry weight and water efficiency. Based on this, changing the irrigation method from basin to sprinkler (P-flex) in the first and second year caused a 61 and 38% increase in the number of plants, 28 and 30% increase in the total length of leaves in m², and 45 and 32% increase in the flower number, 51 and 39% increase in stigma dry weight, 55 and 47% increase in water efficiency. Based on this, the highest values of the measured traits were obtained by providing 100% of the water requirement and reducing the water requirement of saffron from 100 to 50% in the first and second year, respectively, causing a 38 and 46% decrease in the number of plants, 79 and 67% decrease in the total length of leaves in m², 27 and 22% decrease in the flower number, 33 and 30% reduction in stigma dry weight and water efficiency increased by 32% and 37% in the first and second year, respectively. The interaction effects table showed that the effect of increasing the amount of irrigation water is different in each system. Based on this, although the positive effect and relative advantage of modern irrigation systems decreased with the increase in the age of the farm, it seems that it is possible to use sprinkler irrigation (P-flex) while saving water consumption (up to 335 and 407 m³ in the first and second year, respectively), increased water efficiency by two times. The results of this study also showed that although achieving high yield requires 100% supply of water needs, facing the lack of water availability and using modern irrigation systems, part of the water shortage can be covered. During the years investigated in this study, the average actual evaporation and transpiration, effective rainfall, and net irrigation water requirement of saffron were 2386, 734, and 3120 m³ /ha, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Water is the most important factor limiting agriculture in the country. Therefore, optimal use of existing water resources and their management according to modern science is very vital. For this purpose, the effect of two irrigation methods (basin irrigation and tape irrigation) and three irrigation levels (50, 75 and 100 percent of the plant's water requirement) on the performance of edible onion plants in Ayask city, which has a relatively hot and dry climate, was studied. This research was done factorial in the form of randomized complete block design with four replications in two crop years of 2017-2018. The results showed that the yield of onion under the influence of different levels of irrigation, the highest effect is in the yield related to the treatment of 100% water requirement with an average of 44.9 tons per hectare and the lowest with an average of 9.95 tons per hectare related to the treatment of 50% water requirement. Also, in terms of onion water consumption efficiency, it was found that tape irrigation method with an average of 4.69 kg/m² of water is 45.4% more than the basin method with an average of 2.56 kg/m² of water. Also, the effect of different levels of irrigation on the efficiency of water use in 100% water demand with an average of 4.64 kg/m2 of water was not much different from the treatment of 75% water demand with an average of 17.4 kg/m² of water. As a result, tape irrigation with a stress level of 75% of the plant's water requirement is the most appropriate method and irrigation water level for onion plants in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is the most important factor limiting agriculture in the country. For this purpose, the effect of two irrigation methods (basin irrigation and tape irrigation) and three irrigation levels (50, 75 and 100 percent of the plant's water requirement) on the performance of edible onion plants in Aysk city, which has a relatively hot and dry climate, was studied. Was investigated. This research was done factorially in the form of randomized complete block design with four replications in two crop years 2017-2018. The results showed that the yield of onion under the influence of different levels of irrigation, the highest effect is in the yield related to the treatment of 100% water requirement and the lowest related to the treatment of 50% water requirement. Also, in terms of onion water consumption efficiency, it was found that Tape irrigation method with an average of 4.69 kg per cubic meter of water is 45.4% more than the basin method with an average of 2.56 kg per cubic meter of water. Also, the effect of different levels of irrigation on the efficiency of water use in 100% water demand with an average of 4.64 kg per cubic meter of water was not much different from the treatment of 75% water demand with an average of 17.4 kg per cubic meter of water. As a result, tape irrigation with a stress level of 75% of the plant's water requirement is the most appropriate method and irrigation water level for onion plants in this region.

【Objective】 Alfalfa is a prevalent crop in northwestern China and its cultivation heavily depends on irrigation. This paper is to delve into the influence of irrigation methods on yield and quality of alfalfa, with the ultimate goal to improve its water use efficiency. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted from April to September in 2021 in an irrigated alfalfa field in Karamay, Xinjiang. It compared three irrigation methods: shallow drip irrigation (W1), point sprinkler irrigation (W2), and rolling sprinkler irrigation (W3). In each treatment, we measured the growth traits, water consumption, water-saving index, and yield and quality of the alfalfa. The optimal irrigation method was determined using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method based on combination weighting. 【Result】 As the times of cutting increased, the height, stem diameter and yield of the alfalfa decreased, while its crude protein content increased. As time elapsed following the third and fourth cutting, the water consumption decreased first followed by an increase. The total water consumption during the two stages varied with irrigation method, and their significance was ranked in the order of W1W2>W3. Both shallow drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation effectively improved plant quality. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation indicated that, overall, the shallow drip irrigation was optimal for growth, water consumption, yield and quality of the crop. 【Conclusion】 The shallow buried drip irrigation not only saved water but also improved yield and quality of the alfalfa. It is hence most suitable for alfalfa cultivation in the arid and water-scarce regions in the northwest of China.

Purpose: to study the features of irrigation regimes and their impact on the yield of sweet pepper based on the analysis of scientific sources of information. Discussion. Sweet pepper is a moisture-loving crop. For its normal growth and development, optimal soil moisture is required. Plants experience a special need for moisture when planting seedlings, flowering, as well as during fruit set and formation. Since sweet pepper crops are located in southern regions with a moisture deficit, irrigation acts as a guarantor of obtaining the planned yield of this crop. The main elements of the irrigation regime are irrigation, irrigation norms, the number of irrigations, the timing of their implementation to maintain a given level of soil moisture during crop cultivation. Modern irrigation regimes for sweet pepper have been developed both for conditions of full provision of water resources and for conditions of their deficiency. Under conditions of full water supply, maximum productivity and product quality indicators, more efficient use of irrigation water are ensured by drip irrigation mode with maintaining the pre-irrigation moisture threshold of the calculated soil layer at least 70–80 % of the lowest moisture capacity during the growing season. In differentiated irrigation regimes, higher values of pre-irrigation soil moisture thresholds are maintained in the first half of the growing season, when it is necessary to create favorable conditions for the rooting of seedlings, growth and development of plants. However, during this period the size of the calculated soil layer is reduced. By the stage of technical ripeness and until the end of fruit harvesting, soil moisture thresholds are reduced to 70–75 % of the lowest moisture capacity, but the moistened layer is increased. Conclusions. Optimal irrigation regimes make it possible to maintain the vital processes of plants and obtain the planned productivity even in dry conditions. The combination of irrigation modes with other elements of the technological process (mulching, fertilizing, etc.) increases the productivity of sweet pepper by 15–20 %.

Remote sensing technology is widely used to obtain evapotranspiration (ETa), but whether it can distinguish the differences in farmland energy balance components and ETa under different irrigation methods has not been studied. We used Landsat 8 data as the primary dataset to drive the METRIC model and inverted the surface parameters and ETa of the Shiyang River Basin from 2014 to 2018. After improving the METRIC model using Ta obtained by the regression method instead of interpolation to calculate the net radiation flux (Rn), R2 was improved from 0.45 to 0.53, and the RMSE was reduced from 61 W/m2 to 51 W/m2. The ETa estimation results on satellite overpass days performed well, with R2 equal to 0.93 and RMSE equal to 0.48 mm when compared with the Eddy covariance method (EC) observations. Subsequently, the different growth stages and daily average ETa estimates of maize were compared with three observations (water balance, WB; Bowen ratio and energy balance method, BREB; and EC). The daily estimates of ETa correlate well with the observations of BREB (R2BI = 0.82, R2DI = 0.92; RMSEBI = 0.46 mm/day, RMSEDI = 0.32 mm/day) and EC (R2BI = 0.85, R2DI = 0.92; RMSEBI = 0.45 mm/day, RMSEDI = 0.34 mm/day), and the estimation for drip irrigation was found to be better than for border irrigation. The total accuracy of the ETa estimation on the five-year overpass day of maize farmland reached R2 = 0.93 and RMSE = 0.48 mm. With sufficient remote sensing data, the 4-year average ETa of maize was 31 mm lower for DI than for BI, and the mean value of ETa obtained from the three observation methods was 40 mm. The METRIC model can be used to distinguish ETa differences between the two irrigation methods in maize farmlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was performed to evaluate the AquaCrop model in the crop yield, biomass, crop, and biomass water use efficiency of greenhouse cucumber with two methods of the capillary wick and drip irrigation and three soil textures including Clay-Loam marked with (S1), Sandy-Clay-Loam (S2) and Sandy-Loam (S3) in three replications and two cultivation periods in spring 2018 period (1) and autumn 2018 period (2). Data analysis was done based on compound analysis of variance and mean comparison was done based on Duncan's multi-range test. The data of the first period was used for calibration and sensitivity analysis, and the data of the second period was used to validate the model. The root-mean-square error (nRMSE) and coefficient of determination (R²) were used to validate the model. Based on results in the drip irrigation system, the maximum yield, and water use productivity were observed with 79.64 ton/ha and 46.54 kg/m³ in T2S1 treatment, and in the capillary wick irrigation system, the highest yield, and water use efficiency were observed with 62.05 ton/ha and 44.76 kg/m3 in W2S3. The model investigation results revealed that the highest simulation accuracy was observed in W2S3 treatment so that the nRMSE index in crop yield, biomass yield, crop water use efficiency and biomass water use efficiency were respectively 2.80, 1.70, 1.10, and 1.70 percent were calculated. Due to the optimality of all conditions in the model, most of the estimated parameters were higher than the observational data, still, the increasing and decreasing trend of model simulation in estimating product performance values was completely consistent with the observed data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present study aimed to explore the effects of different inigation methods on soil physical and chemical properties, water use efficiency and tuber yield of winter potato, and to provide scientific basis for improving the inigation technology of winter potato and promoting the healthy development of winter potato industry in Guangxi. [ Method] Potato variety Lishu 6 was used as the experimental material, four inigation methods were set up: drip inigation under film ( A), open field drip inigation ( B), open field micro sprinkler inigation ( C) and non-inigation( CK). Soil physicochemical properties of each treatment were measured at seedling stage, tuber formation stage and expansion stage, main agronomic traits of plant were investigated at flowering stage, and tuber yield and quality were measured at harvest stage. Water use efficiency of potato under different irrigation methods were measured, and water-saving irrigation methods suitable for high yield and efficient production of winter potato in Guangxi were selected. [ Result] Compared with CK, the average soil temperature of treatment A, treatment B and treatment C increased by 1. 57, 0. 37 and 0. 17 "C respectively. Except for 25. 00 cm soil layer at seedling stage, the soil average temperature of treatment A at seedling stage and tuber formation stage was extremely significantly higher than that of other treatments ( P < 0. 01, the same as below). The average soil water content of treatment A, treatment B and treatment C during the entire growth and development period of potatoes was 18. 68 %, 11. 43 % and 11. 43 % higher than that of CK, respectively. Except for the 0 - 10 cm soil layer at seedling stage and tuber expansion stage, the soil water content of treatment A was extremely significantly higher than that of other treatments. The soil porosity, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen content, available phosphorus content, available potassium content and organic matter content all showed A > B > C > CK. The plant height, number of main stems, number of tubers per plant, weight of tubers per plant and percentage of commercial tubers of treatment A, B and C were significantly ( P < 0. 05 ) or extremely significantly higher than those of CK, and treatment A was the largest except for the number of main stems. The tuber yield and water use efficiency of treatment A were 40. 40 t/hm² and 7. 16 kg/ m³ respectively, which were significantly higher than those of other treatments. [Conclusion] The use of drip irrigation under film, open drip irrigation and open micro-sprinkler irrigation for winter potato can effectively improve the soil water, heat and nutrient content, improve water use efficiency, and promote the growth and yield of potato plants. Among them, drip irrigation under film has the best effect and high water use efficiency, which is suitable for popularization and application in the production of winter potato in Guangxi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Long-term rotary tillage limit water infiltration and crop productivity in North China Plain (NCP). The practice of subsoiling to fracture plow pans has made beneficial impacts on soil surface structure and water infiltration. Further, appropriate irrigation method coupled with irrigation regime can improve crop productivity in subsoiling condition. A three-year field trial (2020–2023) was carried out to assess the effects of the irrigation regime and the method on winter wheat evapotranspiration (ET), grain yield (GY), water productivity (WP), partial factor productivity from applied nitrogen (PPFN), and economic analysis. The three irrigation regimes were irrigated when soil moisture levels decreased to 70%, 60% and 50% of the field capacity (referred as H, M and L) and two irrigation methods were the surface drip irrigation (SDI) and the micro-sprinkler irrigation (MSI). The traditional flood irrigation with 70% of the field capacity in subsoiling filed was CK. The results showed optimizing irrigation method and irrigation regime significantly influenced ET, GY, WP, PPFN, and net incomes. As the irrigation amount increased, the ET first increased while GY, WP, PPFN, and net incomes increased and then slightly decreased. Based on the three-year average, the maximum GY of 9454 kg ha−1 and the net income of 11089 yuan ha−1 was achieved in SDI-M, which had WP of 2.3 kg m−3 and PPFN of 39.4 kg kg−1. At the same time, SDI-M did not result in much increase of ET (average of 405.1 mm in three seasons). Considering comprehensively ET, GY, WP, PPFN, and net incomes, to irrigate when soil moisture decreases to 60% of the field capacity by surface drip irrigation was the optimal strategy in all aspects. These results will provide a scientific reference for irrigation management in subsoiling wheat field in NCP, as well as in similar production areas worldwide.

【Objective】 Irrigation methods modulate soil water and root-induced activity thereby influencing gas emissions from soil. In this paper, we analyze the effects of different irrigation methods on greenhouse gas emissions from farmland and the associated underlying mechanisms. 【Method】 The analysis was based on meta-analysis. Experimental results published in journals included in CNKI and Web of Science were used in the analysis. A total of 37 papers with 176 datasets were analyzed to assess the variation in greenhouse gas emissions with irrigation methods, as well as the underlying mechanisms. 【Result】 Compared to drip irrigation, flood irrigation, furrow irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation did not show significant difference in CO2 emissions, while sprinkler irrigation significantly increased CO2 emissions (p

In the Yinchuan Plain, the main source of water supply for agricultural crops is irrigation infiltration. Therefore, the irrigation process, method, and time are crucial for the rational planning and utilization of water resources in the region. In this study, the effects of different irrigation methods on groundwater recharge were investigated through irrigation quadrat tests combined with numerical simulations. The water content at depths of 10–50 cm had a more significant response to irrigation than that at 80 and 100 cm in the intelligent irrigation quadrat. The water content change at depths of 10–50 cm was smaller than that at 80 and 100 cm in the flood irrigation quadrat. The flood irrigation method had a greater impact on the water content in the deep vadose zone. The water content of intelligent irrigation was concentrated at depths of 30–50 cm, with weak groundwater recharge. The water content of the flood irrigation quadrat was concentrated at depths of 50–80 cm, with a significant impact in the vertical direction. The simulation results indicated that flood irrigation had the best effect on groundwater recharge, with an infiltration recharge coefficient of 0.73, compared to intelligent irrigation, which had an infiltration recharge coefficient of 0.41. When the groundwater depth range was 0.65–3.8 m, the infiltration recharge efficiencies of intelligent and flood irrigation were the highest at groundwater depths of 1.3 and 1.8 m. Our findings provide a scientific basis for methods of rational irrigation, which could help save water resources in the study area.

Purpose: on the basis of study and analysis of scientific sources to summarize the experience of water saving and to determine the features of modern irrigation regimes for vegetable crops in open ground. Discussion. Tomatoes and cucumbers are popular vegetable crops. The main areas of their cultivation in the country are the Southern and North Caucasian Federal Districts, where it is impossible to obtain yields without irrigation. The requirements of vegetable crops for moisture increase significantly during the periods of flowering, fruit setting and formation. Its deficiency during these periods leads to a decrease in productivity and a shortage of output. At present, both intensive irrigation with full irrigation rates and differential irrigation are practiced where irrigation is carried out with reduced irrigation rates and the inter-irrigation periods and the number of watering are changed. An analysis of the results of studies on tomato and cucumber cultivation on irrigated lands made it possible to determine that as a rule, under full irrigation, pre-irrigation soil moisture sill for these crops are maintained at least 80 % of the minimum moisture capacity. With differentiated regimes, water saving is achieved by reducing the amount of irrigation water used. In this case, the differentiation criteria are the pre-irrigation soil moisture sill, the phases of crop growth and development, the depth of the calculated soil layer, the magnitude of irrigation rates, and the total evapotranspiration. The disadvantage of differentiated irrigation regimes is the lack of production, which can reach 14 % compared to the intensive irrigation regimes. Conclusions. An analysis of the water-saving experience during irrigating vegetable crops in open ground confirmed the effectiveness of differentiated irrigation regimes. Under such regimes, the yield decrease is not so significant, however, the most efficient use of irrigation water and higher product quality are noted. The combination of the optimal soil water regime and fertilization system contributes to the increase in the efficiency of production process of vegetable crops.

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to examine the impact of combined irrigation and fertilizer control on the summer maize yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NE), and nitrogen leaching (NL) in the Yellow River Basin. Based on the measured data from the field summer maize experiment in 2021 and 2022, a water-nitrogen movement model was constructed for 'Zhengdan 958' maize under two irrigation methods (wide furrow irrigation (G) and border irrigation (Q)), three fertilizer rates (120 kg/ha (N1), 220 kg/ha (N2), and 320 kg/ha (N3)), and three fertilizer frequencies (1 (T1), 2 (T2), and 3 (T3)), yielding 18 total treatments. Calculation of nitrogen leaching was based on water nitrogen transport modeling. The study then analyzed the factors and their combined effects. A multi-objective optimization genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) was established to evaluate maize yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and nitrogen leaching. The results indicate that the determination coefficients between simulated and measured water, nitrogen values exceeded 0.74. The rate optimized HYDRUS model effectively simulated the soil solute movement. The interaction of the irrigation method, fertilizer rate, and fertilizer application frequency did not significantly affect yield and nitrogen leaching, but did significantly impact nitrogen use efficiency (p < 0.05). Nitrogen leaching increased gradually as nitrogen application increased. The yield under wide furrow irrigation was 6.26% higher than that under border irrigation. The optimal coupling scheme of water and fertilizer was obtained using the genetic algorithm multi-objective optimization method, where the combined GN2T2 treatment was the optimal management model, the summer maize yield reached 14,077 kg/ha, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen leaching were reduced to 30.21 kg·kg−1 and 17.64 kg/ha, respectively. These findings can guide summer maize cultivation in the Yellow River Basin and assist in reducing nitrogen surface source pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To reveal the mechanism of influence of different types of biodegradable plastic film mulching and irrigation combinations on the physiological growth characteristics of rice in cold regions, eight types of film mulching irrigation methods were designed, which combined four types of plastic film mulching and two types of irrigation methods for a total of nine treatments. The study analyzed the degradation law of degradable plastic film in rice fields in cold regions, and the effects of film-mulching irrigation methods on rice photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter transport, and rice yield. The results showed that the three biodegradable plastic films were suitable for the rice fields in the northeast cold region. Except for the jointing stage, mulching irrigation treatments could increase the chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate of rice, and the improvement degree showed a downward trend with the growth of rice. The film mulching irrigation treatments improved rice stems and leaves dry matter transport and grain contribution. The comprehensive evaluation based on the comprehensive index method showed that the combination of ridge irrigation and thin black biodegradable mulch is the best combination of biodegradable plastic film mulching and irrigation in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote sensing technology is widely used to obtain evapotranspiration (ETa), but whether it can distinguish the differences in farmland energy balance components and ETa under different irrigation methods has not been studied. We used Landsat 8 data as the primary dataset to drive the METRIC model and inverted the surface parameters and ETa of the Shiyang River Basin from 2014 to 2018. After improving the METRIC model using Ta obtained by the regression method instead of interpolation to calculate the net radiation flux (Rn), R2 was improved from 0.45 to 0.53, and the RMSE was reduced from 61 W/m2 to 51 W/m2. The ETa estimation results on satellite overpass days performed well, with R2 equal to 0.93 and RMSE equal to 0.48 mm when compared with the Eddy covariance method (EC) observations. Subsequently, the different growth stages and daily average ETa estimates of maize were compared with three observations (water balance, WB; Bowen ratio and energy balance method, BREB; and EC). The daily estimates of ETa correlate well with the observations of BREB (R2BI = 0.82, R2DI = 0.92; RMSEBI = 0.46 mm/day, RMSEDI = 0.32 mm/day) and EC (R2BI = 0.85, R2DI = 0.92; RMSEBI = 0.45 mm/day, RMSEDI = 0.34 mm/day), and the estimation for drip irrigation was found to be better than for border irrigation. The total accuracy of the ETa estimation on the five-year overpass day of maize farmland reached R2 = 0.93 and RMSE = 0.48 mm. With sufficient remote sensing data, the 4-year average ETa of maize was 31 mm lower for DI than for BI, and the mean value of ETa obtained from the three observation methods was 40 mm. The METRIC model can be used to distinguish ETa differences between the two irrigation methods in maize farmlands.

This study compared the performances of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) to sprinkler irrigation (SI) of cool-season turf mix (CS) and warm-season (WS) turfgrass species while investigating their response to different irrigation scheduling strategies. Moreover, the suitability of crop water stress index (CWSI) for monitoring water stress and scheduling irrigation was tested. Irrigation was applied up to the field capacity when 30%, 50% and 70% of total available water was consumed. All parameters, including color, quality, fresh yield, dry matter yield, irrigation water productivity, water productivity, vegetation height and mowing, differed significantly for different irrigation methods and water supply strategies for both species. The best visual turf was maintained under non-limiting soil moisture conditions (30%) in all main and sub-treatments. At this irrigation threshold, maximum and minimum amounts of irrigation water were applied in SI CS treatment (523.5 mm) and SDI WS treatment (298.6 mm), respectively. Warm-season turf required up to 40% less water than cool-season turf mix. In the water-scarce regions, 50% treatment for cool-season and 70% treatment for warm-season can be suggested for acceptable visual quality, lower water consumption and less frequent clipping. The mean CWSI before irrigation, representing irrigation threshold, ranged between 0.22–0.70. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haloxylon ammodendron is a pioneering tree species for windbreak and sand fixation and improving the ecological environment. However, its cultivation faces substantial challenges, including low survival rates and slow growth. Designing a scientifically reasonable irrigation method is crucial to ensure the survival and healthy growth of H. ammodendron. Therefore, a field cylinder experiment with two drip irrigation methods — vertical tube surface drip irrigation (PSDI) and traditional surface drip irrigation (TSDI) — was conducted from May 2022 to May 2023 to explore the effects of irrigation methods on H. ammodendron growth. Additionally, three tube diameters (D = 90, 110, and 160 mm) and three burial depths (B = 10, 15, and 20 cm) were designed in PSDI to reveal the response of H. ammodendron growth to different tube parameters. The results showed that PSDI improved soil moisture content in the 5–40 cm layer while reducing soil temperature, demonstrating a more pronounced effect on water retention and temperature control. Throughout the growing season, when each indicator reached its maximum value, PSDI resulted in increases in plant height, stem diameter, crown width, new shoot length, and number of new shoots by 61.3 %, 45.1 %, 44.4 %, 37.8 %, and 24.6 % compared to TSDI, respectively. Additionally, PSDI increased total fresh and dry weights, aboveground fresh and dry weights, and underground fresh and dry weights by 30.5 % and 39.3 %, 31.9 % and 42.5 %, and 26.4 % and 27.6 %, respectively, while decreasing the root-to-shoot ratio by 15.4 %. The optimal growth indicators and biomass were achieved with a tube diameter of 160 mm and a burial depth of 15 cm under PSDI. On this basis, an empirical model to predict the growth dynamics of H. ammodendron was developed and showed consistency with measured values. These findings provide a theoretical basis for optimizing PSDI design and its application in plant sand-fixation engineering. • Vertical tube surface drip irrigation technology was first used to field research. • Vertical tube surface drip irrigation technology has better water conservation and temperature control than traditional surface drip irrigation. • Vertical tube surface drip irrigation is more conducive to the growth and development of Haloxylon ammodendron seedlings. • The optimal combination of vertical tube surface drip irrigation technical parameters has been selected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the impact of combined irrigation and fertilizer control on the summer maize yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NE), and nitrogen leaching (NL) in the Yellow River Basin. Based on the measured data from the field summer maize experiment in 2021 and 2022, a water-nitrogen movement model was constructed for ‘Zhengdan 958’ maize under two irrigation methods (wide furrow irrigation (G) and border irrigation (Q)), three fertilizer rates (120 kg/ha (N1), 220 kg/ha (N2), and 320 kg/ha (N3)), and three fertilizer frequencies (1 (T1), 2 (T2), and 3 (T3)), yielding 18 total treatments. Calculation of nitrogen leaching was based on water nitrogen transport modeling. The study then analyzed the factors and their combined effects. A multi-objective optimization genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) was established to evaluate maize yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and nitrogen leaching. The results indicate that the determination coefficients between simulated and measured water, nitrogen values exceeded 0.74. The rate optimized HYDRUS model effectively simulated the soil solute movement. The interaction of the irrigation method, fertilizer rate, and fertilizer application frequency did not significantly affect yield and nitrogen leaching, but did significantly impact nitrogen use efficiency (p < 0.05). Nitrogen leaching increased gradually as nitrogen application increased. The yield under wide furrow irrigation was 6.26% higher than that under border irrigation. The optimal coupling scheme of water and fertilizer was obtained using the genetic algorithm multi-objective optimization method, where the combined GN2T2 treatment was the optimal management model, the summer maize yield reached 14,077 kg/ha, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen leaching were reduced to 30.21 kg·kg−1 and 17.64 kg/ha, respectively. These findings can guide summer maize cultivation in the Yellow River Basin and assist in reducing nitrogen surface source pollution.

• A relative yield of 70% was obtained under both border and drip irrigation.• Drip irrigation saved water and lowered yield variability compared to border irrigation.• Drip irrigation led to accumulation of soil nitrogen and phosphorus in the root zone.• Relative yield may increase 8% to 10% by optimizing field management.• Plant density, irrigation and nitrogen are major factors closing yield gap in NW China.Agriculture faces the dual challenges of food security and environmental sustainability. Here, we investigate current maize production at the field scale, analyze the yield gaps and impacting factors, and recommend measures for sustainably closing yield gaps. An experiment was conducted on a 3.9-ha maize seed production field in arid north-western China, managed with border and drip irrigation, respectively, in 2015 and 2016. The relative yield reached 70% in both years. However, drip irrigation saved 227 mm irrigation water during a drier growing season compared with traditional border irrigation, accounting for 44% of the maize evapotranspiration (ET). Yield variability under drip irrigation was 12.1%, lower than the 18.8% under border irrigation. Boundary line analysis indicates that a relative yield increase of 8% to 10% might be obtained by optimizing the yield-limiting factors. Plant density and soil available water content and available nitrogen were the three major factors involved. In conclusion, closing yield gaps with agricultural sustainability may be realized by optimizing agronomic, irrigation and fertilizer management, using water-saving irrigation methods and using site-specific management.

A field experiment was conducted during 2006–08 at Sardarkrushinagar to find out suitable method of irrigation and high-yielding hybrids of castor (Ricinus communis L.). The highest growth parameters, viz plant height at 90 and 120 days after sowing as well as at maturity and yield attributes, like length of spike, capsule/spike, effective spikes/plant, seed yield/primary spike and seed yield/plant were recorded in the treatment receiving 60 mm irrigation in all the furrows at 0.8 IW : CPE ratio, followed by alternate to alternate furrows with 45 mm irrigation. The highest seed and stalk yield with maximum net realization of Rs 58 187/ha was recorded with irrigation in all the furrows, followed by alternate to alternate furrow with 45 mm irrigation with net realization of Rs 56 258/ha but alternate to alternate furrow with 45 mm irrigation recorded the maximum benefit : cost ratio of 3.01. The highest growth parameters and yield attributes as well as seed and stalk yield was recorded in castor hybrid ‘GCH 5’ with maximum net realization of Rs 53 287/ha with benefit : cost ratio of 2.92 was also obtained in ‘GCH 5’.

The demand for efficient water use and automatic systems has been increasing due to the frequent drought damage to crops as a result of climate change, the shortage of water resources in rural areas, and the aging of farmers. The existing automatic irrigation systems reduce the amount of labor required for irrigation and maintain soil moisture. However, the irrigation threshold criteria are user-determined as opposed to being automated according to input objectives such as improving crop productivity and saving water. In this study, an algorithm that could automatically determine suitable soil moisture according to a database and an automatic irrigation system with intermittent irrigation for efficient water use were developed. An experiment was then conducted on the productivity of crops for protected cultivation according to the application of the system. As the frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) sensor used in this system measured the volumetric water content of the soil, the soil moisture tension corresponding with the set value was converted into the volumetric water content using a regression equation. The process of intermittent irrigation was defined by using the moisture movement modeling of Hydrus 2D to reduce water loss on the soil surface and allow moisture to penetrate the soil unobstructed. An experimental field of a tomato farm was divided into empirical manual and controlled automatic irrigation plots. A total of 97.3% of the soil moisture values in the −33 kPa-controlled automatic irrigation plot and 96.6% of the soil moisture values in the −25 kPa-controlled automatic irrigation plot were within each set range during the first cropping season. During the second cropping season, a total of 94.8% of the soil moisture values in the −33 kPa-controlled automatic irrigation plot was within the set range. Compared with the empirical manual irrigation plot, the water productivity in the first cropping season was 113.9% in the −33 kPa-controlled automatic irrigation plot and 106.3% in the −25 kPa-controlled automatic irrigation plot. In the second cropping season, the water productivity was 117.3% in the −33 kPa-controlled automatic irrigation plot. Therefore, an automatic irrigation system applied with intermittent irrigation could be critical to increasing agricultural production and improving water-use efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce the consumption of agricultural irrigation water, which is the most part of the total water consumption, choosing the most efficient irrigation method is the best way to save agriculture water. Different from the former studies, a comprehensive evaluation method named Irrigation Method Deep Evaluation Model (IMDEM) was proposed to evaluate irrigation methods of farmland. IMDEM consists of two parts: indicator screening and Deep Evaluate Model. In the first stage, to screen the preliminary indicators and select final indicators which were used for evaluating different irrigation methods, a method named GApriori consisting of generative adversarial network (GAN) and Apriori algorithm was presented. In the second, to choose the most efficient irrigation method, Deep Evaluate Model, which includes GAN and convolutional neural network (CNN). From 2017 to 2019, field experiments were carried out in the semi-humid area in Heilongjiang Province in China. Irrigation methods during the experiment period were chosen control irrigation, wet irrigation, and flood irrigation. And 14 preliminary indicators were summarized in yield and yield components, agronomic characters, photosynthetic characteristics, and resource use efficiency. IMDEM results show that accuracy, macro-average precision rate, macro-average recall rate, and macro-average F1 value were 79%, 81%, 81%, and 79%, respectively. Additionally, after evaluated by IMDEM, control irrigation is the most suitable irrigation method in the semi-humid area of Heilongjiang Province in China. Different from former studies, IMDEM has three contributions: (1) Due to data acquisition difficulty and less data volume in the field experiment, former studies have used many replicate experiments to obtain data. Therefore, the IMDEM proposed in this paper was used GAN to generate a large amount of real-fake data for training the evaluation model. (2) Different from the traditional indicator screening methods that calculate the contribution of each indicator. The IMDEM screening indicators by counting the frequency and association relationship of indicators appearing in each sample. (3) Different from the traditional evaluation method of farmland irrigation methods that only compares rice growth period data. This paper proposed the IMDEM for comprehensive evaluating irrigation methods. And IMDEM has high accuracy for the level prediction of generated data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change scenarios are predicting an increase in temperature as well as more scarce and torrential rainfall episodes. Due to this, an imbalance between grape technological and phenolic maturity is being observed, which detrimentally affects the grapes' composition. In semi-arid areas, irrigation management is a main field practice used to influence grape ripening. The goal of the present study was to investigate the influence of vine irrigation on the aroma composition and sensory characteristics of La Mancha Chelva wines. Volatile compounds were studied by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A total of 75 aroma compounds were identified and quantified in Chelva wines elaborated with grapes of irrigated and non-irrigated vines. The results show that the application of irrigation during vine cultivation produced small changes in the concentration of wine volatile compounds. Nevertheless, it increased, in general, the intensity of the attributes of the main aroma sensory profile of the wines. According to the results, the vine irrigation of Chelva cultivated in the La Mancha region can be used as a method to increase the aroma of wines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Er:YAG laser irrigation on the push-out bond strength of fiber posts to the root dentine. Sixty extracted human mandibular first premolars were collected and decoronated. The residual roots received endodontic treatment. The treated roots were randomly divided into three groups according to different irrigation protocols: group LAI (Er:YAG laser–activated irrigation), group PUI (passive ultrasonic irrigation, positive control), and group CSI (conventional syringe irrigation, negative control) (n = 20). Each group was divided into two subgroups, either total-etching modes or self-etching modes (n = 10). After fiber post restoration, all roots were sectioned into seven 1.0-mm-thick slices. The slices received a push-out test by a universal test machine. The resin tag on the segments' bonding interfaces was observed by scanning electron microscope. There were significant differences in the effects of the irrigation method, bonding modes, and root regions on the push-out bond strength among the groups (p < 0.05). The specimens with Er:YAG laser–activated irrigation and self-etching mode showed significantly the highest bonding strength (p < 0.001). The lengths and densities of resin tags in group PUI or group LAI with self-etching modes were longer than those in group CSI with total-etching modes. The laser-activated irrigation with self-etching modes improved the bond strength of fiber post to root dentine compared to the passive ultrasonic irrigation or conventional syringe irrigation with total or self-etching modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing water demands in agricultural cultivation have made it necessary to develop better irrigation management strategies within today's development and technologies. Information production based on imaging technologies is also included in these uses. In this study, the usability of UAV-based multispectral images in the evaluation of subsurface and surface drip irrigation applications was investigated. For this purpose, a silage maize trial programmed to be multiples of ET0 (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.5) was imaged using an unmanned aerial vehicle during the growing season. 9 different vegetation indexes were created in the images taken and their usability in monitoring the applications was compared with each other. It was determined that LCI and TGI indexes in subsurface drip irrigation method and VARI index in surface drip irrigation method can be used at the level of irrigation programs (p

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Water shortages and nitrogen (N) fertilizer overuse limit japonica rice production in Northeastern China. The interactions between water-saving irrigation and nitrogen management on rice root and shoot growth is still our research focus. Here, japonica rice (DN425) was subjected to the irrigation methods W1 (flooding irrigation), W2 [mild alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD); −10 kPa], W3 (severe AWD; −30 kPa), and different N fertilizer ratios were applied in different growth stages, namely, N1 (6:3:1:0), N2 (5:3:1:1), and N3 (4:3:2:1). From jointing to full heading stages, the highest photosynthate production capacity and root activity were obtained under W1N2. AWD markedly affected the root system and resulted in root senescence at later growth stages. Grain yield and N utilization efficiency were closely and positively correlated with the relative water content, crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area duration (LAD), the increase rate of root length density, root surface area density, and root volume density (RVD) from the jointing to full heading stages. This positive correlation was also observed in the increased rate of root bleeding sap (RBS) under W1N2 and CGR under W2N3. From full heading to maturity stages, N2 could promote root growth, LAD, and CGR under AWD to a greater extent than those under the other treatments. Water use efficiency (WUE) and N uptake efficiency (NUpE) were both negatively associated with the decreased rate of RVD, root dry weight (RDW), and RBS. They were closely and positively correlated with the increased rate of RDW and CGR. Our results suggested that W2N2 treatment delayed root senescence, maintained leaf photosynthesis, optimized the crop growth rate from full heading to maturity stages, and improved grain yield. The optimal grain yield, WUE, and NUpE were achieved at the irrigation water amount and topdressing fertilizer ratio of 41.40–50.34 × 102 and 31.20–34.83 kg ha–1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to determine the irrigation method preferences of farmers. The research data were obtained from the surveys conducted with 54 farms having irrigated agriculture in the Gerze district of Sinop province, located in the Western Black Sea Region of Türkiye. While, the rate of farmers irrigating the entire land is 11.1%, 88.9% irrigating a part of their land. The farmers indicated that the most important reason for not irrigating the entire land is the insufficient water supply (75.9%). Among the modern irrigation methods, drip irrigation (54.5%) is mostly preferred in vegetable cultivation, while sprinkler irrigation (69.2%) is mostly preferred in corn cultivation. Also, flood irrigation, one of the traditional methods, is used in the cultivation of vegetables, grain corn, wheat, and silage corn. Farmers stated that drip (63%) and sprinkler (94.4%) irrigation methods are preferred due to easy application, and flood irrigation (85.2%) is preferred due to the lower cost of the facility than modern irrigation systems. According to the farmers' opinion in the examined farms, choosing the right irrigation method was in the first place. To increase farm productivity and profitability, grant support for the establishment of modern irrigation systems should be increased in a short term and all farmers should be informed about this support. Therefore, it is of great importance to take into account the farmer's opinions about agricultural irrigation and to carry out studies on the dissemination of modern irrigation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

【Background and objective】 Rice field is an important source of greenhouse gases and how to reduce its gas emissions plays an important role in battling global warming. The aim of this paper is to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of using controlled nitrogen fertilization and irrigation management to reduce gas emissions from ratooning rice field. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in a field using static chambers. In situ gas emissions were measured using gas chromatography. The experiment compared two irrigation methods: conventional irrigation and alternate wetting and drying irrigation, and five controlled nitrogen fertilizations: fertilization used by local farmers (FFP), applying the fertilizers in the root zone at the depth of 5 cm (RF1) and 10 cm (RF2) below the soil surface either separately, or in combination (RF3); no fertilization was taken as the control (CK). 【Result】 Compared to FFP, controlled fertilization RF1, RF2 and RF3 reduced emissions of CH4, N2O and CO2 by 49%~76%, 55%~81% and 57%~69% respectively (P

【Background and Objective】 Fertilization and irrigation are central to modern agriculture, but their utilization efficiency by crops is low in most countries including China. The aim of this paper is to experimentally study how phosphorus (P) fertilization and irrigation can be optimized to improve uptake and utilization of P by rice at tillering and jointing stages respectively. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in pots, with the hybrid variety of C Liangyou 608 used as the model plant and P2O5 as the P fertilizer. The experiment consisted of four P fertilizations: 0 (P1), 0.18 (P2), 0.36 (P3), 0.54 g/kg (P4), and two irrigations: alternate wet and dry irrigation (AI), and alternate wet and dry coupled with oxygenated irrigation (AO). In each treatment, we measured the change in available soil P and P taken up by the plant at tillering and jointing stages, respectively. 【Result】 Regardless of the growth stage, the P content in the above-ground part was higher than that in the below-ground part. The P content in rice tissues and the accumulated P in whole plant were higher at the jointing stage than at the tillering stage. P fertilization and irrigation impacted both available soil P and P uptake significantly, and their impacts were integrative. Combining P3 and AO increased P accumulation and P uptake efficiency the most at the jointing stage, reaching 0.218 g/per plant and 19.33% respectively. Under alternate wet and dry irrigation, the available soil P was positively correlated with P accumulation and P content in plant tissues at significant level. Irrigation significantly increased P uptake by rice roots. Under alternate wet and dry coupled with aerated irrigation, the available soil P was negatively correlated with P uptake efficiency at the jointing stage. 【Conclusion】 Our results indicated that AO irrigation coupled with 0.36 g/kg P fertilization is optimal for improving P uptake and its use efficiency, with P accumulation in the plant peaking at the jointing stage.

【Background and Objective】 The dwindling water resources in north China over the past decades has called for improving irrigation water use efficiency and reducing groundwater extraction, especially for winter wheat whose production largely relies on irrigation. While various water-saving irrigation technologies have been developed and tested, how agronomic management can help improve water use efficiency remains absurd. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the efficacy of biochar amendment coupled with different irrigations to improve soil structure and boost winter wheat yield. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted from October 2018 to June 2019 in a field in central China. It consisted of four irrigations: flooding, drip, sprinkler and micro-sprinkler irrigations. Added to each irrigation were three biochar amendments at rates of 0, 10 t/hm2 and 20 t/hm2 respectively. All treatments were randomly arranged in the field. In each treatment, we measured the yield and yield traits, irrigation water use efficiency and apparent nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of the wheat. 【Result】 Neither irrigation method nor biochar amendment showed noticeable effects on stem height and root length. Using 50% of the water used in flooding irrigation, drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and micro-sprinkler irrigation all reduced grain yield though not at significant level (p>0.05). Drip irrigation reduced straw yield but increased harvest index of the wheat. In contrast, sprinkler irrigation reduced grain numbers per ear and increased the ratio of defect grains, resulting in yield reduction. Biochar amendment did not show significant effect on irrigation water use efficiency and apparent nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency (p>0.05). Compared with flooding irrigation, drip, sprinkler and micro-sprinkler irrigations reduced the apparent nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency although the difference between them was not significant (p>0.05). Compared with flooding irrigation, drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and micro-sprinkler irrigation increased irrigation water use efficiency by 42.79%, 39.09% and 47.71% respectively (p0.05), probably due to the low amending rate. 【Conclusion】 Using 50% of the water used in flooding irrigation, drip, sprinkler and micro-sprinkler irrigations did not comprise grain yield. Considering plant growth, grain yield and irrigation water use efficiency, drip irrigation coupled with biochar amendment is a more suitable agronomic practice for winter wheat in north China.

Water shortages and nitrogen (N) fertilizer overuse limit japonica rice production in Northeastern China. The interactions between water-saving irrigation and nitrogen management on rice root and shoot growth is still our research focus. Here, japonica rice (DN425) was subjected to the irrigation methods W1 (flooding irrigation), W2 [mild alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD); −10 kPa], W3 (severe AWD; −30 kPa), and different N fertilizer ratios were applied in different growth stages, namely, N1 (6:3:1:0), N2 (5:3:1:1), and N3 (4:3:2:1). From jointing to full heading stages, the highest photosynthate production capacity and root activity were obtained under W1N2. AWD markedly affected the root system and resulted in root senescence at later growth stages. Grain yield and N utilization efficiency were closely and positively correlated with the relative water content, crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area duration (LAD), the increase rate of root length density, root surface area density, and root volume density (RVD) from the jointing to full heading stages. This positive correlation was also observed in the increased rate of root bleeding sap (RBS) under W1N2 and CGR under W2N3. From full heading to maturity stages, N2 could promote root growth, LAD, and CGR under AWD to a greater extent than those under the other treatments. Water use efficiency (WUE) and N uptake efficiency (NUpE) were both negatively associated with the decreased rate of RVD, root dry weight (RDW), and RBS. They were closely and positively correlated with the increased rate of RDW and CGR. Our results suggested that W2N2 treatment delayed root senescence, maintained leaf photosynthesis, optimized the crop growth rate from full heading to maturity stages, and improved grain yield. The optimal grain yield, WUE, and NUpE were achieved at the irrigation water amount and topdressing fertilizer ratio of 41.40–50.34 × 102 and 31.20–34.83 kg ha–1, respectively.

With rapid socioeconomic and population growth, high-quality arable land resources are decreasing daily, especially in arid areas, which makes arable land reserve resources an important way to supplement arable land. How to accurately evaluate cultivated land reserve resources is of great significance to socioeconomic development and sustainable land use in arid areas. Therefore, this study selected Hangjin Banner as a typical area and calculated the regional maximum available irrigation water based on the principle of regional water balance. Then, the "irrigation area check algorithm" was used to evaluate the amount of cultivated land reserve resources, and policy recommendations were proposed for the development and utilization of cultivated land resources. The results showed that Hangjin Banner had no cultivated land reserve resources under the current irrigation method and had cultivated land reserve resources under the efficient water-saving irrigation method, but only in the southern zone during normal and partially abundant water years. Therefore, we believe that arid areas should adhere to the "set land by water" principle, the allocation of water resources should be optimized, and cultivated land resources with high quality should be utilized based on the actual regional conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, one of the biggest challenges facing the world is the lack of water, especially in the agricultural sector. In this research, we investigated the effects of irrigation method and deficit irrigation with the urban refined effluent on biomass, grain yield, yield components and water use efficiency in single grain crosses 704 maize. This research was carried out in a randomized complete block design with two irrigation systems (furrow irrigation (F) and drip irrigation (T)) and three levels of deficit irrigation treatments of 100 (D1), 75 (D2) and 55 (D3) percent of water requirements in three replications, in 2017, at the collage of Abourihan Research field, University of Tehran, in Pakdasht County. The results showed that the highest yield of biomass was 2.426 Kg m-2 for full drip irrigation treatments; also, there was no significant difference between D1 and D2 treatments. The highest grain yield was 1.240 kg m-2 for the complete drip irrigation treatment. The highest biomass water use efficiency was obtained for the treatment of 75% drip irrigation, which was equal to 5.3 kg per cubic meter of water. Therefore, a drip irrigation system with 75% water requirement is optimal and could be recommended.