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Copyright of Historia i Polityka is the property of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Penelitian ini akan membahas mengenai upaya Irlandia dalam mengimplementasikan kebijakan Renewable Energy Directive UE untuk memenuhi target Energi Terbarukan Uni Eropa di tahun 2030. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, dengan menggunakan teori keamanan energi (energy security). Sumber data diperoleh dari studi terdahulu atau yang sering disebut kajian literatur atau kajian pustaka. Hasil dari penelitian ini menyebutkan bahwa Irlandia sebagai salah satu negara anggota EU telah menetapkan target bauran energi terbarukan sebesar 34,1% pada tahun 2030, sedangkan UE menetapkan target sebesar 45% pada tahun 2030. Untuk mencapai target tersebut, Irlandia melakukan kerja sama baik secara regional maupun bilateral. Irlandia juga membentuk komunitas energi yang berdistribusi dalam pemenuhan target energi terbarukan. Selain itu, adanya perusahaan pemasok energi sebagai penyedia energi terbarukan bagi masyarakat dengan harga yang terjangkau.

Copyright of Studia Polonijne is the property of Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawla II and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Gdańskie is the property of Gdanskie Seminarium Duchowne, Kuria Metropolitalna Gdanska and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Athenaeum: Polskie Studia Politologiczne is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Security Studies Nicolaus Copernicus University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Celem artykułu jest krytyczna analiza systemu wyborczego pojedynczego głosu przechodniego na przykładzie wyborów samorządowych w Irlandii oraz jego ocena z punktu widzenia głównych uczestników: wyborców, partii politycznych oraz nowych podmiotów – kandydatów pochodzących ze społeczności imigranckich. Szczegółowo przedstawione są zasady organizacji wyborów, metoda liczenia głosów, ich transferu na mandaty oraz oddziaływanie systemu wyborczego na strategie partii politycznych i zachowania wyborców. W założeniu system proporcjonalny powinien być przyjazny dla kandydatów niezależnych i małych ugrupowań, jednak przykład kandydatów migranckich startujących w wyborach w Irlandii pokazuje, że w praktyce trudno nowym graczom odnieść wyborczy sukces bez wsparcia partii politycznych. Przedstawiona analiza opiera się na zróżnicowanym materiale źródłowym, oprócz literatury przedmiotu i danych statystycznych dotyczących wyborów wykorzystano także wyniki badań jakościowych w postaci wywiadów z polskimi kandydatami startującymi w wyborach samorządowych w Irlandii w latach 2009–2019.

Ireland's aging society with coexisting increased multimorbidity and mortality means there is a greater demand for palliative care. It is dedicated to patients with terminal illnesses, as well as those with chronic diseases. Due to multiculturalism, access to such help should be equal and take interpersonal differences into account. The aim of this article is to describe the structure of Ireland's palliative care, detailing levels of service provision, established goals, evidence of improvement, and funding. The base of the featured issue is "Adult Palliative Care Services, Model of Care for Ireland" released by the Health Service Executive in 2019. The main target of palliative care is easy access to service provision, which is adjusted to the patient's needs and improves the their quality of life. This target can be achieved based on 8 foundations: planning care, providing carer support, integrating health care, specialist training, systems of patients' information, quality improvement, research, and innovation. The available information allows us to conclude that palliative care in Ireland provides services on a high level and is continually developing. Cooperation of many organizations, implementation of new projects, and properly coordinated patient-oriented actions have resulted in one of the best palliative care services in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Student Yearbook of the University of Land Forces / Roczniki Studenckie Akademii Wojsk Lądowych is the property of Gen. Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military Academy of Land Forces and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeszyty Prawnicze Biuro Analiz Sejmowej is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Międzynarodowego is the property of University of Lower Silesia / Dolnoslaska Szkola Wyzsza and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Periegetica is the property of WSB University in Poznan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia i Polityka is the property of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies & Work of the Collegium of Management & Finance / Studia i Prace Kolegium Zarzadzania i Finansów is the property of SGH Warsaw School of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Life in the nineteenth-century Irish countryside was not easy. Irish peasants lived in abject poverty and struggled to make ends meet. They consumed almost only potatoes and famines occurred regularly. Peasants often blamed their hardships on fairies, whose various races were supposed to inhabit Ireland. Tales about fairies were very popular among travelers who visited Ireland in the nineteenth century and subsequently published books about their travels there. They often highlighted the role of magic in daily activities of the Irish. The aim of this paper is to discuss the role of fairies in the lives of Irish peasants and argue that by underlining the attachment of the Irish to magical creatures, travelers underscored the backwardness of Irish peasants and propagated negative stereotypes about the inhabitants of the Emerald Isle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike the countries that have decided to pursue a policy of neutrality due to historical conditions, such as Austria, Finland, Sweden and Switzerland, the Irish concept of active neutrality seems to be different and original. Separated from continental Europe by England, and later by the United Kingdom, and having gained independence after World War I, Ireland looked for an optimal model for its own security. Due to geographic conditions, a small population and industrial potential, neutrality was the optimal strategy for Ireland's security. This article outlines the evolution of the concept of Irish neutrality ranging from the dogmatic and doctrinal one, based on nineteenth-century designs, to the active, flexible and pragmatic one, adapting to the requirements of a changing world. It also describes the successive stages of the transformation of the neutrality policy which were closely related to the subsequent stages of the Irish state's independence. The paradoxes of Irish neutrality, such as the discrepancy between the official, governmental interpretation of the concept and its social perception, are also presented. The author also attempts to sort out the definitions of neutrality and define the concept of active neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artykuł analizuje zagadnienia omawiane podczas dyskusji na temat powstania wielkanocnego w Irlandii w roku 1916 na forum brytyjskiej Izby Gmin. Podczas debat szeroko omawiano kwestię odpowiedzialności administracji brytyjskiej za wybuch rebelii. Konkluzje na ten temat zawarto w raporcie Królewskiej Komisji do spraw Irlandzkiej Rebelii. Debatowano także na temat odpowiedzialności powstańców, sposobie ich sądzenia oraz podstaw prawnych, na mocy których mieliby zostać skazani. Pośród ważnych tematów poruszanych na forum parlamentu znalazł się problem zakresu władzy generała Johna Maxwella oraz zasadności wprowadzenia stanu wojennego na terenie Irlandii. Analizowano sposób traktowania cywilów przez brytyjskie wojsko oraz międzynarodowy wydźwięk wydarzeń. Gorąca dyskusja rozgorzała również w kwestii zmiany nastrojów społecznych po stłumieniu powstania oraz możliwych tego reperkusji. Wszystkie wymienione zagadnienia zostały przeanalizowane na podstawie stenogramów Izby Gmin parlamentu brytyjskiego oraz raportu Komisji do spraw Irlandzkiej Rebelii.

The travel journals of Irish nationalist politician William Smith O’Brien, challenge the claim by Larry Wolff of a general western European condescension towards eastern Europe from the eighteenth century onwards. Hostility towards British rule in Ireland led Smith O’Brien to celebrate and identify with the Hungarians and Poles in their struggles against their imperial rulers during his travels in the 1860s. He concluded, however, that the Irish suffered more under Britain than these nations under either Austria or Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Irish Polish Society Yearbook is the property of Irish Polish Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Po okresie funkcjonowania partnerstwa społecznego w szerokiej tematycznie formule irlandzkie stosunki przemysłowe weszły w nowy etap. Można mówić o ukształtowaniu się nowego podejścia do tworzenia relacji rządu z partnerami społecznymi. Jednym z jego przejawów jest wprowadzenie mechanizmu porozumień tylko w zakresie sektora publicznego. Do takich porozumień zalicza się Umowę stabilizacyjną w sprawie sektora publicznego 2013-2018 - Lansdowne Road (Public Service Stability Agreement 2013-2018 - Lansdowne Road Agreement, LRA). Stąd też głównym celem artykułu jest prezentacja tego porozumienia z uwzględnieniem analizy ważniejszych jego zapisów oraz atmosfery wokół niego panującej. Formułuję hipotezę głoszącą, że irlandzkie centralne umowy uległy znaczącej zmianie. Stawiam dwa pytania badawcze: (1) czy redukcji uległa agenda umów centralnych i jaka jest w związku z tym problematyka dotykana przez LRA?, oraz (2) jakie emocje panują wokół porozumienia Lansdowne Road?

W Irlandii, pomimo dość młodej populacji tego państwa, diagnozuje się wzrost osób starszych. Prowadzone są zatem liczne badania i studia nad procesem starzenia się społeczeństwa, zmiennymi socjoekonomicznymi charakteryzującymi tę część populacji oraz jej potrzebami. Wiąże się to z koniecznością projektowania i wdrażania określonych rozwiązań w polityce publicznej, wręcz wymusza pewne posunięcia ze strony rządzących, m.in. w sferze systemu emerytalnego. W związku z tym, głównym celem artykułu jest prezentacja najważniejszych danych związanych z systemem emerytalnym Irlandii oraz dochodami osób w wieku 65 lat i starszych. Realizując to dążenie, zaprezentowano w opracowaniu dane demograficzne, elementy systemu emerytalnego w tym państwie oraz informacje o dochodach osób starszych. W części poświęconej populacji Irlandii zostały ujęte nie tylko bieżące i starsze dane na temat udziału osób 65+ w społeczeństwie, lecz także przedstawiono prognozy dla tej grupy wiekowej, uwzględniając różne scenariusze migracji i dzietności. Wykorzystano te zmienne do ilustracji procesu starzenia się społeczeństwa oraz ukazania głębokości i powagi tego zjawiska w przyszłości. Z kolei w sekcji poświęconej systemowi emerytalnemu kierujemy naszą uwagę na składowe tego systemu, takie jak emerytura państwowa, emerytura zawodowa czy emerytura prywatna. Ich znaczenie dla osób starszych analizuje część poświęcona dochodom, jakie w Irlandii osiąga ta grupa wiekowa. W tej sekcji omówiono więc źródła dochodów, ich wysokość, procentowy rozkład oraz zmienne wpływające na dochód, takie jak wykształcenie, sektor zatrudnienia, liczba przepracowanych lat.

The presented material is a concise report on research carried out on the Irish school support programs. The article consists of two parts. The first part contains a description of families to whom the support is addressed. We also briefly describe the history of Irish educational support programs. More precisely, we describe the DEIS programme, which focuses on addressing the educational needs of children and young people from disadvantaged communities. The second part focuses on a definition of educational disadvantage. We consider support programs in the context of social reproduction and colonisation. We pose a question: “How to avoid the colonization of subaltern groups?” The article ends with an attempt to describe the topic from a critical pedagogy point of view.

Artykuł podejmuje tematykę Senatu Republiki Irlandii oraz kampanii referendalnej, która miała miejsce w związku z projektem rządowym dotyczącym likwidacji drugiej izby irlandzkiego parlamentu. Uchodzi ona współcześnie za jedną z najbardziej osobliwych drugich izb funkcjonujących w ramach europejskich zgromadzeń bikameralnych. Wpływ na taki obraz Senatu Irlandii ma przede wszystkim absolutnie wyjątkowa metoda powoływania jego składu osobowego, prowadząca do sytuacji, w której Senat ten staje się w ramach irlandzkiego systemu politycznego nieco ubezwłasnowolnioną instytucją władzy, dodatkowo wzmacniającą większość rządową. W artykule w sposób syntetyczny przedstawiono najważniejsze informacje dotyczące Senatu Irlandii oraz jego uprawnień, a także wskazano na okoliczności polityczne i ekonomiczne, które doprowadziły do rozpisania referendum w sprawie likwidacji tej izby parlamentu. Zaprezentowane zostały także argumenty obu stron sporu dotyczące zasadności przeprowadzenia takiej reformy ustrojowej, przebieg kampanii referendalnej, a także wyniki samego referendum.

This paper presents an overview of cultural and artistic education in compulsory education in selected European countries, including Poland, Austria, Belgium, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Spain, and the UK. An attempt is made to define the concept of cultural education and to examine the place it has in the modern world. The review includes the issues related to cultural education as a compulsory school subject in primary and secondary schools in selected European countries. An analysis is made of school curricula, with special emphasis on cultural and artistic subjects. The context of the school organization systems and curricula, as well as the status of teachers in art school education and lifelong learning, was used to better exemplify the issues under consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Religious & Sacred Poetry: An International Quarterly of Religion, Culture & Education is the property of Fundacja Naukowa Katolikow Eschaton and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Artykuł przedstawia analizę irlandzkiej strategii zastosowania wsparcia z Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w kontekście strategii rozwoju kraju. Opierając się na dokumentach oceniających interwencje przeprowadzone w Irlandii w okresie planistycznym 1994- 1999, autorka podejmuje próbę zidentyfikowania innowacyjnych elementów irlandzkiego modelu implementacji transferów z EFS, które przyczyniły się do wysokiej skuteczności podejmowanych działań. Pracę wieńczą wnioski dla Polski płynące z analizy przypadku irlandzkiego.

Copyright of Irish Polish Society Yearbook is the property of Irish Polish Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A particularly interesting question in medieval Irish literature, is decorating Psalters. Since the Biblical psalms were very popular among the Anglo-Saxons, they were often copied and decorated also in Ireland. Initially, the decoration was limited to ornamentation letters. Later there were elements depicting scenes from the life of David, which had its origins, according to F. Henry, in the Carolingian art. In this article, the author presents in chronological order all decorated Irish and Anglo-Saxon Psalters, which show visible influence of the Irish art (Cathach, Durham Cassiodorus, Psalter of Cantorbury, Cotton Psalter, Southampton Psalter, Ricemarcus’ Psalter, Liber hymnorum, Psalter of the St. Caimin).

Copyright of Irish Polish Society Yearbook is the property of Irish Polish Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Comparative Economic Research is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Artykuł analizuje przedstawienia wydarzeń z Dn 3,19-24 w sztuce pierwszego tysiąclecia. Autor ukazuje trzy typy ikonografii i kompozycje tej biblijnej historii: rzymską, koptyjsko-nubijską i irlandzko-bizantyjską. Typ rzymski ma charakter ilustracji, a dwie inne z chrześcijańskiego Wschodu są symboliczne.

The participation of young people in the research process can be empowering for the participants and valuable for the research outcomes. This paper presents the methods used and outcomes of involving youth in the development of priorities for the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study in Ireland. Two participative workshops were conducted with young people: the first focused on identifiying what is important for people to understand about young people's lives; the second served to expand and prioritise the themes identified, for the purpose of developing questionnaire items. Following idea generation, discussion and voting four themes emerged as priorities. These were; 'Diversity and Individuality', 'Independence', 'Mental Health' and 'Bullying'. The process enabled young people to prioritise dimensions of their lives that deserved further quantitative research attention. The findings of the study identify the potential of such a methodology to transform the path of any research project concerning young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The opinion provides an assessment of the correctness of the choice by the Council of Ministers of the procedure for ratification of the Protocol on the concerns of the Irish people on the Treaty of Lisbon, done at Brussels on 13 June 2012 (the so-called Irish Protocol). As a consequence of the Irish Parliament's expectations relating to the protection of certain values and interests, which are of vital importance for Ireland and constitute a condition sine qua non of the ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon, the development of the above mentioned Protocol and ratification thereof by all EU member states has proved to be necessary. The author claims that there are no grounds for the application of the procedure specified in Article 90 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, instead of the procedure referred to in Article 89 (1) of the Constitution (i.e. with prior consent granted in statute). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Historyczne is the property of Polska Akademia Nauk, Warszawska Drudkarnia Naukowa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The author of the article analyzes all theories on the chronology of St. Patrick's life - his birth date, the date of his coming to Ireland as a bishop, and his death. As there are two dates of his death mentioned in the Irish Annals: 461 and 493, the issue has been controversial, although traditional historiography assumes the second date is false. The author presents all the theories that arouse since the early forties when Thomas Francis O’Rahilly came up with the theory about the existence of two Patricks: Patrick Palladius (who came to Ireland in 431) and Patrick Briton. The traditional version, which is the only accepted by Polish historians, does not take into consideration the accounts of Prosper of Aquitaine and the time when these texts were written, and ignores the fact that the death of one of St. Patrick's disciples was mentioned in 535 or 537. The author presents her own version of events based on the above mentioned facts and the sentence found in the Irish Annals of Ulster under the year 553, that the relics of St. Patrick were translated after 60 years from his death by Colum Cille, indicating that the later date of his death is actually true. Finaly, the author suggests, that the date of St. Patrick's coming to Ireland in 432 was the date of his first coming to Ireland, as a slave rather than a bishop.

The article treats of the most famous sort of Irish protective prayer, which name is lorica (breastplate). The author talks over this kind of prayer and inserts its translation. Next, on the base of article of O'Donoghue, the author analyzes every stanza of S. Patrick's lorica. First and eight stanza tells about Trinity and God, in the second and second the power of Christ is invoked in all its main manifestations: his birth, his baptism, his death and burial, his resurrection and his coming in judgment. The third stanza descends from the sphere of deity to the world of the first creation - angels. The fourth stanza dips down from heavenly host to the visible cosmos in its spheres and elements: sun, moon, and firmament, and the four elements: fire, air, water and earth. In the fifth stanza we are back at the source of creation, a natural progression from the invocation of created nature in the fourth stanza. The sixth stanza tells about spells cast by women and blacksmiths and druids.

The article is the short compendium of the information about Gregory the Great's connections in the 7th-12th century period. Connections with Britain: Augustine's Mission, Gregory's model of the evangelization, the conception of religious function of the art (visual recollection, icons), the earliest "Life of Gregory" ( by anonymous monk from Whitby, Bede Venerabilis). Connections with Irltand: Laidcen's "Egloga de Morabilibus Job", Columban's letters to Gregory, "Regiula pastoralis", paschal controversy, irish manuscripts (9th-12th century) with allusions to Gregory's writings.

The Celtic Crosses are an original phenomenon that unites in itself spiritual traditions of the East and artistic heritage of the West. The original basic shape of the idea is Indo-Iranian and it was close to Celtic mentality. Old myths were translated into a symbolic language of art. The particular feature of the Celtic Cross is the co-existence of Nature and Bible, Myth and Christology.