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Binturong (Arctictis binturong) is a threatened carnivore that inhabits the forests of South and Southeast Asia. Despite its wide range, binturong is relatively scarce across its habitat distribution and is currently under the threat of poaching and illegal trade. Captive breeding has unfortunately been conducted rather haphazardly with a lack of origin record maintained, implicating potential risks to the management such as inbreeding or genetic swamping. This study thus aims to characterise the phylogenetic relationship of Indonesian binturong within the context of Southeast Asian binturong and further probe the distinctness of lineages originating from Java, Sumatra, Indonesian Borneo, and Bangka using Cytochrome B (CytB) and Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit 1 (CO1). Genetic distance, phylogram topology, and haplotype analysis of both encoding genes further corroborate the distinctness of Java, Borneo, and Bangka binturong from other binturong from Indochinese regions such as India, Laos, and Myanmar. Search for prospective single nucleotide polymorphism markers to discriminate island lineages consistently found that each Java, Bangka, and Bornean binturong be distinct from each other and other lineages, especially when assessed using haplotype-based clustering. Assigning binturong originated from Sumatra is nonetheless more complicated, suggesting the possibility. Our findings substantiated the much-needed systematic research of Southeast Asian binturong as ex-situ insurance population management grows in Indonesia and other parts of the world to protect the diversity of binturong lineages and their corresponding unique evolutionary history.

The yellow-crested cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea, Gmelin 1788) is an endemic bird in eastern part of Indonesia with monomorphic characteristics and included in the list of endangered birds. A method of sex determine in monomorphic birds is by molecular sexing which is based on the PCR amplification of the chromodomain helicase DNA-binding 1 (CHD-1) gene of the bird sex chromosome. This study was aimed to sex determine of the C. sulphurea by amplifying the CHD-1 gene on the Z and W chromosomes and comparing the PCR amplification results from peripheral blood and plucked feathers samples. The samples used were four birds of C. sulphurea from the Wildlife Rescue Centre (WRC), Yogyakarta. The feathers obtained from the ventral wings of each bird were plucked. Through the cutting of the birds' nails, the peripheral blood samples were collected into microhematocrit tubes which contained Heparin. The amplification of the CHD-1 gene used the PCR method with specific primers, such as NP, P2, and MP. Moreover, the PCR results were visualized on 1.5% agarose gel using UV-Transilluminator, at a wavelength of 280 nm. The PCR products (amplicons) were in 297 bp and 392 bp DNA bands, depending on the sex of the bird being tested. It was also observed that the male C. sulphurea produced single 392 bp DNA fragment of the Z chromosome. However, the female birds produced two DNA fragments of the Z and W chromosomes, with a length of 297 bp and 392 bp. The results showed that samples obtained from peripheral blood produced clearer DNA bands compared to plucked feather. It concludes that the extracted DNA from peripheral blood samples have a better quality compared to samples from plucked feathers. Amplification of the CHD-1 gene in male C. sulphurea generated only a single DNA fragment in size of 392 bp, so the four C. sulphurea were male birds.

Sex identification of endangered and protected birds in captivity is very important for conservation programs. Half of the world’s bird species are monomorphic, where male and female are difficult to distinguished morphologically, including cockatoos. Sex identification using molecular bird sexing is more accurate and applicable because it directly targets the sex chromosomes. The purpose of this study was to determine the sex of Sulphur‐crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) by detecting differences in the intron size of the chromodomain helicase DNA‐binding 1 (CHD1) gene on the Z and W chromosomes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and to compare of plucked feathers and blood samples as DNA sources for molecular bird sexing. DNA was extracted from feather and blood samples from four C. galerita. Extracted DNA was amplified on the CHD1 gene by PCR method with P2, MP, and NP primers, which were visualized using agarose gel 1.5% under UV transilluminator with a wavelength of 280 nm. The resulting PCR product was detected at 392 bp for the CHD1 Z gene segment and 297 bp for CHD1 W gene segments, where males showed a single DNA band (ZZ) and females showed a double DNA band (ZW). Four C. galerita were 100% successfully determined, consisting of one female and three males. Electrophoresis results showed DNA bands from blood samples were thicker and brighter than DNA bands from feather samples.

This study aimed to determine the sex of Tanimbar Cockatoo (Cacatua goffiniana) birds by amplifying Chromodomain Helicase DNA-binding-1 (CHD-1) gene on Z and W sex chromosomes as well as to compare the quality of DNA extraction and PCR amplification products from samples derived from peripheral blood and plucked feathers. This work used five C. goffiniana birds which were collected from the Wildlife Rescue Center (WRC) in Pengasih, Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta. From each C. goffiniana, feather samples were collected by plucking feathers on the ventral wing and peripheral blood samples were taken by cutting their nails and collecting the blood into microhematocrit tubes containing heparin. The next stage was DNA extraction and DNA amplification on the CHD-1 gene using the PCR method by NP, P2, and MP primer pairs. Then, products of DNA extraction and PCR amplification were electrophoresed on 1.5% agarose gel and visualized under a UV light transilluminator with a wavelength of 260 nm. The visualization showed that samples from peripheral blood generated clearer DNA fragments compared to plucked feathers. Two of the five samples were male C. goffiniana and the other three samples were females. In the male Tanimbar Cockatoo was amplified a single DNA fragment of the Z sex chromosome in size of 300 bp, whereas in the female C. goffiniana was amplified double DNA fragments of Z and W sex chromosomes in size of 300 bp and 400 bp respectively. The DNA quality showed that the DNA quality from peripheral blood samples were better in quality than the DNA collected from plucked feather samples.

Medical records from 860 pigeons and doves of 24 species housed in Bristol Zoo Gardens and Wild Place Project, United Kingdom, from 2000 to 2017 were reviewed to determine the causes of morbidity in captive columbiformes. Accounted 205 cases (51.25%), infectious disease was found as the primary cause of morbidity, followed by 133 cases of trauma (33.25%), 51 (8.9%) cases of non-infectious disease, and 8 (2%) cases of husbandry-related problem. The main cause of infectious disease was parasite infection with 35% over 31% of bacterial, 26% of undetermined etiology and 9% of fungal infection. More specific, nematodiasis was the most frequent parasitic disease found, presented in 49 (69%) cases and followed by 10 (14%) trichomoniasis of all parasite infection. Meanwhile, chlamydiosis was a leading cause of bacterial infection with 22 (35%) cases recorded of over 63 bacterial infections. These results highlight the importance of preventative medicine implementation in captivity which aims to detect the disease earlier hence reducing the worsening physical condition and minimising the risk of both zoonotic and non-zoonotic disease transmissions. In addition, these findings contribute to the limited information available regarding the captive columbiformes morbidity

Binturong (Arctictis binturong) is a threatened carnivore that inhabits the forests of South and Southeast Asia. Despite its wide range, binturong is relatively scarce across its habitat distribution and is currently under the threat of poaching and illegal trade. Captive breeding has unfortunately been conducted rather haphazardly with a lack of origin record maintained, implicating potential risks to the management such as inbreeding or genetic swamping. This study thus aims to characterise the phylogenetic relationship of Indonesian binturong within the context of Southeast Asian binturong and further probe the distinctness of lineages originating from Java, Sumatra, Indonesian Borneo, and Bangka using Cytochrome B (CytB) and Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit 1 (CO1). Genetic distance, phylogram topology, and haplotype analysis of both encoding genes further corroborate the distinctness of Java, Borneo, and Bangka binturong from other binturong from Indochinese regions such as India, Laos, and Myanmar. Search for prospective single nucleotide polymorphism markers to discriminate island lineages consistently found that each Java, Bangka, and Bornean binturong be distinct from each other and other lineages, especially when assessed using haplotype-based clustering. Assigning binturong originated from Sumatra is nonetheless more complicated, suggesting the possibility. Our findings substantiated the much-needed systematic research of Southeast Asian binturong as ex-situ insurance population management grows in Indonesia and other parts of the world to protect the diversity of binturong lineages and their corresponding unique evolutionary history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The yellow-crested cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea, Gmelin 1788) is an endemic bird in eastern part of Indonesia with monomorphic characteristics and included in the list of endangered birds. A method of sex determine in monomorphic birds is by molecular sexing which is based on the PCR amplification of the chromodomain helicase DNA-binding 1 (CHD-1) gene of the bird sex chromosome. This study was aimed to sex determine of the C. sulphurea by amplifying the CHD-1 gene on the Z and W chromosomes and comparing the PCR amplification results from peripheral blood and plucked feathers samples. The samples used were four birds of C. sulphurea from the Wildlife Rescue Centre (WRC), Yogyakarta. The feathers obtained from the ventral wings of each bird were plucked. Through the cutting of the birds' nails, the peripheral blood samples were collected into microhematocrit tubes which contained Heparin. The amplification of the CHD-1 gene used the PCR method with specific primers, such as NP, P2, and MP. Moreover, the PCR results were visualized on 1.5% agarose gel using UV-Transilluminator, at a wavelength of 280 nm. The PCR products (amplicons) were in 297 bp and 392 bp DNA bands, depending on the sex of the bird being tested. It was also observed that the male C. sulphurea produced single 392 bp DNA fragment of the Z chromosome. However, the female birds produced two DNA fragments of the Z and W chromosomes, with a length of 297 bp and 392 bp. The results showed that samples obtained from peripheral blood produced clearer DNA bands compared to plucked feather. It concludes that the extracted DNA from peripheral blood samples have a better quality compared to samples from plucked feathers. Amplification of the CHD-1 gene in male C. sulphurea generated only a single DNA fragment in size of 392 bp, so the four C. sulphurea were male birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]