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2. Process monitoring of an HIV Treatment as Prevention program in British Columbia, Canada

Author

Lillian Lourenço, Reka Gustafson, Bohdan Nosyk, James Haggerstone, Melanie L. A. Rusch, Rolando Barrios, Theodora Consolacion, Michelle Murti, K. V. Heath, Guillaume Colley, Robert S. Hogg, Julio S. G. Montaner, Joanne Nelson, Irene Day, Stephanie Konrad, Jennifer May-Hadford, Viviane D. Lima, Neora Pick, Mel Krajden, and Mark Gilbert

Subjects
Gerontology, Program evaluation, medicine.medical_specialty, media_common.quotation_subject, HIV Infections, Article, Scientific evidence, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Excellence, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active, Humans, Medicine, Pharmacology (medical), Confidentiality, Quality Indicators, Health Care, media_common, Evidence-Based Medicine, British Columbia, business.industry, Public health, Evidence-based medicine, Viral Load, medicine.disease, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Infectious Diseases, Family medicine, Data quality, business, Program Evaluation
Abstract

BACKGROUND In light of accumulated scientific evidence of the secondary preventive benefits of antiretroviral therapy, a growing number of jurisdictions worldwide have formally started to implement HIV Treatment as Prevention (TasP) programs. To date, no gold standard for TasP program monitoring has been described. Here, we describe the design and methods applied to TasP program process monitoring in British Columbia (BC), Canada. METHODS Monitoring indicators were selected through a collaborative and iterative process by an interdisciplinary team including representatives from all 5 regional health authorities, the BC Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC), and the BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS (BC-CfE). An initial set of 36 proposed indicators were considered for inclusion. These were ranked on the basis of 8 criteria: data quality, validity, scientific evidence, informative power of the indicator, feasibility, confidentiality, accuracy, and administrative requirement. The consolidated list of indicators was included in the final monitoring report, which was executed using linked population-level data. RESULTS A total of 13 monitoring indicators were included in the BC TasP Monitoring Report. Where appropriate, indicators were stratified by subgroups of interest, including HIV risk group and demographic characteristics. Six Monitoring Reports are generated quarterly: 1 for each of the regional health authorities and a consolidated provincial report. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a comprehensive TasP process monitoring strategy using evidence-based HIV indicators derived from linked population-level data. Standardized longitudinal monitoring of TasP program initiatives is essential to optimize individual and public health outcomes and to enhance program efficiencies.

3. Ligand-Dependent Reduction in the Membrane Mobility of FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE2, an Arabidopsis Receptor-Like Kinase.

Author

Gul Shad Ali, K. V. S. K. Prasad, Irene Day, and A. S. N. Reddy

Subjects
ARABIDOPSIS, FLAGELLA (Microbiology), MEMBRANE proteins, MOTILITY of microorganisms
Abstract

Arabidopsis Flagellin sensitive2 (FLS2) is a transmembrane leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase, which recognizes a conserved 22 amino acid peptide (flg22) of bacterial flagellin and activates downstream defense signaling pathways resulting in enhanced resistance against plant pathogens. The underlying mechanisms for the activation of FLS2 in the cell membrane, however, are not fully understood. Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), we demonstrate that approximately 75% of the FLS2 in the plasma membrane diffuses laterally with a diffusion coefficient of 0.34 μm2 s−1, indicating that it moves rapidly. Further, we show that FLS2 is less mobile in the presence of flg22, suggesting its ligand-dependent confinement to microdomains or transient interaction with other less mobile membrane proteins. Using an in vivo bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) system and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), which reveals in vivo protein–protein interactions, we show that FLS2 does not homodimerize either constitutively or in the presence of flg22. Our data suggest that the reduced mobility of FLS2 after binding flg22 and its existence in monomeric form are important mechanistic features of FLS2 early signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007
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