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(1) Background: Healthcare workers experienced rising burnout rates during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. A practice-academic collaboration between health services researchers and the surgical services program of a Canadian tertiary-care urban hospital was used to develop, implement and evaluate a potential burnout intervention, the Synergy tool. (2) Methods: Using participatory action research methods, this project involved four key phases: (I) an environmental scan and a baseline survey assessment, (II), a workshop, (III) Synergy tool implementation and (IV) a staffing plan workshop. A follow-up survey to evaluate the impact of Synergy tool use on healthcare worker burnout will be completed in 2023. (3) Results: A baseline survey assessment indicated high to severe levels of personal and work-related burnout prior to project initiation. During the project phases, there was high staff engagement with Synergy tool use to create patient care needs profiles and staffing recommendations. (4) Conclusions: As in previous research with the Synergy tool, this patient needs assessment approach is an efficient and effective way to engage direct care providers in identifying and scoring acuity and dependency needs for their specific patient populations. The Synergy tool approach to assessing patient needs holds promise as a means to engage direct care providers and to give them greater control over their practice—potentially serving as a buffer against burnout.

Objective To identify maternal characteristics associated with social support among new mothers of premature infants who are at social–environmental risk. Design Cross-sectional analysis of intake interview data from a larger randomized controlled trial of a mother–premature infant developmentally based intervention. Setting Two urban community-based hospitals. Participants One hundred ninety-four women (50% Black, 50% Hispanic) who recently gave birth to otherwise healthy, premature (29–34 weeks gestational age) infants. Participants had at least 2 of 10 social–environmental risks (e.g., poverty). Methods In-hospital interviews were conducted to obtain data on sociodemographic characteristics, prior mental health problems, and social support through the use of the Personal Resources Questionnaire 2000. Bivariate and multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with social support. Results Mean Personal Resources Questionnaire 2000 scores were significantly lower for Hispanic than Black participants (92.0 vs. 96.0, respectively), those interviewed in Spanish versus English (89.8 vs. 96.1), those with low versus age-appropriate education levels (89.7 vs. 95.3), multiparous versus primiparous women (92.7 vs. 96.0), and those reporting versus not reporting histories of mental health problems (84.7 vs. 94.8). After multivariable adjustment, only younger age, Spanish language preference, multiparity, and a history of mental health problems were associated with significantly lower levels of social support ( R 2 = 0.18). Conclusion More programs should be made available to provide social support to at-risk mothers, especially younger mothers, and those with limited English ability, other children at home, or histories of mental health problems. Nurses should target these mothers for additional support during their premature infants' NICU stay.

The importance of replication is becoming increasingly appreciated, however, considerably less consensus exists about how to evaluate the design and results of replications. We make concrete recommendations on how to evaluate replications with more nuance than what is typically done currently in the literature. We highlight six study characteristics that are crucial for evaluating replications: replication method similarity, replication differences, investigator independence, method/data transparency, analytic result reproducibility, and auxiliary hypotheses’ plausibility evidence. We also recommend a more nuanced approach to statistically interpret replication results at the individual-study and meta-analytic levels, and propose clearer language to communicate replication results.

In two preregistered studies we examine correlates of support for Confederate symbols among White Southerners (Study 1: N = 559) and examine potential negative effects of the widespread removal of Confederate symbols (Study 2: N = 139). In Study 1 we determine that support for Confederate symbols is largely a function of a traditional Southern worldview where cultural notions of industriousness, fairness, discipline, obedience, loyalty, and honor are central. Furthermore, we identify four distinct types of Southerners, including two types that equally support Confederate symbols: Traditionalists and Supremacists. While these groups equally support Confederate symbols, Traditionalists hold non-prejudicial attitudes that do not differ from those who do not support Confederate symbols, whereas Supremacists hold relatively more negative attitudes toward Blacks. These Supremacists are also more willing to engage in activist and radical behavior in support of Confederate monuments relative to Traditionalists. In Study 2 we show that when Traditionalists and Supremacists are exposed to the removal of Confederate symbols, they demonstrate an increased willingness to engage in activist, but not radical, behaviors in support of Confederate monuments, and they display more anger, disgust, and upset emotions. Supremacists, but not Traditionalists, also display hostility in response to the removal of Confederate symbols.

Finkel, Rusbult, Kumashiro, and Hannon (2002, Study 1) demonstrated a causal link between subjective commitment to a relationship and how people responded to hypothetical betrayals of that relationship. Participants primed to think about their commitment to their partner (high commitment) reacted to the betrayals with reduced exit and neglect responses relative to those primed to think about their independence from their partner (low commitment). The priming manipulation did not affect constructive voice and loyalty responses. Although other studies have demonstrated a correlation between subjective commitment and responses to betrayal, this study provides the only experimental evidence that inducing changes to subjective commitment can causally affect forgiveness responses. This Registered Replication Report (RRR) meta-analytically combines the results of 16 new direct replications of the original study, all of which followed a standardized, vetted, and preregistered protocol. The results showed little effect of the priming manipulation on the forgiveness outcome measures, but it also did not observe an effect of priming on subjective commitment, so the manipulation did not work as it had in the original study. We discuss possible explanations for the discrepancy between the findings from this RRR and the original study.

The commitment to beliefs (CTB) framework (Maxwell-Smith & Esses, 2012) proposes that there are individual differences in the extent to which people generally follow beliefs that are a reflection of their values. The current research hypothesized that CTB would amplify the effects of perceived belief dissimilarity or incompatibility, such that individuals higher in CTB would display more pronounced reactions to belief-relevant groups, events, or individuals seen as incompatible with their value-based beliefs. We tested our hypothesis in three studies that assessed participants' CTB and their perceptions of belief dissimilarity or incompatibility with regard to other religious groups (Study 1), political parties during a national election (Study 2), and their romantic partner (Study 3). CTB amplified the effects of perceived belief dissimilarity or incompatibility on people's biases toward other religious groups, voting intentions and behavior in a national election, and their evaluative and behavioral responses toward their romantic partner. These results collectively suggest that perceptions of belief dissimilarity or incompatibility are particularly important cues for individuals with higher levels of CTB as they encounter other people or events that are relevant to their beliefs.

The present research extended previous work on the third-party (un)forgiveness effect—the tendency to be more forgiving for transgressions committed against the self than a close other—by testing how subjective temporal distance of first- and third-party transgressions might influence the forgiveness process. Participants recalled a time in which they or a close other was harmed by another person, and was then made to feel either distant from or close to the transgression. As predicted, third-party (un)forgiveness was observed when transgressions felt distant, but not when transgressions felt recent. Implications for restoring and maintaining positive relationships are discussed.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. It is a potentially preventable disease and ideally suited to a screening program. CRC screening is an early detection strategy for occupational health nurses to offer in the workplace. Education and outreach are key components of this intervention. Many test options are available for CRC screening. This article is an integrative literature review that summarizes evidence to support colorectal screening in the workplace, offers screening recommendations from authoritative agencies, and provides guidance for occupational health nurses who plan to implement a screening program. Current screening limitations using fecal occult blood tests are addressed and an inventory of CRC screening activities in select countries is included.

We propose that actors will perceive justice as more important with respect to a target when they experience moderate versus extremely high or extremely low connection with the target. In two studies, we manipulated actors’ connection with (e.g., similarity to) a target and the target's standing on the appropriate justice criterion. Both studies yielded the predicted curvilinear relation between connectedness and the perceived relevance of justice. In Study 2, actors’ decisions were more affected by the justice criterion in the moderate versus extreme connectedness conditions. Our findings have important implications for the interplay between connection with others and moral motivations.

The concept of “moral exclusion” has often been used to understand harm-doing. The present studies examined two, distinct meanings that have been ascribed to this concept. First, exclusion has sometimes been conceptualized as the belief that moral principles do not apply to a target person or group (e.g., exclusion from the application of justice principles). Second, the term has been used to refer to exclusion from positive treatment that is accorded to others, which the actors believe to be morally justified, though outside observers do not. Distinguishing between these two meanings can clarify the mechanisms underlying the relation between proposed antecedents to exclusion and harm-doing. In two experiments, we obtained evidence compatible with each of these conceptualizations of exclusion, as well as preliminary evidence that certain antecedents are more likely to lead to processes indicative of one or the other conceptualization. Our findings have practical implications for the reduction of harm-doing as well as for conflict that might arise in such attempts.

Introduction: Osteosarcoma is the most common pediatric high-grade bone tumor. Although multimodal therapeutic approaches have significantly improved patient survival to more than 60%, the prognosis for patients with metastatic or relapsed disease remains dismal—an urgent unmet need. Its genomic complexity and higher mutational burden compared to other pediatric cancers should provide neoantigens as potential targets for T cell-based immunotherapy; however, these tumors are in general “cold,” with insufficient or inactive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Ganglioside GD2 is a tumor-associated surface antigen expressed in a broad spectrum of pediatric malignancies, including neuroblastoma, brain tumors, Ewing’s sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and osteosarcoma, while being restricted in normal tissues. Another promising target, HER2 or ErbB2, is overexpressed in many aggressive malignancies, including pediatric medulloblastoma, nephroblastoma, osteosarcoma, and desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRT). Fully humanized tetravalent bispecific antibodies (BsAb) specific for human GD2 and CD3 (hu3F8-BsAb) or HER2 and CD3 (HER2-BsAb), built on an IgG(L)-scFv platform, have been developed (Oncoimmunology 2017; Can Immunol Res 2015). They induce rapid and quantitative T-cell homing to tumors, mediating potent T-cell dependent cytotoxicity (TDCC) against GD2 or HER2 expressing tumor cells, effecting cures of xenografts in SCID mice. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antitumor properties of these BsAbs in the treatment of osteosarcoma. Methods: Hu3F8-BsAb and HER2-BsAb were tested both in vitro and in vivo against a panel of osteosarcoma cell lines (RG143B, U2OS, CRL1427, HOS, and SaOS2). Using these cell lines, FACS analysis for surface antigen (GD2 and HER2) expression (MFI), sensitivity to TDCC (EC50), and antitumor activity in vivo were evaluated. Two in vivo tumor models with different effector routes were used to simulate different clinical situations: 1) subcutaneous (sc) tumor cells/sc effector peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and 2) sc tumor cells/intravenous (iv) PBMCs. In vivo tumor responses were measured by Peira TM900 imaging device or by bioluminescence. Results: The majority of osteosarcoma cell lines express GD2 and HER2 on their surface, and their in vitro sensitivity to TDCC (EC50) was inversely correlated with MFI of their respective antigen. Both hu3F8-BsAb and HER2-BsAb mediated potent TDCC against osteosarcoma cell lines. In vivo, both hu3F8-BsAb and HER2-BsAb exerted a significant antitumor effect compared to control BsAb (P=0.001). Conclusions: Hu3F8-BsAb and HER2-BsAb induced strong TDCC and had significant antitumor effect against osteosarcoma cell lines both in vitro and in vivo. Considering the limited therapeutic options currently available in advanced osteosarcomas, these results support their further clinical development as potential T cell-based immunotherapeutics. Citation Format: Jeong A. Park, Hong Xu, Irene Cheung, Nai-Kong V. Cheung. Tetravalent bispecific antibodies specific for HER2 and disialoganglioside GD2 to engage polyclonal T cells for osteosarcoma therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Pediatric Cancer Research: From Basic Science to the Clinic; 2017 Dec 3-6; Atlanta, Georgia. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(19 Suppl):Abstract nr B38.

The impact bias in affective forecasting—a tendency to overestimate the emotional consequences of future events—may not be a universal phenomenon. This prediction bias stems from a cognitive process known as focalism, whereby predictors focus attention narrowly on the upcoming target event. Three studies supported the hypothesis that East Asians, who tend to think more holistically than Westerners, would be less susceptible to focalism and, consequently, to the impact bias. In Studies 1 and 2, Euro-Canadians exhibited the impact bias for positive future events, whereas East Asians did not. A thought focus measure indicated that the cultural difference in prediction was mediated by the extent to which participants focused on the target event (i.e., focalism). In Study 3, a thought focus manipulation revealed that defocused Euro-Canadians and East Asians made equally moderate affective forecasts.

The commitment to beliefs (CTB) framework (Maxwell-SmithEsses, 2012) proposes that there are individual differences in the extent to which people generally follow beliefs that are a reflection of their values. The current research hypothesized that CTB would amplify the effects of perceived belief dissimilarity or incompatibility, such that individuals higher in CTB would display more pronounced reactions to belief-relevant groups, events, or individuals seen as incompatible with their value-based beliefs. We tested our hypothesis in three studies that assessed participants' CTB and their perceptions of belief dissimilarity or incompatibility with regard to other religious groups (Study 1), political parties during a national election (Study 2), and their romantic partner (Study 3). CTB amplified the effects of perceived belief dissimilarity or incompatibility on people's biases toward other religious groups, voting intentions and behavior in a national election, and their evaluative and behavioral responses toward their romantic partner. These results collectively suggest that perceptions of belief dissimilarity or incompatibility are particularly important cues for individuals with higher levels of CTB as they encounter other people or events that are relevant to their beliefs.

Attitudes have important consequences for understanding social behavior. As tendencies to evaluate a particular target with favor or disfavor, attitudes are related to other important psychological constructs (e.g., values, goals), while being conceptually and empirically unique. In this chapter, we review social psychological research and theory about attitudes and their link to behavior. After defining attitudes and comparing them to other important social psychological constructs (e.g., values), we examine the measurement of attitudes and the distinction between explicit and implicit measures. We then discuss the psychological content, structure, and function of attitudes, interrelations among attitudes, and the relations between attitudes and higher-order constructs, such as values and ideologies. Next, we describe a number of important characteristics that vary between attitudes (e.g., accessibility from memory, certainty), followed by discussions of how attitudes form and how they shape information processing. Finally, we consider the relation between attitudes and behavior. Keywords: attitudes; persuasion; opinion; behavior; values

Vestibular dysfunction in humans is associated with anxiety and cognitive disorders. However, various animal studies of the effects of vestibular loss have yielded conflicting results, from reduced anxiety to increased anxiety, depending on the particular model of vestibular dysfunction and the anxiety test used. In this study we revisited the question of whether rats with surgical bilateral vestibular deafferentation (BVD) exhibit changes in anxiety-related behaviour by testing them in the open field maze (OFM), elevated plus maze (EPM) and elevated T maze (ETM) in the presence of a non-sedating anxiolytic drug, buspirone, or an anxiogenic drug, FG-7142. We also tested the animals in a spatial T maze (STM) in order to evaluate their cognitive function under the same set of conditions. We found that BVD animals exhibited increased locomotor activity ( P ≤ 0.003), reduced supported and unsupported rearing ( P ≤ 0.02 and P ≤ 0.000, respectively) and reduced thigmotaxis ( P ≤ 0.000) in the OFM, which for the most part the drugs did not modify. By contrast, there were no significant differences between BVD and sham control animals in the EPM and the BVD animals exhibited a marginally longer escape latency in the ETM ( P ≤ 0.03), with no change in avoidance latency. In the STM, the BVD animals demonstrated a large and significant decrease in accuracy compared to the sham control animals ( P ≤ 0.000), which was not affected by drug treatment. These results have replicated previous findings regarding increased locomotor activity, reduced rearing and thigmotaxis in the OFM, and impaired performance in the STM. However, they failed to replicate some previous results obtained using the EPM and ETM. Overall, they do not support the hypothesis that BVD animals exhibit increased anxiety-like behaviour and suggest that the cognitive deficits may be independent of the emotional effects of vestibular loss.

Comparison between evolutionarily distant receptors can provide critical insights into both structure and function. Sequence comparison between the mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) of the zebrafish (zMR) and human (hMR) reveals a high degree of sequence conservation in the major functional domains. We isolated a zMR cDNA to contrast the transcriptional response to a range of ligands and to establish whether a teleost MR exhibits the amino/carboxyl-terminal interaction (N/C-interaction) previously reported for the hMR. Aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and cortisol induced zMR transcriptional activity with similar efficacy to that observed with the hMR. The hMR antagonist, spironolactone, acted as an agonist with the zMR. The zMR exhibited an N/C-interaction in response to aldosterone but, in contrast to the hMR, cortisol and DOC predominantly stimulated the interaction in the zMR. Conservation of the N/C-interaction between evolutionarily distant MR provides evidence of functional significance.

We review two subjective (mis)perceptions that influence revenge and forgiveness systems. Individual differences predict more (e.g., narcissism) or less (e.g., empathy) revenge, with the opposite pattern for forgiveness. Moreover, differences in victim versus perpetrator perceptions can influence revenge and forgiveness systems, perpetuating never-ending cycles of revenge. These two examples point to the need for theories of revenge and forgiveness to address the role of cognitive and motivational biases in the functionality of such behavioral responses.

Background. We have previously shown that Hox D3 and Hox B3 can promote angiogenesis. As angiogenesis is essential for wound healing, we examined expression of these genes in the vasculature following wounding in normal and genetically diabetic adult mice with impaired healing. Methods. In situ hybridization was performed on tissues taken 0, 1, 4, 7, and 14 days following administration of linear wounds in wild-type and genetically diabetic mice. Expression of Hox D3 and Hox B3, angiogenesis, and synthesis of type I collagen were assessed in the wound. Results. Hox B3 was expressed in endothelial cells (ECs) of both medium and small vessels in unwounded tissue, whereas little Hox D3 was detected in resting ECs. Hox D3 expression was significantly upregulated by 1 day after wounding in ECs of vessels immediately adjacent to the wound site, and expression was maintained for at least 7 days. In the diabetic mice, expression of Hox B3 was similar to that of wild-type mice. In contrast, expression of Hox D3 in ECs was significantly lower and delayed during wound repair in diabetic mice. In cultured microvascular ECs, Hox D3 selectively induced high levels of collagen I mRNA expression. Hox D3-deficient wounds of diabetic animals also displayed a reduction in expression and deposition of type I collagen. Conclusions. These results suggest that reduced angiogenesis and type I collagen in diabetic mice with impaired wound healing may be related to deficient Hox D3 expression, and restoring Hox D3 expression may enhance angiogenesis and wound repair.

Introduction: Enteral feeding with breast milk offers nutritional and trophic benefits to the extremely low birthweight (ELBW) infant. The timing of the introduction of enteral nutrition to ELBW infants remains controversial because of concerns relating to intestinal immaturity and the risk of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), although some epidemiological data support breast milk having a protective role. Different studies however quote different rates for the incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) complications in this population.