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What explains right-wing radicalization in the United States? Existing research emphasizes demographic changes, economic insecurity, and elite polarization. This paper highlights an additional factor: the impact of foreign wars on society at home. We argue communities that bear the greatest costs of foreign wars are prone to higher rates of right-wing radicalization. To support this claim, we present robust correlations between activity on Parler, a predominantly right-wing social media platform, and fatalities among residents who served in U.S. wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, at both the county and census tract level. The findings contribute to understanding right-wing radicalization in the US in two key respects. First, it examines widespread, nonviolent radical-right activity that, because it is less provocative than protest and violence, has eluded systematic measurement. Second, it highlights that U.S. foreign wars have important implications for domestic politics beyond partisanship and voting, to potentially include radicalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the interconnections between photography, realism, and death in the context of 2003 Iraq War photography. Photography as a medium challenges the idea of death by preserving life through representation. At the same time, the idea of death is inherent to photography as an act. It is this act that depicts death as an object. This paper explores this relationality of photography and death through four select photographs representing death from the 2003 Iraq War. From the analysis of the select photographs, this paper attempts to argue that the realism of death that photography offers is a construct. It further argues that death is being constructed differently by these photographs. On the one hand, death is made as faceless, therefore private and not available for voyeurism. On the other hand, death is made visible, with face, and therefore public and available for voyeurism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that in controversial conflicts, such as the 2003–2011 Iraq War, the US government can strategically utilize the influence it exhibits over the information the mass media have access to in order for war reporters to be (primarily) exposed to information that legitimizes war, and subsequently shares the latter with national audiences via their coverage of the conflict; so as to facilitate the (potential) generation of domestic public support for war, which has been demonstrated to be particularly crucial in contexts of contentious conflicts. Through the interviewing of eight reporters who worked as embedded or unilateral journalists during the Iraq War, and the thematic coding of 40 embedded and unilateral articles from The New York Times and the Washington Post published during this period, this study finds evidence suggesting that, compared to unilateral reporters, the information embedded journalists had access to during the Iraq War was controlled and limited by the US military, and was particularly oriented toward the legitimization of the conflict. Moreover, that this resulted in embedded journalists' reporting of the Iraq War being, overall, more justifying of the conflict than unilateral reporters' coverage. This article therefore contributes to the wider understanding of the ways in which the US government can utilize the leverage it posseses over the material the mass media have access to, in order to legitimize contentious foreign policy-making, and possibly gather (critical) favorable domestic public opinion for the latter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Understanding war and peace, 2nd edition" is a textbook edited by Dan Reiter that provides an overview of international conflict for undergraduate students. The book covers various topics such as the decision-making process for going to war, public opinion surrounding war, the role of toxic masculinity, regime types and their likelihood to choose war, economics, types of war, alliances, peacekeeping, nuclear weapons, drones, and environmental issues. However, the book has been criticized for neglecting important components of war, evading explanations for the causes and consequences of war, and lacking coverage of topics such as the military-industrial complex, capitalism, imperialism, racism, and colonialism. The book also fails to adequately discuss the influence of the Mexican Drug War, the corrupt relationship between government and private enterprise, and the impact of war on health and fiscal implications. Additionally, the book overlooks the role of domestic politics, poverty, and the loss of democracies in decisions to go to war. The manipulation of public opinion through surveillance and social media, documenting war crimes, the role of whistleblowers, and anti-war movements are also given limited attention. Overall, the book presents war as a result of rational choices made by countries, which has been criticized for whitewashing the truth. [Extracted from the article]

The article titled "How to Historicize What Did Not Happen (But Makes the Past, Present and Future Possible)" explores the importance of studying events that did not occur in history, specifically focusing on nonkilling. The authors argue that understanding nonkilling is crucial for understanding the survival and future of humanity, as traditional historiography tends to prioritize acts of violence and conflict. The article discusses the concept of nonkilling and its relevance in understanding historical phenomena, exploring different cultural conditioning zones and the role of religions, laws, and institutions in promoting or preventing killing. It emphasizes the need for both deductive and inductive approaches to historicizing nonkilling and highlights the importance of historical didacticism and predictive history in understanding nonkilling, nonviolence, and peace. The conclusion suggests reallocating resources to address the imbalance of information on nonkilling and killing, and learning from the success of environmentalism in peace movements. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Iraq War of 2003-11 has been described as a conflict over the meaning of Europe and between the conflicting goals of cementing the transatlantic relationship with the United States and advancing a more independent, "Carolingian" vision of the continent on the world stage. This article employs the analytical lens of foreign policy role conceptions, drawing from French and German policy literature, newly available archival evidence, and interviews with more than 20 diplomats, politicians, and civil servants active during the 2003 invasion. We argue that the war itself and the agency of Iraqis played a limited role in European powers' jockeying for position, which was instead determined by these countries' relationships with the US and the role of the United Nations. This was the case even for France and Germany, which had extensive interest in Iraq in the decades preceding the invasion. If the Iraq War was one over the meaning of Europe, the debate around and the execution of the invasion highlighted the continued importance of a US-led NATO for defining such meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Worlding of Arabic Literature: Language, Affect, and the Ethics of Translatability" by Anna Ziajka Stanton is a scholarly study that offers a unique approach to the questions surrounding Arabic literature and translation. Stanton examines various Arabic-to-English literary translations, including works such as the 1,001 Nights and contemporary novels from Lebanon and Iraq. The book explores the role of sound, affect, and bodies in translation, challenging the notion of untranslatability and highlighting the aesthetic dimensions of Arabic literature. Stanton's study contributes to the growing discussion on literary translation and Arabic, emphasizing the importance of considering the aesthetics of literary texts and translation practice. [Extracted from the article]

"The New Peace Linguistics and the Role of Language in Conflict" by Andy Curtis is a timely and insightful book that explores the role of language in peace and conflict. The book is divided into three parts, with the first part providing an introduction to peace linguistics and its significance. The second and third parts analyze texts from prominent figures such as George W. Bush, Colin Powell, Barack Obama, Donald Trump, and Joseph Biden, examining the ways in which language can be used to justify, manipulate, and perpetuate violence. The book draws upon diverse examples from various regions and contexts, offering a comprehensive understanding of the complexities of language in conflict situations. While the book has notable strengths, such as its use of case studies and real-world examples, it could benefit from incorporating tools from sociolinguistics and systemic functional linguistics to enhance its analysis. Additionally, the inclusion of non-Western contexts and speakers would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. Overall, "The New Peace Linguistics and the Role of Language in Conflict" is a valuable resource for scholars, researchers, practitioners, and anyone interested in peacebuilding and conflict resolution. [Extracted from the article]

In order to understand historical reality, it is sometimes necessary not to know its outcome. PIERRE VIDAL-NAQUET In the opening phase of Operation IRAQI FREEDOM, the United States on 19 [...]

Copyright of Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces is the property of Gen. Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military Academy of Land Forces and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on topics including the strategic failure of the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq, the shift towards including Iraqi voices in memory culture, and the impact of memory on contemporary politics and conflict resolution in Iraq.

Jakobsen aptly notes that this approach had been formed by the Europeans' belief that the United States would undoubtedly step in and rescue its North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) allies in circumstances where threats to their national security appeared to be real and significant. Similarly, the American wars in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria negatively influenced public opinion in Turkey, provoking anti-American sentiments among the Turkish political and military leadership. Counterterrorism Wars: Did We Learn Anything?. [Extracted from the article]

In an era of increased politicization of the military, there are powerful disincentives for commanders-in-chief to challenge the preferences of the senior military leadership. Even though presidents may have the constitutional "right to be wrong," they require considerable political capital to test that proposition. Dominant normative theories of civil-military relations focus on ideal-type scenarios that do not reflect the messy, inherently political character of elite decision-making. A case study of civil-military dynamics during the Iraq War identifies four decision-making strategies that George W. Bush and Barack Obama used to avoid incurring a domestic political penalty for being seen to go against the preferences of the uniformed military. Drawing on declassified documents and dozens of interviews with former administration officials and top-ranking military leaders, the findings indicate that both administrations used these strategies during key episodes of civil-military friction in the Iraq War (the 2007 surge and the troop drawdown that followed). Scholars and practitioners should focus on strengthening civilian and military leaders' capacity to navigate the politics of national security decision-making and reconsidering conventional understandings of the apolitical role of the military. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Civil wars, foreign interventions, and political instability in the Middle East have caused a mass refugee influx since the end of the Cold War. Therefore, how to integrate these refugees into host countries has become a critical question. To answer this question, the existing literature mainly focuses on ethnic and religious diversities, language barriers, and limited access to fundamental services and labor markets. However, there is little focus on case-specific factors to explain the integration dynamics of refugees. This article aims to fill this gap through the analysis of case-specific factors that play a significant role in understanding barriers to integration. This study classifies these factors as follows: geographical proximity, cultural threat, acceptance processes, political rent, and limited economic resources. To understand the influence of these factors, this study assesses refugee flow from Iraq to Syria since the Iraq War of 2003. This study demonstrates that even though Iraqi refugees in Syria were comparatively advantageous in terms of sharing a common language and residing in neighborhoods with common ethnic and religious backgrounds, they could not successfully integrate into Syrian society. This research utilizes the sources of the IOM, UNDP, UNHCR, UNICEF, and WFP to provide a unique analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores avian experiences with toxic war processes that unfold across space and time. Joining together three evolving areas of interest in global politics – ontologies of war, interspecies relations, and sensory politics – the article develops a view of war that centres ongoing war processes that affect more-than-human life in and outside of international warzones. Advancing a multispecies form of inquiry attentive to local voices, including Upper Cook Inlet Tribes, the article examines how interspecies relations emerge in national security debates about long-lasting ecological costs of war. Specifically, it offers an analysis of US Department of Defense hearings surrounding the controversy over reopening Eagle River Flats – an Alaskan estuary that had been polluted with white phosphorus munitions – for weapons testing and training during the Iraq War. The article also considers the experiences of two migratory avian communities (northern pintails and tundra swans) with toxic white phosphorus pollution, illustrating more-than-human sensory perspectives on the space and time of war processes. These conceptual and empirical moves reposition national security concerns about wartime risk into a much broader post-anthropocentric perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a detailed analysis of George W. Bush's speeches during the Iraq War, with a focus on his use of epistemic modal adjectives to influence the international community's support for the war. The study draws on a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze the epistemic modality in six of Bush's speeches, including The State of the Union Speeches and The War Speeches. By utilizing Biber et al.'s (1999, p.5-6) categories of epistemic modality, the study categorizes the adjectives into "Certainty" and "Likelihood" and examines their underlying functions in persuading the public about the Iraq War. The findings highlight that the adjectives served five distinct functions, namely "assertion," "assumption," "conviction," "hedging," and "likelihood/possibility," which were strategically employed by Bush to promote his policy and agenda towards the Iraqi government. The study emphasizes the crucial role of epistemic modality in political speeches and its potential impact on shaping public opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]