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This paper will analyze the effects of imposing a very diverse Western business culture on the religious culture of Iraq. In an attempt to figure out where the Iraqi business culture is evolving, we must first dissect the fundamentals of the culture of the past, and the ingrained cultural beliefs of the inhabitants of the present. Once we understand the past, we can then evaluate a comparable market in an attempt to predict and make suggestions as to its future., INTRODUCTION The evidence is overwhelming that culture influences managerial decision making on any number of levels or dimensions (Hofstede, 1980). The importance of culture's implications for managers has led to [...]

The problem ... [is] that culture is not a priority. ... The Iraqi Cabinet did not pay attention to the importance of culture to the new Iraq. They think culture [...]

One day in the summer of 2004, while I sat in the western Baghdad studio of Radio Dijla, Iraq's first all-talk station, listening to a deputy interior minister being interviewed, [...]

A study to examine violence-related mortality in Iraq during the period 2002 to 2006, with evidence taken from the Iraqi Family Health survey is presented. Findings concluded that violence is a leading cause of death for Iraqi adults and men and points to a massive death toll.

The scope provided by the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan for criminal organizations, terrorists, and insurgents to forge and strengthen relationships, particularly in the period between post-conflict and reconstruction/nation building, is explored.

The story of Iraq's Kurdish minority under the reign of Brigadier Abd al-Karim Qasim illustrates the relationship between state centralization and ethnic violence in postcolonial Middle East. Qasim's quest for centralization and sovereignty led to the Kurds' separation from the Iraqi polity, eventually leading to a civil war in 1961.

The time is nearing for the United States to pull out of Iraq in the face of an unsupportive political situation at home. The pullout from an unresolved situation will mark a challenging and traumatic phase in the U.S. that might threaten national unity, and the ongoing civil war in Iraq will remain proof of the disastrous intervention of the U.S.

The contrasting policies of creating Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs) in Afghanistan and the withdrawal of US military from the cities in Iraq reveals a wider policy failure on the part of the United States. The establishment of PRTs is in keeping with the counterinsurgency theory and US military doctrine, but the withdrawal of military forces in Iraq has led to increase in sectarian violence thus contradicting counterinsurgency policy.

The Middle East has disintegrated into a mess of insurgency, counter-insurgency, terrorism and sectarian civil war. The Long War is between nation-states in conflict with other nation-states, and also nation-states against Jihadist networks, suggesting that the 'real' Long War may be a struggle within the 'Muslim world' as seen in the Iraq War rather than that between the 'West' and 'Islam'.

The insurgency in Iraq is analyzed through the conceptual-historical framework of the range of Islamist responses to foreign domination. The pattern of different clusters of Islamism over a period of time is discussed, concluding that the insurgency in Iraq is durable and will probably be persistent till the end of U.S. occupation.

In late 1970s, Iraq was among the most developed countries in the Middle East, with a sophisticated human infrastructure and the second largest oil reserves in the world. However, the […]

In planning for the invasion and occupation of Iraq, did the United States seek to take advantage of historic ethnic and sectarian differences in the country? Of various political game [...]

The Iraqi government needs to stabilise quality of life in Iraq by providing water, food and electricity, and specially needs to maintain water supply to establish stability in the country. Iraq's water supply is through two rivers, Euphrates and Tigris, which flow through several countries before entering Iraq, therefore there is a need to establish a river commission to maintain long-term cooperation and have an agreement on sharing water.

ART IS INDEXICAL OF SOCIETY. It is expressive and reflective of its culture. Visual production has a continuous dialectical relationship with culture. Within the spaces shaped by this dialogic, new [...]

"Do Iraq's various communities have enough in common to remain united as a nation and share a common future, or are the forces of division pushing them in the direction of a breakdown, or even civil war?"

This presentation highlights the changes that have taken place in Iraq in the past 2 years. Traditionally, Iraqi individuals have not judged people based on sectarian identity--Sunni and Shiite. Iraqis have lived side by side for years; they have respected each other and married each other without any complications in most cases. Indeed, many Iraqis come from mixed families or neighborhoods and enjoy the similarities and the differences such intermarriage brings. Since the global media and satellite news outlets have started to classify the Iraqis as Sunni, Shiite, and Kurd, the Arab media and news outlets, including this article, have adopted the same terminologies with serious reconsideration. Keywords: Sunnis; Shiites; Kurds; destabilization of Iraq; determination of the Iraqi people

Arabic-speaking Shiite Muslims formed the absolute majority in the Iraqi provinces of Baghdad and Basra, which disturbed the Ottoman authorities. The presence of a large and growing Shiite population in Iraq represented a serious political problem to the Ottoman authorities.

Many controversial issues have come under discussion regarding the recent war in Iraq. The justifications given for the war itself, the way the war was prosecuted, and the handling of the post-war situation have all been hotly contested matters. This paper focuses on an aspect of the war that has not drawn much attention--the decisions made by members of the Iraqi military to either fight or not to fight. From the very beginning of hostilities the United States made concerted efforts, through such methods as e-mails and leaflets dropped from aircraft, to encourage the desertion of Iraqi military personnel. Many Iraqi soldiers followed this advice and surrendered to U.S. forces at the first opportunity; others continue to fight to this day. Were the soldiers that deserted the military or surrendered without a fight morally justified in doing so? This article attempts to answer that question through an examination of such related issues as patriotism, political and moral duties, obligations arising from oaths and promises, and political legitimacy. Though this analysis does not lead to the development of iron-clad rules that definitively resolve the moral issues underlying military desertion, it can help us to get a clearer understanding of these issues and to develop guidelines by which to judge the morality of specific instances of desertion.

In this paper, I argue that the U.S. and its coalition partners should announce that they intend to completely withdraw from Iraq within six months or less. And if this announcement did bring a suspension or reduction of hostilities against them, then, I argue, they should leave even sooner. For the most part, my grounds for holding this view are based on the lack of a justification for going to war against Iraq in the first place. But part of the grounds for an immediate withdrawal turns on what has transpired since the U.S. and its coalition partners invaded Iraq.

WHEN THE UNITED STATES invaded Iraq in March 2003, one of its stated intentions was to inaugurate an era of Iraqi politics in which new kinds of democratic parties would [...]

The culture of a nation embodies its institutions, values, and norms of behavior rooted in history and collective memory. As U.S. and coalition forces work to stabilize Iraq and transform [...]

The victory of the US and its allies in the Gulf War in 1991 was touted to create a new era of peace in the Middle East but later developments proved this to be wrong. It led to more instability because of the declining social structure in Iraq, Kurdish fighting, more Kurdish conflicts in Turkey, increased militarization in the area, decline in the revenues of the Gulf dynasties, and negation of democratization efforts.

No other system of Western or Near Eastern magic, neither Greek nor Egyptian nor Jewish, is as well-preserved and as highly developed as Mesopotamian magic in terms of the quantity [...]