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Irisin, a novel adipomyokine, has been proposed to be a therapeutic agent against obesity‐related metabolic disease. Royal Jelly (RJ) and tocotrienol‐rich fraction (TRF) are suggested to promote obesity and its related problems through potential mutual mechanistic pathways. This investigation intended to evaluate the glycemic and inflammation‐promoting effects of RJ, TRF, and their combinations to evaluate their synergic effects through irisin action in obese rats induced by a high‐fat diet (HFD) that underwent a calorie restriction diet (CRD). Fifty HFD‐fed obese rats received the following interventions: RJ, TRF, or RJ + TRF in combination with a CRD for eight consecutive weeks. After the investigation, body weight, fasting blood sugar (FBS), irisin, insulin, C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β), leptin, adiponectin, and insulin resistance (IR) were assessed. After 8 weeks of treatment, significant weight reduction was noticed in rats that received RJ and RJ + TRF related to the CRD rats (p <.001), although this reduction was not considerable in TRF‐treated rats. RJ and RJ + TRF supplementation markedly elevated irisin concentrations in CRD rats (p <.05), but TRF did not. Glycemic indices, inflammatory indices including IL‐1β and CRP levels, and leptin concentrations were significantly decreased after RJ, TRF, and their combinations were added to CRD (p <.05). According to the mediational analysis results, irisin mediated the promoting effects of RJ on glycemic hemostasis. Based on the results of this investigation, RJ and TRF are novel nutrients that have the potential to improve obesity‐related disorders. This research suggests that RJ exerts its beneficial glycemic regulatory effects through irisin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Despite the well-known positive effects of fruits and vegetables, their consumption in many countries is lower than those recommended. This study aims to systematically examine the effects of community-based interventions on fruits and vegetables consumption in adults. Design/methodology/approach: To collect relevant publications, the authors searched electronic databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science from January 2000 to July 2021. Considering random models, this study analyzed the data using weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Findings: Among 1,621 retrieved publications, 21 articles met the inclusion criteria. The overall effect size demonstrated that, at the end of the trials, the educational interventions increased the consumption of aggregated fruits and vegetables (WMD: 0.55 serving/day, 95%CI: 0.34, 0.77), and vegetables (WMD: 0.15, 95%CI: 0.09, 0.21, I2: 33.2%; p = 0.103) in the intervention groups, compared to the control groups. Practical implications: The subgroup analyses that were based on the type of interventions (face-to-face education compared to online interventions), location (home-based compared to the other types of interventions) and duration (24 weeks and higher) of interventions, and accompanied financial support reduced between-group heterogeneity. An efficient interventional program on increasing fruits and vegetables consumption should be part of a multi-component project. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, no systematic review and meta-analysis has provided a summary of the effects of community-based interventions on fruits and vegetables consumption in adult populations, and there is no fixed conclusion that could be drawn in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), having potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pharmacological properties, has recently been shown to be a safe and promising agent in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis (UC). This trial was, therefore, designed to determine CoQ10 efficacy on inflammation and antioxidant status, antimicrobial peptides, and microRNA-146a expression in UC patients. Methods: In this randomized double-blind controlled trial, 88 mild-to-moderate UC patients were randomly allocated to receive CoQ10 (200 mg/day) or placebo (rice flour) for 2 months. At the baseline and at an 8-week follow-up, serum levels of Nrf2, cathelicidin LL-37, β-defensin 2, IL-10, IL-17, NF-κB p65 activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), simple clinical colitis activity index questionnaire (SCCAIQ), and quality of life (IBDQ-32 score), as well as an expression rate of microRNA-146a were measured. Results: A significant reduction was detected in the serum IL-17 level, activity of NF-κB p65 in PBMCs, and also SCCAI score in the CoQ10 group compared to the placebo group, whereas IL-10 serum concentrations and IBDQ-32 score of the CoQ10 group considerably increased versus the control group; the changes of these variables were also significantly different within and between groups at the end of the study. Furthermore, CoQ10 remarkably increased serum levels of cathelicidin LL-37. A significant change in serum cathelicidin LL-37 levels was also observed between the two groups. No statistical difference, however, was seen between the two groups in terms of the serum levels of Nrf2 and β-defensin 2 and the relative expression of microRNA-146a. Conclusions: Our results indicate that CoQ10 supplementation, along with drug therapy, appears to be an efficient reducer of inflammation in patients with mild-to-moderate UC at a remission phase. Trial Registration: The research has also been registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT): IRCT20090822002365N17. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Studies addressing the impact of timing initiating enteral or parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients. Following the stress in critically ill patients two acute and chronic phases have occurred. The Acute phase includes the early and a late period which progress to the chronic inflammatory phase. In fact, we can divide them into catabolism and rehabilitation or anabolism phases. The latest scientific insights and guidelines on nutrition management in ICU have recommended that the basic nutritional situation is a highly prominent factor in the timing of starting nutrition delivery in the ICU in different phases. In the early phase of critical illness, because of the inflammation, a catabolic response happens by enhancing energy expenditure. Insulin resistance is one of the major pathways in this phase which activates releasing of energy from hepatic glycogen and muscle protein. Early feeding couldn't stop the aforementioned endogenous energy preparation and triggers overfeeding and its related complications. During the inflammatory phase, the patients are faced with a swift muscle loss reaching 1 kg/day which can suppress the weaning process and increase infection and mortality rate. On the other hand, deficiency of a substantial macronutrient early during critical illness leads to activation of autophagic quality control on different organs. Early high dose Proteins and feeding suppress autophagy, as a main intracellular cleaning mechanism. Autophagy is so important in the acute inflammatory phase due to reducing the misfolded protein. Conclusion: Although late feeding may improve potentially important recovery processes in critical illness, it comes at the price of wasting muscle mass. So, avoiding early full calorie and protein delivery and progressive administration during 3 and 4 days for protein and calorie is recommended. It can be enhanced in recovery and post-ICU phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outcomes of the earlier trials are controversial concerning the effect of Capsaicinoids/Capsinoids on thermogenesis. We carried out this systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the effect of Capsaicinoids/Capsinoids on thermogenesis indices including resting metabolic rate (RMR) and respiratory quotient (RQ) in healthy adults. An electronic literature search was conducted between 1990 and 2019, using the following databases: PubMed, Web of Sciences, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and EMBASE. Placebo-controlled clinical trials were considered as eligible papers. Effect sizes were pooled using weighted mean difference (WMD), with a random-effects model. Of the 4,092 articles, 13 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled effect sizes revealed that compared with placebo, Capsaicinoids/Capsinoids significantly increased RMR (WMD: 33.99 Kcal/day, 95% CI: 15.95, 52.03; I2 : 0%, p = .94), energy expenditure, and fat oxidation. It also significantly lessened RQ (WMD: -0.01, 95% CI: -0.02, -0.01; I2 : 5.4%, p = .39) and carbohydrate oxidation. Moreover, intervention in capsule form for longer duration had a more considerable influence on RMR than comparative groups. We observed moderate improvement in RMR, RQ, and fat oxidation following supplementation with Capsaicinoids/Capsinoids. However, further high-quality studies are required to clarify the thermogenic properties of Capsaicinoids/Capsinoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Definition of the energy expenditure (EE) and the precise amount of calories and protein in critically ill patients is difficult and depends on various parameters including the nutritional status of the patient, significant weight loss before admission, and so on. However, it is necessary to mention that reaching the target over time is one of the major problems in the Intensive care unit (ICU). To approach a reasonable recommendation, indirect calorimetry is the best method for EE estimation. Although providing adequate nutritional support is vital in elevating weaning chance, reducing infection, and ICU length of stay, many times it is not feasible because of unstable hemodynamics, sepsis, enteral feeding intolerance, and enteral feeding-related complications such as diarrhea, and parenteral-related complication like refeeding syndrome. We aimed to review what is the true number of calories and protein and how we should manage nutrition in critical patients in different situations. A growing body of evidence rejects previous approaches about stopping nutritional support during sepsis. In sepsis, many studies recommend trophic feeding (defined as 10-20 kcal/h, up to 500 kcal/d) advancing as tolerated after the stability of hemodynamics in 24 to 48 hours. Starting supplementary parenteral nutrition (SPN) is another challenging area which is a great agreement in using SPN after a week in non-malnourished patients. Conclusion: defining adequate amounts of calories and protein in critically ill patients is necessary but managing it for the best nutritional support is so challenging matter. Then adequate nutritional support in critical situations is highly prominent in ICU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Inflammation, as a critical factor, can cause numerous chronic diseases by creating various proinflammatory cytokines. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) can potentially exert an anti-inflammatory agent; in turn, this agent can reduce the systemic inflammatory response. The aims of this study are to conduct a comprehensive systematic review and a meta-analysis for the determination of the CoQ10 efficacy on the changes in serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the tumour necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) levels in unhealthy subjects. Method and analysis We will conduct an electronic search for articles published between January 1990 and January 2017 using a prespecified search strategy in MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE, CENTRAL and Web of Science. Our search will focus only on randomised controlled clinical trials in unhealthy subjects that employ either a parallel or a crossover design; this search will involve concurrent control groups. The primary outcomes of the literature are to determine the CoQ10 efficacy on the changes in the serum IL-6 and the TNF-a levels in unhealthy subjects. Secondary outcomes such as body mass index, serum adiponectin and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels, lipid profile and the heterogeneity assessment of the primary studies will be evaluated. The stages of screen articles, the extracts of relevant data and the assessment of study quality using the Cochrane risk of bias tool will be conducted independently by the two reviewers. Any disagreement will be resolved by discussion with a third person. If the number of eligible studies is sufficient, we will carry out a meta-analysis according to both outcomes. Ethics and dissemination This study is the protocol for a systematic review and no ethics approval is needed. The findings from the full systematic review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal, and they will also be exhibited at national/international academic and clinical conferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of inflammatory bowel disease that is caused by immune and inflammatory factors and reactive oxygen species overproduction-related oxidative stress. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) could act as a helpful agent for maintaining the remission of UC. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate the effect of CoQ10 supplementation on inflammatory markers, antioxidant status, disease severity, quality of life, and microRNA-146a expression rate in UC patients. Methods: This double-blind randomized clinical trial was performed on patients with mild to moderate UC, who were referred to Hazrat Rasool Akram Hospital. Eligible patients were randomly divided into the CoQ10 (200 mg/daily) and placebo (200 mg rice flour) groups for 8 weeks. Inflammatory status, antimicrobial peptides, disease severity using SCCAI questionnaire, and IBDQ-32 scores were assessed during the intervention period. Results: Overall, 86 patients could complete the intervention period. CoQ10 supplementation for 8 weeks significantly decreased plasma levels of IL-17, the nuclear activity of NF-κB p65, severity of disease activity over the placebo group. Also, serum levels of IL-10, cathelicidin LL-37 and the IBDQ-32 scores increased significantly in the CoQ10 group over the placebo group. While, there was not seen a significant difference between the two groups in serum Nrf2, β-defensin-2, and the relative rate of miR-146a expression. Conclusion: our results indicated that CoQ10 supplementation along with drug therapy appears to have beneficial effects on lowering inflammation, improving quality of life, and reducing clinical activity severity of disease in patients with mild-to-moderate UC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Despite the poor micronutrient status in critical illness as well as the remarkable importance of the role of micronutrients, it remains unclear how to optimize supplementation of vitamins, appropriate dose, and duration of vitamin administration in critically ill patients. Higher stress and critical situations result in a severe depletion of vitamins due to a combination of raised utilization, poor absorption, and altered metabolism. Methods: We reviewed systematic reviews and meta-analyses of vitamins C, D, and thiamine supplementation in critically ill patients. An electronic literature search was conducted between 2010 and 2021, using PubMed, Web of Sciences and Scopus. Systematic reviews and metaanalyses were considered eligible papers. Result: After the initial search we screened 483 articles; a total of 41 systematic reviews and metaanalyses were eventually included and evaluated. Included studies contain studies ranging from 4-29 randomized clinical trials. Studies on vitamin C (n= 18) and vitamin D (n=17) assessed the effect of it on pancreatitis, postoperative atrial fibrillation, the outcome associated with critical illness, sepsis, pulmonary diseases as well as Covid-19. Thiamin administration improved ICU delirium and outcomes related to sepsis in combination with vitamin C (n = 6). Conclusion: There is a controversy between studies and meta-analyses assessing the effect of vitamins on critical care and more studies for determining the dose and duration of vitamin supplementation in critical care are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]