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Portfolio assessment has emerged as an alternative technique of assessment of students due to its noteworthy role in enhancing students’ achievement. Therefore, the present study was an attempt to develop a portfolio and further investigate the role of portfolio assessment on students’ achievement at the secondary school level students. Pupils of the ninth class were considered as the population of the research study. Two groups of ninth-class students (Control Group and Experimental Group) from a public school located in Multan were treated as a sample of the study. The targeted population consisted of 73 students. The control group students (N=42) were assessed through traditional assessment techniques, whereas the experimental group (N=31) received treatment (portfolio assessment strategy). Data were collected through the results of the first-term examination, second-term examination, third-term examination and monthly tests from September to December. All tests and results were saved in their portfolios, and later on, their achievement was assessed on the basis of recorded information in a portfolio. Test scores and self-reporting questionnaire scores were used as measures of students’ academic achievements and mean The percentage of the experimental group was 67.3%, while the control group got 52.3%. There was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups for the first term and a significant difference for the third term.

The motivation to learn English as a second language is always motivated through different orientations which are of ultimate interest to the researchers. These orientations are originating from both integrative as well as instrumental conceptualizations. As the lingua franca is English so these orientations are becoming more complex. In Pakistan, where English is used as L2 new orientations are emerging with the growing needs. The factor analysis employed by Mansoor (2015) in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa is taken as a model framework to study the same in Southern Punjab (Pakistan). For the current study a sample of 150 students of Business Administration Department of universities at Southern Punjab were taken as a population for the factor analysis. The findings support the fact that the integrative factor which is „Matter of Dignity‟ towards studying English as a second language from the available set of orientations is a stronger factor among the undergraduate students of Southern Punjab.

Cadmium (Cd) contaminated soil is a global concern and restoration of contaminated soil is challenging due to its persistence and non-biodegradability. In this study the phytoextraction capability of ornamental plant (Pelargonium zonale) for remediating Cd contaminated soil was assessed. For this purpose, culture experiment was carried out, soil was spiked with various levels of Cd (0 – 150 mg kg-1). After 1 month of spiking, pots were filled with spiked and control soils, 15 days old healthy seedlings of P. zonale were transplanted in all pots and grown for 2 months under greenhouse conditions, harvested and analyzed for different parameters such as Cd concentration in shoots/roots, tolerance index (Ti), Cd uptake, translocation factor (TF) and bioconcentration factor (BCF). The results showed that P. zonale survived at highest Cd levels and Ti was more than 60%. Furthermore, the TF and BCF was more than 1 and Cd accumulation in the shoots was more than 100 mg kg-1. This study showed that P. zonale has great capability for restoring Cd contaminated soils.

Background: People who have osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee are frequently required to wear shoes that reduce the knee's adduction moment. There is a lack of evidence on how footwear adjustments along withphysiotherapy treatment might enhance spatiotemporal gait characteristics in knee OA patients. Objectives: To determine the variation in the effect of two types of footwear modifications along with physiotherapy treatment on gait characteristics of patients with knee Osteoarthritis. Methodology: 60 individuals with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee were randomly assigned to two experimental groups. Group A (n=30) underwent conventional Physical therapy treatment and footwear adjustment as Lateral Heel Wedge with Medial arch support while group B (n=30) received conventional physiotherapy treatment and footwear adjustment as Lateral Heel Wedge only. Fast cadence, Speed and stride length were evaluated at baseline as well as 8th, 16th and 24th week of treatment.Data was analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28. Unstandardized beta coefficients with 95% confidence intervals were provided to aid in the interpretation of the data. Data was presented as mean ±, and frequency while to find out the association of cadence speed and stride length with both group's treatment protocol. Results: Both groups were not significantly differentat the baseline. Of the spatiotemporal gait characteristics, the fast cadence statistically increased by the 8th week for both groups, with a non-significant difference indicated as p=0.59. P-values of 0.03 at 16th week and 0.007 at24th week were observed for between-group analysis, with Group A showing better improvement.Fast stride length of both groups improved significantly but more in group A after 8th week (p=0.01), 16th week (p=0.013) and 24th week (p=0.05) Fast speed was increased in all three intervals for both groups having significant correlation (p=0.20, 0.03, 0.009). But better results in patients using footwear with medial arch support. Conclusion:There was significant association found between physical therapy intervention and both types of footwear modification in terms of improving spatiotemporal gait characteristics, but the statistics showed that the group with Lateral heel wedge with Medial arch support presented with better improvements in these parameters.

The main aim of the present study was to assess the removal of cadmium (Cd) from contaminated soil by using Pelargonium × hortorum - an ornamental plant. Furthermore, the genotoxic impacts of Cd on plant was evaluated, and accumulated Cd in shoots were recovered as Cd-nanoparticles. For this purpose, a pot experiment was carried out with Cd (0-150 mg/kg) spiked soil. P. hortorum was grown for 24 weeks in a greenhouse. Subsequently, harvested root/shoot biomass and Cd concentration in root/shoot were determined. The micronucleus assay was performed to assess the genotoxicity of Cd within the selected plant. Accumulated Cd in shoots was recovered as Cd-nanoparticles and was characterized by SEM and XRD. Exposure to Cd exhibited a phytotoxic impact by reducing the plant biomass, but plant survived at higher Cd concentrations and the tolerance index was greater than 60% at a higher Cd level (150 mg/kg). Moreover, 257 mg/kg of Cd in aerial parts was observed, and maximum Cd uptake (120 mg plant

The Cobalt Oxide and Calcium-Aluminum Oxide nano-catalysts were analyzed using Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. Preliminary results showed that the particles of Cobalt Oxide exhibit sponge like morphology and homogenous distribution as per confirmation via SEM. Its average particle size ranges to 30.6 nm demonstrating enormous number of pores and aggregative in nature. Its various peaks were ranging from 19.2 to 65.4 after XRD analysis. The highest intensity was observed at 36.9 position. The energy dispersive spectroscopy techniques were used to calculate the elements present in sample according to their weight and atomic percentage. The cobalt oxide contain cobalt as the most abundant element with 46.85 wt% and 18.01 atomic percent. It contain oxygen with 30.51 wt% and 43.19 atomic percent. Whereas, SEM of calcium aluminum oxide showed random morphology. According to the calculation of Scherrer equation regarding XRD analysis, it was distributed homogenously with particle size ranges from 30 to 40 nm. Its porous morphology was due to the interconnecting gaps between different particles. It result the eight peaks ranging from 18.1 to 62.7 in XRD spectrum. The highest intensity observed at 35.1 with average crystallite particle size of 25.6 nm. The calcium aluminum oxide contain aluminum 7.45 wt% and 6.93 atomic percent. The calcium was the most abundant element with54.7 wt% and 34.24 atomic percent followed by oxygen with 37.26 wt% and 58.42 atomic percent. It was concluded that the SEM, XRD, and EDX are the most significant techniques to characterize nano-catalysts in particular and other compounds generally.

Hazarganji Chiltan National Park in Balochistan, Pakistan was established in 1980 and the protected area was further extended in 1998. Large area of this mountain is still open for unmanaged human disturbances such as collection of wood for fuel purpose and livestock grazing. Removal of vegetation of rangelands has a significant negative impact on soil organic matter (SOM). This research evaluates litter decomposition in three sites of Hazarganji Chiltan mountain with varying history of human disturbances (unprotected site, young protected site and old protected site). Twigs of Pistacia khinjuk with approximately equal weight and length were placed in litter bags of mesh size 2 mm and were buried in 0-5 cm depth in three sites in January. Half of the twigs of each site received rain simulation in April, August, October, November and January while the other half of the twigs were subjected under natural conditions for 15 months. Twigs from each plot of each treatment of each site were collected from soil after every rain simulation in the previous month of experiment and were processed for weight loss assessment. Results showed that weight loss of twigs by decomposition was significantly higher in the soil of unprotected site as compared to other two sites and there was no difference between rain simulation and control treatments except that loss of weight of twigs of unprotected site was higher under control than rain simulation condition. To confirm that SOM was the major controlling factor for the decomposition of litter decay, soils of each site were collected and burned to remove SOM; thereafter, burned soil samples were mixed with homogenous powder of oven-dried native plants, incubated for 6 months and were provided with dissolved organic matter of the soils of each site. Results showed that there was no difference in the decomposition of litter between soils under controlled laboratory condition, which confirmed that SOM was a major controlling factor for the litter decay in soil under field conditions. The pyrosequencing analysis of the DNA of soils collected from three sites revealed the presence of bacterial species Thermovum composti.

Two-dimensional (2D) monolayer nanomaterials are the thinnest possible membranes with interesting selective permeation characteristics. Among two-dimensional materials, graphenes and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) are the most promising membrane materials, which can even allow the separation of proton isotopes. The current work aims at understanding the higher reported permeability of h-BN by sequential doping of B and N atoms in graphene nanoflakes. The kinetic barriers were calculated with two different models of graphenes; coronene and dodecabenzocoronene

Microbially enhanced availability and phytoextraction is a promising technique for phytoremediation of lead (Pb). In this study, Pb resistant strains were isolated and investigated for potential effects on plant growth and Pb phytoextraction. Incubation experiments were carried for inoculated and un–inoculated soil containing different levels of Pb. Results revealed that 20% of the isolated bacteria could tolerate Pb up to 800 mg L−1. Five Pb resistant strains with plant growth promoting (PGP) abilities were evaluated for possible influence on water soluble Pb through soil incubation experiments and significant increase i.e. 1.85– and 1.49–folds in water soluble Pb was observed for NCCP–1848 and NCCP–1862 strains, respectively. Pot experiments indicated significantly higher uptake by Pelargonium hortorum than that by Mesembryanthemum criniflorrum at all levels of soil Pb concentrations with the highest increase (1.9–folds) in plants inoculated with NCCP–1848 followed by NCCP–1862 (1.8–folds increase) compared to the control (Pb and without bacterial strain). The strains NCCP–1848 and NCCP–1862 were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Microbacterium sp. and Klebsiella sp. The results of present study suggest that Pb resistant plant growth promoting bacteria can serve as an effective bio–inoculant through wide action spectrum for maximizing efficiency of phytoremediation system.

Lead (Pb) is known for its low mobility and persistence in soils. The main aim of the present study was to explore potential of different fungal strains to promote phytoextraction of Pb-contaminated soils. Five non-pathogenic fungal strains (Trichoderma harzianum, Penicillium simplicissimum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Mucor spp.) were tested for their ability to modify soil properties (pH and organic matter) and to increase Pb phytoavailability at varying concentrations. Lead tolerance of fungal strains followed the decreasing order as A. niger > T. harzianum > A. flavus > Mucor sp. > P. simplicissimum. Lead solubility induced by A. flavus and Mucor spp. was increased by 1.6- and 1.8-fold, respectively, as compared to the control soil (Pb added, without fungi). A. flavus and Mucor spp. lowered the soil pH by - 0.14 and - 0.13 units, in soils spiked with 2000 mg Pb kg-1. The maximum increase in the percentage of organic matter (OM) recorded was 1.7-fold for A. flavus at 500 mg Pb kg-1 soil. Plant growth-promoting assays confirmed the beneficial role of these fungal strains. Significantly high production of IAA (249 μg mL-1) and siderophores (61%) was observed with A. niger, and phosphate solubilization with P. simplicissimum (58 μg mL-1). Based on the results in Pb-contaminated soils, Pelargonium hortorum L. inoculated with Mucor spp. showed the potential to enhance phytoextraction of Pb by promoting Pb phytoavailability in soil and improving plant biomass production through plant growth-promoting activities.

The aim of this study was to assess EDTA-assisted Pb and Cd phytoextraction potential of locally grown Pelargonium hortorum and Pelargonium zonale. Plants were exposed to different levels of Pb (0-1500 mg kg

The aim of this study was to compare organic and inorganic amendments namely citric acid, ammonium nitrate, compost, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in enhancing the bioavailability of cadmium (Cd) in assisted phytoextraction. Uncontaminated soil was spiked with different levels of Cd (25–150 mg kg−1) by using CdSO4 salt. Different levels of five amendments used were as follows: EDTA (0–5 mmol kg−1), citric acid (0–10 mmol kg−1), ammonium nitrate (0–10 mmol kg−1), TiO2 NPs (0–100 mg kg−1), and compost (0–10%). Pelargonium hortorum plants were grown on amended soils for a period of 6 months and different parameter were considered to evaluate bioavailability of Cd upon application of amendments. The bioavailability of Cd in soil was increased by 1.2-, 0.8-, 0.4-, and 0.2-fold in EDTA, citric acid, ammonium nitrate, and TiO2 NPs, respectively. However, Cd bioavailability was decreased by 0.5-fold in compost-amended soils. The efficiency of amendments for mobilizing Cd followed the order: EDTA > citric acid > ammonium nitrate > TiO2 NPs > compost. The maximum accumulations of Cd in root (350 mg Cd kg−1) and shoot (943 mg Cd kg−1) were observed upon EDTA application and minimum concentrations in root (125 mg Cd kg−1) and shoot (104 mg Cd kg−1) were observed in compost-amended soils. The maximum (2.7 g) and minimum (1.5 g) plant biomass was observed upon compost and EDTA application, respectively. The maximum Cd uptake per plant (1.44 mg) and metal extraction ratio (4.4%) were observed in citric acid-amended soils due to better biomass produced. Among all amendments, citric acid can be recommended as an environmentally friendly and effective substitute to EDTA for assisted phytoextraction of Cd to decontaminate polluted soil as Cd uptake per plant and metal extraction ratio were the highest upon application of citric acid.

The present study focused on investigating the effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) on rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and changes in soil health in two contrasting soil textures (silt-loam and clay). Moreover, response of rice to different methods of TiO2NPs application and phosphorous fertilizer levels were also evaluated. For toxicity assessment, pot experiment was carried out. TiO2NPs (0, 500, 750 mg kg−1) were applied and plants were grown till vegetative stage. After harvesting, physiological parameters, stress assay, soil microbial and enzymatic activities were determined. Based on the results of toxicity study, impact of three methods of TiO2NPs application (foliar, irrigation, soil) and four phosphorous fertilizer levels (0, 10, 20, 40 mg kg−1) on rice growth were assessed. During the 1st phase, results showed an adverse effect of TiO2NPs on plant growth and soil microorganisms in both soil textures at 750 mg kg−1. The H2O2 production, lipid peroxidation and leaf membrane injury index were increased by 4.3–, 2.4–, and 1.9–folds in clay soil upon 750 mg kg−1 TiO2NPs application. Likewise, at the same level of TiO2NPs; microbial biomass, dehydrogenase, and respiration were decreased by 0.91–, 0.79–, and 0.78– folds respectively. In 2nd phase, maximum shoot length, biomass, phosphorous uptake and rice grain protein content were observed under application of TiO2NPs (500 mg kg−1) through irrigation method in combination with 40 mg P kg−1. However, 20 and 40 mg P kg−1 performed equally well upon TiO2NPs application and the results were not statistically significant. The results suggest that 750 mg kg−1 of TiO2NPs negatively affect plant growth and soil enzymatic activities. Moreover, combined application of TiO2NPs (500 mg kg−1) through irrigation and 20 mg P kg−1 is recommended to be the optimum for growth of rice plant.

In this modern era, medicine is facing many alarming challenges. Among different challenges, antibiotics are gaining importance. Recent years have seen unprecedented increase in knowledge and understanding of various factors that are root cause of the spread and development of resistance in microbes against antibiotics. The infection results in the formation of microbial colonies which are termed as biofilms. However, it has been found that a multiple factors contribute in the formation of antimicrobial resistance. Due to higher dose of Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) as well as of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), a large batch of antibiotics available today are of no use as they are ineffective against infections. Therefore, to control infections, there is dire need to adopt alternative treatment for biofilm infection other than antibiotics. This review highlights the latest techniques that are being used to cure the menace of biofilm infections. A wide range of mechanisms has been examined with particular attention towards avenues which can be proved fruitful in the treatment of biofilms. Besides, newer strategies, i.e., matrix centered are also discussed as alternative therapeutic techniques including modulating microbial metabolism, matrix degrading enzyme, photodynamic therapy, natural compounds quorum sensing and nanotechnology which are being used to disrupt extra polymeric substances (EPS) matrix of desired bacterial biofilms.

In order to find an economical and environmentally sustainable solution, the synergistic (plant–microbe) interaction plays an important role for management of heavy metal impacted soils and inorganic pollutants. Bacterial assisted phytoremediation has a great potential for the restoration of metal contaminated environments. Resistance to multiple toxic heavy metals as well as production of plant growth promoting substances such as siderophores, ACC deaminase, and indole acetic acid are important attributes of microbes. These mechanisms have the potential for enhancing plant growth in metal stressed environments with important implications for phytoremediation. In this chapter, we have focused on molecular mechanism in phytoremediation, microbial interactions with metals and inorganic contaminants, plant–microbe interactions in phytoremediation, and symbiosis for phytoremediation of heavy metals by summarizing current knowledge of the field, covering all aspects of plant–microbes interaction in remediating metals and inorganic pollutant.

Food security and safety are critical for the ever-increasing population of the world. Recent advancements in science and technology have helped mankind to improve living standards greatly compared to the past. These developments and population growth have led to new problems like food security and safety issues, climate change, environmental degradation, water scarcity, and safe disposal of effluents. Consequently, there are chances of badly affecting one or more important processes of sustainability/productivity. However, nanotechnology has shown promise to address multiple issues including crop production. Nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in different sectors like medicine, electronics, wastewater treatment, and agriculture. The NPs affect the soil quality, microorganisms, and plants either positively or negatively depending on the type, concentration, structure, and size. Along with the NPs’ characteristics, soil physicochemical features like soil pH, texture, and organic matter are also important. In this chapter, the focus is on the effects of NPs on nutrient mobility and uptake in order to improve crop productivity to ensure food security.

Improving phytoremediation efficiency in lead (Pb) contaminated soil through either bacterial or fungal inoculants have extensively been studied with different successes and limitations. In this study, co-application of bacteria and fungi have been investigated for development of an integrated phytoremediation system (IPS) for efficient Pb removal and restoration of soil microbial and enzymatic activities in degraded soil. For this purpose, Pb tolerant bacterial and fungal strains were firstly analyzed for antifungal and antibacterial activities through disc diffusion method. Afterwards, the co-inoculation studies were performed to investigate the effects on phytoavailability and uptake of Pb by Pelargonium hortorum through soil incubation and pot culture experiments, respectively. Results indicated significant (p 0.05) antibacterial activity of Mucor spp. against bacterial species (Klebsiella variicola and K. quasipneumoniae). The highest significant increase in extractable Pb fraction (5.0-folds) was observed when soil was co-inoculated with Aspergillus flavus + Microbacterium paraoxydans compared to the control soil (un-inoculated soil) at 2000 mg Pb kg

The aim of present work was to evaluate the effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO

The present study focused on investigating the effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO

Chelation of lead (Pb) is an important factor in enhancing the Pb mobility thereby improving availability to promote phytoremediation of Pb from contaminated soil. The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of amendments in enhancing the phytoremediation of Pb in soil. For this purpose, soil was spiked to obtain desired Pb concentrations (0–1500 mg kg−1) and pots were filled. One month old and uniform seedlings of Pelargonium hortoum were transplanted into each pot. Five different amendments i.e. compost (0–10%), ammonium nitrate (0–10 mmol kg−1), TiO2NPs (0–100 mg kg−1), citric acid (0–10 mmol kg−1) and EDTA (0–5 mmol kg−1), were applied. Overall, ammonium nitrate, EDTA and citric acid application increased the Pb concentration, however, compost and TiO2NPs decreased the concentration in roots and shoots. At 1500 mg Pb kg−1, Pb concentration in shoots was increased by 0.9–, 0.6– & 0.8–folds and in roots by 1.8–, 1.3– & 1.7–folds upon EDTA, ammonium nitrate and citric acid application, respectively. TiO2NPs and compost application decreased Pb concentration by 29% & 35% in shoots and 25% & 51% in roots, respectively. At the highest level of Pb (1500 mg kg−1), plant biomass was increased by 26.6%, 19.5%, 17.9% and 18.4% upon application of compost, TiO2 NPs, ammonium nitrate and citric acid, respectively. However, EDTA reduced the plant dry biomass by 28.4%. The accumulated Pb content was recovered as Pb-nanoparticles, which were in anatase phase, size ranged between 98 and 276 nm. Among all the studied amendments, citric acid efficiently increased Pb phytoaccumulation without any toxicity.

This chapter covers different aspects of solid waste management (SWM) in Pakistan. Being a developing country, Pakistan is facing serious environmental issue as a result of improper and limited SWM practices. The current status of waste generation is far high than waste management operation working in the country. Detailed information has been provided on account of waste generation per capita, waste composition and types, current status of waste management practices, policy and legislations on solid waste management. Furthermore, particular challenges in local setups for achieving waste management goals have been highlighted. There is urgent need to look into the various options to deal with proper management of solid waste in the country. In this regard, various projects by governmental and private sector have been initiated. Particularly, projects related to waste to energy (WTE) have been planned and operational in certain parts of the country.

Abbottabad is a famous tourist destination due to its greenery and location. However, rapid increase in population and unplanned urbanization cause various environmental problems. Among different environmental stress, vehicular emission is the major issue for the survival and sustainability of plant species. This study aimed to investigate the effects of atmospheric pollution (caused by vehicular emission) on the anatomical, biochemical and morphological aspects of plant species present alongside the roads of Abbottabad, Pakistan. The plants were also collected from control sites (away from road-sites) for comparison. The results showed that various morphological characteristics of plant species including petiole length, vein-to-vein difference between leaves and length to breadth ratio of leaves were adversely affected by air pollution. The stomatal index varies in plant species because of variations in the numbers of epidermal cells. The air pollution tolerance index (APTI) of plant leaves from contaminated areas was reported to be higher as compared to control (non-contaminated) areas. Consequently, the findings from this study confirmed that plant species growing alongside of Abbottabad roads has greater tolerance than plant species growing in solitude areas away from road sites (control sites). Among different studied plants, Juglans regia, Morus nigra, Xanthium strumarium, Prunus armenica, Diospterus lotus and Populus ciliata have highest APTI and found to be more suitable for plantation in Abbottabad.

Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are ubiquitously present in surface soils, due to anthropogenic activities, causing threat to ecological and human health because of their carcinogenic nature. They accumulate in large quantities in the environment and affect negatively soil microbiota, plants, animals, and humans. For the cleanup of Cd/Pb polluted soils, different plant species have been studied. Many plants have shown the potential to hyperaccumulate Cd/Pb in their above-ground tissues. These plants decrease soil pH by root exudation or by releasing H+ ions, and this, in turn, increases the bioavailability of Cd/Pb for plant uptake. Different environmental processes related to soil organic matter, microorganisms, pH, genetic modifications, and various soil-borne chelating agents affect the potential of phytoremediation technology. Review papers trying to identify a single factor influencing the phytoremediation of heavy metals are available in the literature. However, an integrated approach dealing with different factors involved in the remediation of both metals is scarcely discussed. The main focus of this review is to discuss the phytoextraction technique for Cd/Pb removal from contaminated sites along with detoxification mechanisms. Further, the challenges in the Cd/Pb phytoextraction and different options available to cope with these challenges are also discussed. The update on the relevant findings on the use of microorganisms and amendments in enhancing the Cd/Pb phytoextraction is also provided. Finally, the areas to be explored in future research for the removal of Cd/Pb by integrated strategies have been discussed.

The aim of present work was to evaluate the effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) on rice’s growth (Oryza sativa L.) and nutrient availability under different soil textures. Greenhouse experiment was carried out with three soil textures (sandy loam, silt loam and silty clay loam) and two concentrations of TiO2 NPs (500, 750 mg kg−1). Control (without TiO2 NPs) was also maintained for the comparison. Growth parameters including chlorophyll content, root/shoot length, fresh/dry biomass and nutrients’ uptake including calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), phosphorous (P), potassium (K) and zinc (Zn) were determined. The results revealed that application of 500 mg kg−1 TiO2 NPs in silty clay loam soil increased the chlorophyll content (3.3-folds), root length (49%), shoot length (31%), root and shoot biomass (41% & 39%, respectively) as compared to other soil textures. The maximum plant growth was observed in silty clay loam > silt loam > sandy loam. Concentration of Cu, Fe, P and Zn in shoot was increased by 8 − , 2.3 − , 0.4 − , 0.05 −folds in silty clay loam upon 500 mg kg−1 TiO2 NPs application as compared to the control. Backward selection method to model the parameters (nutrients in soil) for the response variables (root/shoot length and biomass) showed that Ca, Fe, P are the main nutrients responsible for the increase in plant length and biomass. Overall, the growth of rice was better in silty clay loam at 500 mg kg−1 of TiO2 NPs.

This study was aimed to explore the level of psychological distress and posttraumatic stress among female burn survivors in Pakistan. It was also intended to study the kind of social support available to these burn survivors in a society where women right violation is common. The sample consisted of 35 female burn victims selected from two hospitals. General Health Questionnaire, posttraumatic stress disorder Checklist-Specific, and Social Support Scale were used to measure study variables in addition to a short open-ended questionnaire to identify coping strategies of these burn survivors. Consistent with the hypothesis, results found a high level of psychological reaction among female burn survivors. About one-quarter of the sample (23%) presented severe symptoms of psychological distress whereas 20% of the sample reported to experience severe posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. There was a significant inverse relationship between psychological reactions and social support as hypothesized. Majority of female burn victims found to use emotion-focused coping (EFC) mainly including prayers, emotional discourse, and using drugs. The findings of the study would be helpful to plastic surgeons, dermatologists, psychologists, and social workers to understand the patient's psychological reactions, their copying styles, and the role of social support in the rehabilitation program for these survivors.

Extensive use of antibiotic results in significant antibiotics pollution in the environment. Main objective of this study was to gain insight into potential impacts of antibiotics on plant physiological growth and nutritional composition, and stress alleviation through application of different organic amendments. Effects of five antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, amoxicillin and ampicillin) were observed in the presence of three organic amendments (rice husk, farmyard manure and poultry litter) with rice (Oryza sativa L.) as a model plant. Organic amendments were mixed with soil (@ 5 g kg−1) and after three weeks, antibiotics were applied (@10 mg kg−1) and plants were allowed to grow for four months. After which plants were harvested and physical growth parameters (root/shoot length, biomass) and nutritional composition (grain protein content, carbohydrates, phosphorous and iron) were monitored. It was observed that germination rate, seedling root/shoot length, seedling biomass and vigor index were negatively impacted. The application of organic amendments alleviated antibiotic stress on seedling dry biomass, length and vigor index by 1.8–, 3.1– and 2.5–folds, respectively as compared to the antibiotic controls. Concentrations of phosphorous, iron, carbohydrates and proteins were decreased by 5.3–, 1.3–, 1.4– and 1.6–folds upon application of antibiotics. Rice husk was the most effective treatment in case of physical growth parameters and alleviating antibiotics’ induced genotoxicity. Whereas, poultry litter had the highest positive effect on nutritional composition of plants. In general, the application of organic amendments alleviated the phytotoxicity as well as genotoxicity in plants under antibiotics stress.

Soils contaminated with Pb and As are difficult to remediate. In this study, the utility of coupling As-hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata with metal-resistant rhizobacteria was explored. Siderophore-producing and P-solubilizing As-resistant bacteria from the P. vittata rhizosphere were screened for resistance to multiple metals. Results indicated Pseudomonas spp. strain PG-12 was most efficient in resisting multiple metals, i.e., up to 0.6 mM Cd and 10 mM Pb. Amplification of gene fragments encoding various metal efflux transporters (PbrA and CadA2) from genomic DNA of PG-12 suggested that metal efflux might play a role in its metal resistance and detoxification. In addition, PG-12 produced significant levels of plant growth hormones including 17.4 μg mL−1 indole acetic acid and 3.54 μg mL−1 gibberellin. P. vittata sporophytes inoculated with PG-12 were grown in Pb-contaminated medium and exhibited improved growth, increased P uptake, and reduced Pb uptake into plant tissue compared to the control. Results demonstrated that viable PG-12 cells were responsible for Pb immobilization and plant growth enhancement in P. vittata. The ability of PG-12 cells to solubilize P and display resistance to multiple metals combined with the production of plant hormones indole acetic acid and gibberellin make PG-12 a suitable candidate for plant growth promotion in metal-contaminated soil.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of soil amendments (organic and inorganic) on phytoavailability and leaching of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) during enhanced phytoextraction. The vertical column study was carried out to investigate the metal leaching meanwhile studying plant biomass and metals uptake for phytoextraction by Pelargonium hortroum. For this purpose, soil amendments at several concentration levels, such as ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA 0, 4, 5 mmol kg−1), ammonium nitrate (0, 8, 10 mmol kg−1), citric acid (0, 8, 10 mmol kg−1), compost (0, 8%, 10%) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TNPs, 0, 80, 100 mg kg−1) were used. Results revealed that EDTA efficiently improved Cd and Pb accumulation (mg kg−1) in shoots and roots. Cd accumulation was significantly increased by 270%, 44%, 145%, and 6.4% in shoot and 94%, 19%, 48% and 14% in root upon EDTA, ammonium nitrate, citric acid and TNPs application, respectively compared to the control without amendment (WA). Similarly, Pb accumulation was significantly increased by 71%, 58% and 52% in shoot and 88.8%, 70.6% and 64.6% in root upon exposure to higher levels of EDTA, citric acid and ammonium nitrate, respectively when compared to the WA control. Application of TNPs reduced the Pb-accumulation in shoots and roots by 33% and 28%, respectively. Similarly, the Pb-accumulation in shoots and roots was decreased by 39% and 35%, respectively upon compost addition. Plant biomass was significantly increased upon application of soil amendments, with the exception of EDTA. The maximum Cd and Pb uptake was found in citric acid amended soil. Leachate analysis revealed that the concentrations of Cd and Pb were increased by 109% and 101% in leachates upon EDTA application as compared to other amendments. In comparison with other amendments, citric acid may be recommended as an environmentally friendly alternative for non-biodegradable EDTA for enhanced phytoextraction of Cd and Pb.

Contamination of surface soils with lead (Pb) is a global concern due to the release of hazardous materials containing the metal element. In order to explore ways to remediate contaminated soils with less impact on environment and costs, this study aimed at screening ornamental plant species exposed to Pb gradient in spiked soils for Pb phytoextraction. Twenty-one ornamental plant species that currently grow in Pakistan, were selected to assess their potential for Pb accumulation. Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the accumulative properties of the different plant species in unspiked control (Pb = 0) and spiked soils with different levels of Pb at 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg Pb kg−1 of soil. Biotranslocation factor (TF), Enrichment factor (EF) and Bioconcentration factor (CF) were calculated to assess the phytoremediation potential of tested plant species after seven weeks of exposure. Out of 21 plant species, Pelargonium hortorum and Mesembryanthemum criniflorum performed better and accumulated more than 1000 mg Pb kg−1 of shoot dry biomass when they were grown in 500, 1000 and 1500 mg Pb kg−1 contaminated soils. Both plants had no significant (P < 0.05) variation in the total dry biomass with increasing soil Pb concentration indicating a high tolerance to Pb. Considering the capacity of Pb accumulation, total dry biomass, TF, EF & CF indices, Pelargonium hortorum and Mesembryanthemum criniflorum could be considered as Pb hyperaccumulators and could have the potential to be used in phytoremediation.

Objective: Studies have shown that certain personality types (distressed personality-Type D) and Psychological Distress (anxiety/depression) is associated with Myocardial Infarction (MI) and has etiological and prognostic implications. Substantial research evidence has also suggested that Type D personality is significant predictor of post MI anxiety, depression and impaired quality of life. The present study was conducted for the first time in Pakistan to assess type D personality and its association with the level of anxiety, depression and Quality of life in patients after Myocardial Infarction (MI). Methods: In the present cross- sectional study, 100(54 males, 46females) first time diagnosed (3 weeks - 12 weeks) patients of Myocardial Infarction (WHO criteria) were selected. Socio-demographic details and medical histories were recorded. Type D personality was assessed with translated version (Urdu) of Distress Scale (DS-14). Psychological Distress in terms of Anxiety and Depression was measured with Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) while Quality of Life was assessed with WHO quality of Life scale (WHOQOL-BREF). Results: The data analysis revealed that 59% of MI patients were identified as having Type D personality traits (27 Males, 32 Females). Significant symptoms of depression (43%) and anxiety (46%) were exhibited by these patients. Type D personality was identified as significant predictor of Quality of life [OR: 1.06; 95% CI (1.02 - 1.11), p