Search

Improved high-yielding apple varieties are important for reducing food insecurity in developing countries and improving horticultural production and productivity. The study used cross-sectional data from a survey conducted during 2021 fruit season, a probit model analysis was used to determine the probability of adopting new, improved apple varieties (NIAVs) by growers from two main apple-producing districts of Kashmir valley i.e., Shopian and Pulwama. The results revealed that the education of the respondent, extension services availed, and apple plant accessibility play significant roles in decisions regarding the adoption of new apple varieties. Moreover, farming variables like holding size is the key factor influencing the probability of adopting NIAVs in the study area. The extensive role performed by extension services, enormous emphasis on dissemination, demonstration, and growers' participatory studies and training packages to popularize and undertake new apple varieties and enhance their adoption rate is required on a large scale in the study area. The study suggests that policy intervention ought to be made to improve the educational status of apple-growing households and develop programs on a varietal package of apples that offer apple growers a variety of choices in selecting the appropriate varieties for adoption. Such programs ultimately help growers develop more profit-oriented behaviour, which will not only enhance adoption rate, profitability, and production but will also improve food &nutritional security in the long run in the region in the particular and whole valley in general.

Skin cancer is one of the most growing types and dangerous cancer in the world. The early diagnosis of melanoma and other ski cancer is a critical issue for dermatologists. In this paper, we using Machine Learning Algorithm for Detection of Deadliest Forms of Skin Cancer. This project aims to develop a skin cancer detection ML Model which can classify the skin cancer types and help in early detection. The ML Model is developed in Dot Net (. Net). The model is developed and tested with different network architectures by varying the type of layers used to train the machine. Basically our model use DNN (Deep Neural Network) and ResNet50 for detection of skin cancer. The model will be tested and trained on the dataset collected from the International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC)

Out of five wild Malus species in the world, Malus baccata (L.) Borkh (MB) is reported from the extremely cold areas of north western Himalayas. These are widely used as a rootstock or source of resistance against various biotic and abiotic stresses due to its ecological adaptability and cold hardiness. The study of genetic diversity is an important aspect to be covered for proper utilization of the wild apple germplasm for breeding purpose. The 29 Malus baccata accessions were used to divulge their genetic diversity using morpho-molecular markers. Based on morphological characters, Mahalanobis D2statistics resolved all accessions in four clusters. A set of 85 SSR were used to study molecular diversity among the accessions. The AMOVA stated genetic diversity between populations of genotypes was lower (7%) compared to that observed within and among the individuals of the populations (93%). The effective allele number (2.63) was found to be lower than mean allele number (3.7), with mean heterozygosity as 0.51. The gene diversity varied between 0.10 for Hi02d05 to 0.79 for CH-Vf1.The expected heterozygosity was greater than observed heterozygosity for total analysed loci of SSR. The average PIC value was found as 0.50. The accessions were segregated into two distinct classes using heirarchical clustering method. Further, population structure also differentiated the 29 accessions into two populations, with sub-population I accounts for 18 accessions and sub-population II consisted of only 9 accessions. MB-5 and MB-20 accessions fall in the admixture group. The differentiated populations were validated and reconfirmed by the PCoA analysis. . The morphological features and molecular markers revealed significant level of genetic diversity along with population differentiation among the maintained accessions.

The paper depicts impact of SO2, NO2, ozone and CO in chosen road plants of Saharanpur and Herbertpur regions in Indian dominion. Plant species falling in and around the area of modern territory and street side were chosen for examining purpose. Different morphological attributes and impact of business and vehicular residue on chlorophyll shade were contemplated and noticed the impact of residue molecule on development of the plant species (Ficus religiosa, Mangifera indica). In the examination the impacts of residue on chosen tree species was noticed and which will help in overseeing advancement of green belt to lessen the air contamination in the investigation area. Treatment with dust fundamentally expanded the fixation on leaves and the impacts were more extreme in significant degree of residue medicines. Contrasted with control, chlorophyll and porphyrin in substance were essentially diminished in the residue treated gatherings. This investigation propounds that business and vehicular residue statements affect photosynthetic shades, with broad impacts on development and improvement of plant.

Pesticide use has changed considerably the overall scenario of horticulture over the past few decades throughout the world. It has revolutionised the gamut of horticulture in terms of quality and quantity of produce. Jammu and Kashmir the northern state of the Indian union produces high quality apple that are exported to every nook and corner of the country along with few international borders as well. Pesticide trade has shown a remarkable growth in the valley from past few decades. About 70-80 per cent of populace in the region is involved directly or indirectly with the apple trade be it apple production, transportation, marketing, cold-storage, box-making, packing material, labour and the dealers and sub-dealers of pesticides and fertilizers. The worse part of pesticide business in the region is that from past few years the sub-standard and spurious brands have taken over the market and has reduced production and quality of apple resulting the distress and poverty of apple growers in the region. The only Agricultural University; Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K) in the region has framed a spray schedule, but unfortunately, either due to ignorance or lack of extension services, the growers are not fully following the schedule, resulting in losses and huge financial expenses. In this backdrop, the present study was undertaken with an extensive survey of 600 apple growers from the valley comprising of 260 adopters of SKUAST-K spray schedule and 157 non-adopters of spray schedule. Propensity score matching model was employed to get accurate results. In addition, four matching methods were employed to get counterfactual/equally likely match of the adopter and non-adopters in distribution. Results of nearest neighbour method, kernal method, radius method and stratified method, respectively revealed that adopters of spray schedule are at saving side by saving Rs. 1.13/-, Rs. 33717.75/, Rs. 9773.69/- and Rs. 11952.90/- of money as compared to their controlled group.

The basic objectives of the study were to enquire in to the involvement of various types of costs, the returns per rupee invested and the benefit thereof in different agro-ecosystems in the state of Jammu and Kashmir in general and valley of Kashmir in particular, especially the sampled districts. This study was based upon primary and secondary data. A multi-stage random sampling was utilised for collection of date from 432 respondents of four different agro-ecological zones. For major crops, the cost of cultivation were estimated by concept utilised by Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP), Government of India. The results revealed that fruit crop agro-ecosystem is highly remunerative than field crop and crop agro-ecosystems, though the fruit crop involve huge of investment in terms of different costs. The livestock based agro-ecosystem is also dominant in some parts of the Kashmir region with declining trend. The results revealed that the gross returns of paddy and apple, livestock and cash crop were Rs. 23250, Rs. 321000, Rs. 108920 and 106915 respectively. This study had its applicability in the daily routine life of any household dwelling in the sampled agro-ecosystems. The study could be of utmost importance in selecting the crop in which the region/agro-ecosystem had specialisation or absolute advantage.

Background: Glaucoma is the cause of blindness. Beta blocker and prostaglandins are used as a first line treatment of open angle glaucoma. The exact target with mono therapy for reducing intraocular pressure is achieved within 2 years, so patient prefers fixed dose combination therapy. Objective: For reducing intraocular pressure efficacy, travoprost mono therapy and timolol/brinzolamide fixed dose combination therapy is compared. Material and methods: For 3 months, patients are randomly received 0.5% timolol and 0.2% brinzolamide twice daily and travporost once daily 0.004%.Then compared intraocular pressure, pulse rate, blood pressure, and cup disc ratio over 12 weeks of treatment. Results: 27.99% and 30.49% reduction in intraocular pressure is observed with mono therapy and fixed dose combination respectively. Pulse rate (9beats/min) and systolic pressure reduction by (2.35mmHg) were seen with fixed dose combination but no cup disc ratio observed. Conclusion: It is proved that 0.5% timolol and 0.2% brinzolamide causes more reduction in intraocular pressure than the 0.004% travporost mono therapy. Keywords: Glaucoma, travporost and lantoprost

To examine the prevalence of consequence stating bias, the selection for publication of a subset of the original recorded outcome variables on the basis of the results and its impact on Cochrane reviews. A nine-point classification system for missing outcome data in randomized trials was developed and applied to the trials assessed in a large, unselected cohort of Cochrane systematic reviews. A sensitivity analysis was undertaken to assess the impact of outcome reporting bias on reviews that included a single meta-analysis of the review of primary outcome. More than half (157/283 (55%)) the reviews did not include full data for the review primary outcome of interest from all eligible trials. The median amount of review outcome data missing for any reason was 10%, whereas 50% or more of the potential data were missing in 70 (25%) reviews. It was clear from the publications for 155 (6%) of the 2486 assessable trials that the researchers had measured and analyzed the review primary outcome but did not report or only partially reported the results. For reports that did not mention the review primary outcome, our classification regarding the presence of outcome reporting bias was shown to have a sensitivity of 88% (95% CI 65% to 100%) and specificity of 80% (95% CI 69% to 90%) on the basis of responses from 62 trialists. A third of Cochrane reviews (96/283 (34%)) contained at least one trial with high suspicion of outcome reporting bias for the review primary outcome. In a sensitivity analysis undertaken for 81 reviews with a single meta-analysis of the primary outcome of interest, the treatment effect estimate was reduced by 20% or more in 19 (23%). Of the 42 meta-analyses with a statistically significant result only, eight (19%) became non-significant after adjustment for outcome reporting bias and 11 (26%) would have overestimated the treatment effect by 20% or more. Outcome reporting bias is an under-recognized problem that affects the conclusions in a substantial proportion of Cochrane reviews. Individuals conducting systematic reviews need to address explicitly the issue of missing outcome data for their review to be considered a reliable source of evidence. Extra care is required during data extraction, reviewers should identify when a trial reports that an outcome was measured but no results were reported, or events observed and contact with trialists should be encouraged. &nbsp

A variety of pharmacological and surgical treatments have been developed for heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB), which can have negative physical, social, psychological, and economic consequences. We conducted a systematic literature review and mixed-treatment-comparison (MTC) meta-analysis of available data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to derive estimates of efficacy for 8 classes of treatments for HMB, to inform health-economic analysis and future studies. A systematic review identified RCTs that reported data on menstrual blood loss (MBL) at baseline and one or more follow-up times. Eight treatment classes were considered: COCs, danazol, endometrial ablation, LNGIUS, placebo, progestogens given for less than 2 weeks out of 4 during the menstrual cycle, progestogens given for close to 3 weeks out of 4, and TXA. The primary measure of efficacy was the proportion of women who achieved MBL < 80 mL per cycle (month), as measured by the alkaline hematin method. A score less than 100 on an established pictorial blood-loss assessment chart (PBAC) were considered an acceptable substitute for MBL < 80 mL. Estimates of efficacy by treatment class and time were obtained from a Bayesian MTC model. The model also included includedeffects for treatment class, study, and the combination of treatment class and study and an adjustment for baseline mean MBL. Several methodological challenges complicated the analysis. Some trials reported various summary statistics for MBL or PBAC, requiring estimation (with less precision) of % MBL < 80 mL or % PBAC < 100. Also, reported follow-up times varied substantially. The evidence network involved 34 RCTs, with follow-up times from 1 to 36 months. Efficacy at 3 months of follow-up (estimated as the posterior median) ranged from 87.5% for the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) to 14.2% for progestogens administered for less than 2 weeks out of 4 in the menstrual cycle. The 95% credible intervals for most estimates were quite wide, mainly because of the limited evidence for many combinations of treatment class and follow-up time and the uncertainty from estimating % MBL < 80 mL or % PBAC < 100 from summary statistics. Keywords: Mix-treatment Comparison; Treatment Efficacy; Menstrual Bleeding

Background and objective. Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability. Currently, there are no consistently effective rehabilitative treatments for chronic stroke patients. Our recent studies demonstrate that vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) paired with rehabilitative training improves recovery of function in multiple models of stroke. Here, we evaluated the ability of VNS paired with rehabilitative training to improve recovery of forelimb strength when initiated many weeks after a cortical and subcortical ischemic lesion in subjects with stable, chronic motor deficits. Methods. Rats were trained to perform an automated, quantitative measure of voluntary forelimb strength. Once proficient, rats received injections of endothelin-1 to cause a unilateral cortical and subcortical ischemic lesion. Then, 6 weeks after the lesion, rats underwent rehabilitative training paired with VNS (Paired VNS; n = 10), rehabilitative training with equivalent VNS delivered 2 hours after daily rehabilitative training (Delayed VNS; n = 10), or rehabilitative training without VNS (Rehab, n = 9). Results. VNS paired with rehabilitative training significantly improved recovery of forelimb function compared with control groups. The Paired VNS group displayed an 86% recovery of strength, the Rehab group exhibited 47% recovery, and the Delayed VNS group exhibited 42% recovery. Improvement in forelimb function was sustained in the Paired VNS group after the cessation of stimulation, potentially indicating lasting benefits. No differences in intensity of rehabilitative training, lesion size, or MAP-2 expression were observed between groups. Conclusion. VNS paired with rehabilitative training confers significantly greater recovery of forelimb function after chronic ischemic stroke in rats.