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2. Elastoviscoplastic fluid flow past a circular cylinder

Author

Parvar, S., Iqbal, K. T., Ardekani, M. N., Brandt, L., and Tammisola, O.

Subjects
Physics - Fluid Dynamics
Abstract

The combined effect of fluid elasticity and yield-stress on the flow past a circular cylinder is studied by two-dimensional direct numerical simulation. We analyze the effects of yield-stress, elasticity, shear-thinning, and shear-thickening on the wake characteristics using the Saramito constitutive model. The elastoviscoplastic (EVP) wake flow is studied at a moderate Reynolds number (Re = 100) where two-dimensional vortex shedding occurs in the Newtonian case. We find that in the shear-thinning elastoviscoplastic flow, when yield stress increases, the drag coefficient and root mean square of the lift coefficient both decrease, while the length of the recirculation bubble $L_{RB}$ increases. These changes indicate that the wake oscillation amplitude decreases with an increasing yield stress. For shear-thickening however, the drag coefficient $C_D$ increases at a large Bingham number, and the wake becomes chaotic. The comparison of viscoelastic fluid and EVP fluid reveals that the polymer stresses, tr($\tau^p$), decay considerably less downstream of the cylinder in the EVP case, indicating that significant stresses persist at large distances. We observe that shear-thinning competes with elastic and yield stresses and counteracts their effect, while shear-thickening enhances elastic and yield stress effects, so that the flow pattern can change from periodic to a chaotic flow.

Published
2023

4. Electrical Properties of Conductive Concrete Containing Graphite

Author

Iqbal, K. I. M., Choi, Paul Y., Islam, Nazmul, Park, Philip, di Prisco, Marco, Series Editor, Chen, Sheng-Hong, Series Editor, Vayas, Ioannis, Series Editor, Kumar Shukla, Sanjay, Series Editor, Sharma, Anuj, Series Editor, Kumar, Nagesh, Series Editor, Wang, Chien Ming, Series Editor, Walbridge, Scott, editor, Nik-Bakht, Mazdak, editor, Ng, Kelvin Tsun Wai, editor, Shome, Manas, editor, Alam, M. Shahria, editor, el Damatty, Ashraf, editor, and Lovegrove, Gordon, editor

Published
2023
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6. Democratizing Health Care in the Metaverse: How Video Games can Monitor Eye Conditions Using the Vision Performance Index

Author

Yusuf Ahmed, MD, Mohan Reddy, MS, MBA, Jacob Mederos, BCS, Kyle C. McDermott, PhD, Devesh K. Varma, MD, FRCSC, Cassie A. Ludwig, MD, MS, Iqbal K. Ahmed, MD, FRCSC, and Khizer R. Khaderi, MD, MPH

Subjects
Augmented reality, Esports, Human-machine interfaces, Metaverse, Ocular disease, Video games, Ophthalmology, RE1-994
Abstract

Objective: In a world where digital media is deeply engrained into our everyday lives, there lies an opportunity to leverage interactions with technology for health and wellness. The Vision Performance Index (VPI) leverages natural human–technology interaction to evaluate visual function using visual, cognitive, and motor psychometric data over 5 domains: field of view, accuracy, multitracking, endurance, and detection. The purpose of this study was to describe a novel method of evaluating holistic visual function through video game-derived VPI score data in patients with specific ocular pathology. Design: Prospective comparative analysis. Participants: Patients with dry eye, glaucoma, cataract, diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration, and healthy individuals. Methods: The Vizzario Inc software development kit was integrated into 2 video game applications, Balloon Pop and Picture Perfect, which allowed for generation of VPI scores. Study participants were instructed to play rounds of each video game, from which a VPI score was compiled. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome was VPI overall score in each comparison group. Vision Performance Index component, subcomponent scores, and psychophysical inputs were also compared. Results: Vision Performance Index scores were generated from 93 patients with macular degeneration (n = 10), cataract (n = 10), DR (n = 15), dry eye (n = 15), glaucoma (n = 16), and no ocular disease (n = 27). The VPI overall score was not significantly different across comparison groups. The VPI subcomponent “reaction accuracy” score was significantly greater in DR patients (106 ± 13.2) versus controls (96.9 ± 11.5), P = 0.0220. The VPI subcomponent “color detection” score was significantly lower in patients with DR (96.8 ± 2.5; p=0.0217) and glaucoma (98.5 ± 6.3; P = 0.0093) compared with controls (101 ± 11). Psychophysical measures were statistically significantly different from controls: proportion correct (lower in DR, age-related macular degeneration), contrast errors (higher in cataract, DR), and saturation errors (higher in dry eye). Conclusions: Vision Performance Index scores can be generated from interactions of an ocular disease population with video games. The VPI may offer utility in monitoring select ocular diseases through evaluation of subcomponent and psychophysical input scores; however, future larger-scale studies must evaluate the validity of this tool. Financial Disclosure(s): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

Published
2024
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7. Plant-based Capsule Shell from Pectin and Glucomannan

Author

Iqbal K. Adi, Rakhmat R. A. Totou, Mita D. Cahyani, and Ifa Puspasari

Subjects
Chemical engineering, TP155-156, Computer engineering. Computer hardware, TK7885-7895
Abstract

Capsules consist of a drug in a soluble hard or soft Shell. Capsule shells are generally made of gelatin which is made from pork skin and bones. This study aims to produce plant-based capsule shells using pectin and glucomannan. The composition used in the study was pectin to glucomannan ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5. The results showed that the fastest disintegration time in the water was obtained at a composition ratio of 1:1 with a disintegration time of 24 min 18 s. The fastest dissolution time in acid was obtained at a composition ratio of 1:5 with a dissolution time of 2 min 52 s. The increase in glucomannan content affects the tensile strength of the material. Increasing glucomannan content increased the tensile strength so that the capsule shell becomes stronger. The increase in pectin content affects the modulus of elasticity. Increasing the pectin content would reduce the modulus elasticity and therefore the capsule shell becomes more elastic.

Published
2023
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12. Estimate the probability density function of maximum temperature for the Middle East

Author

Iqbal K. Al-Ataby and Amani I. Al-Tmimi

Subjects
maximum temperature, probability distribution, middle east, Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, TD1-1066, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040
Abstract

Pollution is one reasons for increase temperature which leads to increase the heat waves which have large socioeconomic and healthy impacts on Middle East. By using monthly daily mean of maximum temperature (C°) at height (2m) covered middle east as a grid of (1581) points for selected months (March, April, May) represent spring and (Jun, July, August) represent Summer for the period 1979 to2018, from the ECMWF, model ERA-interim. Many PDFs have been proposed in recent past, but in present study Logistic, Rayleigh and Gamma distribution are used to describe the characteristics of maximum temperature. This paper attempts to determine the best fitted probability distribution of maximum temperature. To check the accuracy of the predicted data using theoretical probability distributions the goodness of fit criteria Z-test used in this paper. According to the goodness-of-fit criteria and from the graphical comparisons it can be said that Logistic distribution provides the best fit for the observed monthly daily mean of maximum temperature data.

Published
2020
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17. Predicting changes in cataract surgery health outcomes using a cataract surgery appropriateness and prioritization instrument.

Author

Morgan E Lim, Simona C Minotti, Chelsea D'Silva, Robert J Reid, Matthew B Schlenker, and Iqbal K Ahmed

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

ObjectiveDetermine whether items in a cataract surgery appropriateness and prioritization questionnaire can predict change in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and health related quality of life (HRQOL) following cataract surgery.Methods313 patients with a cataract in Ontario, Canada were recruited to participate. BCVA was measured using the Snellen chart. HRQOL was measured using a generic instrument (EQ5D), a visual functioning instrument (Catquest-9SF), and an appropriateness and prioritization instrument (17 items). Outcomes were measured preoperatively and 3-6 months postoperatively. Descriptive statistics were used to describe demographics and outcomes. For each appropriateness and prioritization questionnaire item, a one-way ANOVA was used to compare group means of the change in BCVA, EQ5D, and Catquest-9SF.ResultsParticipants had a mean age of 69 years and were 56% female. BCVA improved in 81%, EQ5D in 49.6%, and Catquest-9SF score in 84% of patients. Improvement in both BCVA and Catquest-9SF scores were found in 68.5% of patients. The ANOVA showed a statistically significant association between a change in BCVA and the ability to participate in social life, and a statistically significant association between a change in Catquest-9SF and glare, extent of impairment in visual function, safety and injury concerns, ability to work and care for dependents, ability to take care of local errands, ability to assist others and ability to participate in social life.ConclusionsAlmost all patients had improved BCVA and/or visual functioning after surgery. Seven variables from the cataract appropriateness and prioritization instrument were found to be predictors of improvement in Catquest-9SF measuring visual functioning.

Published
2021
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18. Optimisation of wireless communication system by exploitation of channel diversity

Author

Iqbal, K. and Ormondroyd, R. F.

Subjects
621.38411
Abstract

Communication systems are susceptible to degradation in performance because of interference received through their side lobes. The interference may be deliberate electronic counter measure (ECM), Accidental RF Interference (RFI) or natural noise. The growth of interference communication systems have given rise to different algorithms, Adaptive array techniques offer a possible solution to this problem of interference received through side lobes because of their automatic null steering in both spatial and frequency domains. Key requirement for space-time architecture is to use robust adaptive algorithms to ensure reliable operation of the smart antenna. Space division multiple access (SDMA) involves the use of adaptive nulling to allow two or more users (mobiles) in the same cell to share same frequency and time slot. One beam is formed for each user with nulls in the direction of other users. Different approaches have been used to identify the interferer from desired user. Thus a basic model for determining the angle of arrival of incoming signals, an appropriate antenna beam forming and adaptive algorithms are used for array processing. There is an insatiable demand for capacity in wireless data networks and cellular radio communication systems. However the RF environment that these systems operate in is harsh and severely limits the capacity of traditional digital wireless networks. With normal wireless systems this limits the data rate in cellular radio environments to approximately 200 kbps whereas much higher data rates in excess of 25Mbps are required. A common wireless channel problem is that of frequency selective multi-path fading. To combat this problem, new types of wireless interface are being developed which utilise space, time and frequency diversity to provide increasing resilience to the channel imperfections. At any instant in time, the channel conditions may be such that one or more of these diversity methods may offer a superior performance to the other diversity methods. The overall aim of the research is to develop new systems that use a novel combination of smart antenna MIMO techniques and an advanced communication system based on advanced system configuration that could be exploited by IEEE 802.20 user specification approach for broadband wireless networking. The new system combines the Multi-input Multi-output communication system with frequency diversity in the form of an OFDM modulator. The benefits of each approach are examined under similar channel conditions and results presented.

Published
2009

21. Ecology, economy and society in the eastern Bengal Delta, c.1840-1943

Author

Iqbal, K. I.

Subjects
950
Abstract

This thesis argues that remarkable fluctuations in the economic and societal performance in colonial eastern Bengal were intimately related to changing ecological relations. During the nineteenth century, new alluvial lands were created by the fluvial actions of the rivers and huge tracts of land were reclaimed from the Sundarbans forest system. The internal dynamics of the new lands were matched by the external factor of the demand for commodity produce in the world market. The result was a successful commercialisation of agriculture which eventually played an important role in the upward social and economic mobility of ordinary cultivators. By the beginning of the twentieth century, however, this formative role of nature, particularly the water regime, ceased to be operative for a number of natural and manmade factors. Particularly, the haphazard extension of railway embankments in a fluid deltaic environment and the importation and growth of the water hyacinth caused enormous obstacles to the free flow of numerous rivers and canals, which adversely affected traditional agriculture and navigation facilities. While the deteriorating ecological regime contributed to the shift from a relatively buoyant economy and society to a declining one, far-reaching changes took place in the social organisation of agrarian productions. In the nineteenth century proprietary (occupancy) rights rested with the peasant labourer who reclaimed land from alluvial formations and forests where he produced his cash and subsistence crops. In the course of early twentieth century, there emerged a new category of people who did not cultivate land themselves, but controlled the proceeds from it. Both rich peasants and the bhadralok, emerging from a Western-educated middle class, successfully attempted to shift the ordinary cultivators’ occupancy rights in their favour in order to secure a rent-receiving position. This process led to the growth of a large number of rent-receivers at the expense of the actual tillers of the land. Thus, while deterioration in the ecological regime of the Delta brought a decline in agricultural production and public health, a strained agrarian relation produced a landless and land-poor rural population which proved to be the easiest prey to the great Bengal famine of 1943.

Published
2005

22. Biotissue stent for supraciliary outflow in open-angle glaucoma patients: surgical procedure and first clinical results of an aqueous drainage biostent.

Author

Ianchulev, Tsontcho, Weinreb, Robert N., Kamthan, Gautam, Calvo, Ernesto, Pamnani, Ravinder, and Ahmed, Iqbal K.

Abstract

Background/aims To report a first-in-human trial in open-angle glaucoma (OAG) subjects treated with a new microinterventional biostent-reinforced cyclodialysis technique to enhance supraciliary aqueous drainage. Methods Subjects (N=10; 74.1±7.9 years old) with OAG and cataracts underwent combined phacoemulsification cataract surgery with implantation of a permanent endoscleral supraciliary biostent to reinforce a controlled cyclodialysis cleft. The biostent comprised decellularised scleral allograft tissue microtrephined into a polymer tubular implant intraoperative/postoperative safety, intraocular pressure (IOP) and glaucoma medications were tracked through 12 months postimplantation. Results Baseline medicated IOP averaged 24.2±6.9 mm Hg with subjects using 1.3±0.8 IOP-lowering medications. Successful biostent implantation was achieved in all individuals without significant complications. Immediate IOP lowering was sustained through 1 year. Twelve-month mean IOP was reduced 40% from baseline to 14.6±3.2 mm Hg (p=0.004; paired two-tailed t-test), and 80% of patients achieved >20% IOP reduction. Biostenting reduced glaucoma medication use 62%, from a baseline mean of 1.3 required medications to 0.5 medications (p=0.037) at postoperative 12 months. The biotissue implant was well tolerated and demonstrated good endothelial safety with only 11% endothelial cell loss at 12 months after combined phaco-biostenting surgery, similar to that expected after phacoemulsification alone. Mean BCVA increased from baseline 20/130 Snellen to 20/36 at postoperative 12 months (p=0.001). Conclusion Supraciliary biostenting in OAG patients is well tolerated, has a good safety profile and produces long-term IOP-lowering while reducing glaucoma medication requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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23. Mechanics of laminated bi-stable tubular structures

Author

Iqbal, K.

Subjects
620.110287
Abstract

Bi-stable silt tubes made of laminated composites are novel deployable structures with two different stable configurations. In the first configuration the tubes are straight and strain-free. In the second configuration they are tightly rolled-up and subject to high levels of strain. To achieve this configuration, they have to climb up and across an energy barrier until a potential energy well is reached from where they can only jump out with some external help. These tubes can be used for large deployable structures as deployment actuators in a manner similar to a STEM. But, unlike the STEM, they do not need any drum to roll upon. The key to this bi-stable behaviour is a particular type of composite construction, invented by Daton-Lovett (1996), in which stiff fibres are arranged to ±α to the longitudinal axis, where α is about 45o. The fibre layout is anti-symmetric with respect to the mid-surface of the tube, to avoid twisting the tube when it is rolled up. Analytical models are presented to predict the radius of curvature in second stable configuration. These models assume linear-elastic behaviour of the material and derive the total strain energy expression, which includes the bending strain energy, membrane strain energy and coupled strain energy, within the tube. These models clearly show that the strain energy increases as we move away from the zero energy point, which corresponds to the extended, strain free configuration. This increase is particularly sensitive to the variations in the longitudinal curvature of the tube and less so to the variations in the transverse curvature. Another analytical model is presented to predict the edge deformations in coiled configuration using an anisotropic closed cylinder. It is shown that linear shell theory with appropriate adjustments works very well for laminated slit tubes.

Published
2002

26. Plant-based Capsule Shell from Pectin and Glucomannan.

Author

Adi, Iqbal K., Totou, Rakhmat R. A., Cahyani, Mita D., and Puspasari, Ifa

Subjects
PHARMACEUTICAL encapsulation, GLUCOMANNAN, GELATIN, TENSILE strength, ELASTIC modulus
Abstract

Capsules consist of a drug in a soluble hard or soft Shell. Capsule shells are generally made of gelatin which is made from pork skin and bones. This study aims to produce plant-based capsule shells using pectin and glucomannan. The composition used in the study was pectin to glucomannan ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5. The results showed that the fastest disintegration time in the water was obtained at a composition ratio of 1:1 with a disintegration time of 24 min 18 s. The fastest dissolution time in acid was obtained at a composition ratio of 1:5 with a dissolution time of 2 min 52 s. The increase in glucomannan content affects the tensile strength of the material. Increasing glucomannan content increased the tensile strength so that the capsule shell becomes stronger. The increase in pectin content affects the modulus of elasticity. Increasing the pectin content would reduce the modulus elasticity and therefore the capsule shell becomes more elastic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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28. Synchronic inverse seasonal rhythmus of energy density of food intake and sleep quality: a contribution to chrono-nutrition from a Polish adult population

Author

Stelmach-Mardas, M, Iqbal, K, Mardas, M, Schwingshackl, L, Walkowiak, J, Tower, R J, and Boeing, H

Subjects
Circadian rhythms -- Health aspects, Food habits -- Health aspects, Sleep -- Health aspects, Food/cooking/nutrition, Health
Abstract

Background/Objectives: There is evidence which suggests that sleep behavior and dietary intake are interlinked. Thus, we investigated whether a seasonal rhythm in food-energy density exists, and how this relates to quality of sleep. Subjects/Methods: Two hundred and thirty adult volunteers were investigated across the four seasons. Anthropometrical measurements were obtained and The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used for an assessment of sleep quality and disturbances. The dietary intake was evaluated using a 24 h dietary recall. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate seasonal changes in energy density and sleep quality, as well as the association of energy density with sleep quality. All analyses were adjusted for age, sex, education, occupation and shift-work. Results: Mean food energy density was significantly higher in winter as compared with other seasons (P5) in all seasons, with the lowest quality occurring in winter and the highest in spring (P Conclusions: An inverse association between seasonal fluctuation of food energy density and sleep quality was found with winter time, associated with the intake of higher energy dense food products and the lowest sleep quality., Author(s): M Stelmach-Mardas [sup.1] [sup.2] , K Iqbal [sup.1] , M Mardas [sup.3] [sup.4] , L Schwingshackl [sup.1] , J Walkowiak [sup.2] , R J Tower [sup.5] , H Boeing [...]

Published
2017
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29. Microbiome analysis revealing microbial interactions and secondary bacterial infections in COVID‐19 patients comorbidly affected by Type 2 diabetes

Author

Hassan M. Al‐Emran, Shaminur Rahman, Md. Shazid Hasan, Rubayet Ul Alam, Ovinu Kibria Islam, Ajwad Anwar, Md. Iqbal K. Jahid, and Anwar Hossain

Subjects
Infectious Diseases, Virology
Abstract

The mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease is very high among the elderly or individuals having comorbidities such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, lung infections, hypertension, and/or diabetes. Our study characterizes the metagenomic features in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected patients with or without type 2 diabetes, to identify the microbial interactions associated with its fatal consequences.This study compared the baseline nasopharyngeal microbiome of SARS-CoV-2-infected diabetic and nondiabetic patients with controls adjusted for age and gender. The metagenomics based on next-generation sequencing was performed using Ion GeneStudio S5 Series and the data were analyzed by the Vegan-package in R. All three groups possessed significant bacterial diversity and dissimilarity indexes (p 0.05). Spearman's correlation coefficient network analysis illustrated 183 significant positive correlations and 13 negative correlations of pathogenic bacteria (r = 0.6-1.0, p 0.05), and 109 positive correlations between normal flora and probiotic bacteria (r 0.6, p 0.05). The SARS-CoV-2 diabetic group exhibited a significant increase in pathogens and secondary infection-causing bacteria (p 0.05) with a simultaneous decrease of normal flora (p 0.05). The dysbiosis of the bacterial community might be linked with severe consequences of COVID-19-infected diabetic patients, although a few probiotic strains inhibited numerous pathogens in the same pathological niches. This study suggested that the promotion of normal flora and probiotics through dietary supplementation and excessive inflammation reduction by preventing secondary infections might lead to a better outcome for those comorbid patients.

Published
2022
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36. Global, regional, and national progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 for neonatal and child health: all-cause and cause-specific mortality findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Paulson, K, Kamath, A, Alam, T, Bienhoff, K, Abady, G, Abbas, J, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdoli, A, Abedi, A, Abolhassani, H, Abreu, L, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abu-Rmeileh, N, Abushouk, A, Adamu, A, Adebayo, O, Adegbosin, A, Adekanmbi, V, Adetokunboh, O, Adeyinka, D, Adsuar, J, Afshari, K, Aghaali, M, Agudelo-Botero, M, Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmed, M, Aji, B, Akalu, Y, Akinyemi, O, Aklilu, A, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alanezi, F, Alanzi, T, Alcalde-Rabanal, J, Al-Eyadhy, A, Ali, T, Alicandro, G, Alif, S, Alipour, V, Alizade, H, Aljunid, S, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, N, Al-Mekhlafi, H, Alonso, J, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, K, Alumran, A, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alvis-Zakzuk, N, Ameyaw, E, Amini, S, Amini-Rarani, M, Amit, A, Amugsi, D, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Andrei, C, Ansari, F, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antonio, C, Antriyandarti, E, Anvari, D, Anwer, R, Aqeel, M, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aripov, T, Arnlov, J, Artanti, K, Arzani, A, Asaad, M, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Asadi-Pooya, A, Asghari Jafarabadi, M, Athari, S, Atnafu, D, Atreya, A, Atteraya, M, Ausloos, M, Awan, A, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayano, G, Ayanore, M, Aynalem, Y, Azari, S, Azarian, G, Azene, Z, B, D, Babaee, E, Badiye, A, Baig, A, Banach, M, Banik, P, Barker-Collo, S, Barqawi, H, Bassat, Q, Basu, S, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Beghi, M, Bell, M, Bendak, S, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Berhe, K, Berman, A, Bezabih, Y, Bhagavathula, A, Bhandari, D, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhattarai, S, Bhutta, Z, Bikbov, B, Biondi, A, Birihane, B, Biswas, R, Bohlouli, S, Bragazzi, N, Breusov, A, Brunoni, A, Burkart, K, Burugina Nagaraja, S, Busse, R, Butt, Z, Caetano dos Santos, F, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Camargos, P, Camera, L, Cardenas, R, Carreras, G, Carrero, J, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, J, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Castelpietra, G, Cerin, E, Chang, J, Chanie, W, Charan, J, Chatterjee, S, Chattu, S, Chattu, V, Chaturvedi, S, Chen, S, Cho, D, Choi, J, Chu, D, Ciobanu, L, Cirillo, M, Conde, J, Costa, V, Couto, R, Dachew, B, Dahlawi, S, Dai, H, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Daneshpajouhnejad, P, Darmstadt, G, Das, J, Davila-Cervantes, C, Davis, A, Davletov, K, De la Hoz, F, De Leo, D, Deeba, F, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Dervenis, N, Desalew, A, Deuba, K, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, S, Dhingra, S, Dhungana, G, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Dorostkar, F, Doshmangir, L, Dubljanin, E, Duraes, A, Eagan, A, Edinur, H, Efendi, F, Eftekharzadeh, S, El Sayed, I, El Tantawi, M, Elbarazi, I, Elgendy, I, El-Jaafary, S, Emami, A, Enany, S, Eyawo, O, Ezzikouri, S, Faris, P, Farzadfar, F, Fattahi, N, Fauk, N, Fazlzadeh, M, Feigin, V, Ferede, T, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fisher, J, Foigt, N, Folayan, M, Foroutan, M, Franklin, R, Freitas, M, Friedman, S, Fukumoto, T, Gad, M, Gaidhane, A, Gaidhane, S, Gaihre, S, Gallus, S, Garcia-Basteiro, A, Garcia-Gordillo, M, Gardner, W, Gaspar Fonseca, M, Gebremedhin, K, Getacher, L, Ghashghaee, A, Gholamian, A, Gilani, S, Gill, T, Giussani, G, Gnedovskaya, E, Godinho, M, Goel, A, Golechha, M, Gona, P, Gopalani, S, Goudarzi, H, Grivna, M, Gugnani, H, Guido, D, Guimaraes, R, Gupta, R, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haider, M, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Hankey, G, Hargono, A, Hasaballah, A, Hasan, M, Hasan, S, Hassan, A, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Havmoeller, R, Hayat, K, Heidari-Soureshjani, R, Henry, N, Herteliu, C, Hole, M, Holla, R, Hossain, N, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Hwang, B, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, S, Ikuta, K, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Inamdar, S, Inbaraj, L, Iqbal, K, Iqbal, U, Islam, M, Islam, S, Iso, H, Iwagami, M, Iwu, C, Jaafari, J, Jacobsen, K, Jagnoor, J, Jain, V, Janodia, M, Javaheri, T, Javanmardi, F, Jayaram, S, Jayatilleke, A, Jenabi, E, Jha, R, Ji, J, John, O, Jonas, J, Joo, T, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, J, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kalankesh, L, Kamyari, N, Kanchan, T, Kapoor, N, Karami Matin, B, Karch, A, Karimi, S, Kassahun, G, Kayode, G, Kazemi Karyani, A, Kemmer, L, Khalid, N, Khalilov, R, Khammarnia, M, Khan, E, Khan, G, Khan, M, Khang, Y, Khatab, K, Khater, A, Khater, M, Khayamzadeh, M, Khosravi, A, Kim, D, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kissoon, N, Kopec, J, Kosen, S, Koul, P, Koulmane Laxminarayana, S, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, V, Kuate Defo, B, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, G, Kumar, M, Kumar, N, Kurmi, O, Kusuma, D, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Lalloo, R, Lami, F, Landires, I, Larsson, A, Lasrado, S, Lassi, Z, Lauriola, P, Lee, P, Lee, S, Lee, Y, Leigh, J, Leonardi, M, Lewycka, S, Li, B, Li, S, Liang, J, Lim, L, Limenih, M, Lin, R, Liu, X, Lodha, R, Lopez, A, Lozano, R, Lugo, A, Lunevicius, R, Mackay, M, Madhava Kunjathur, S, Magnani, F, Mahadeshwara Prasad, D, Maheri, M, Mahmoudi, M, Majeed, A, Maled, V, Maleki, A, Maleki, S, Malekzadeh, R, Malik, A, Malta, D, Mamun, A, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, M, Martinez, G, 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Abstract

Background: Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 has targeted elimination of preventable child mortality, reduction of neonatal death to less than 12 per 1000 livebirths, and reduction of death of children younger than 5 years to less than 25 per 1000 livebirths, for each country by 2030. To understand current rates, recent trends, and potential trajectories of child mortality for the next decade, we present the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 findings for all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality in children younger than 5 years of age, with multiple scenarios for child mortality in 2030 that include the consideration of potential effects of COVID-19, and a novel framework for quantifying optimal child survival. Methods: We completed all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality analyses from 204 countries and territories for detailed age groups separately, with aggregated mortality probabilities per 1000 livebirths computed for neonatal mortality rate (NMR) and under-5 mortality rate (U5MR). Scenarios for 2030 represent different potential trajectories, notably including potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential impact of improvements preferentially targeting neonatal survival. Optimal child survival metrics were developed by age, sex, and cause of death across all GBD location-years. The first metric is a global optimum and is based on the lowest observed mortality, and the second is a survival potential frontier that is based on stochastic frontier analysis of observed mortality and Healthcare Access and Quality Index. Findings: Global U5MR decreased from 71·2 deaths per 1000 livebirths (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 68·3–74·0) in 2000 to 37·1 (33·2–41·7) in 2019 while global NMR correspondingly declined more slowly from 28·0 deaths per 1000 live births (26·8–29·5) in 2000 to 17·9 (16·3–19·8) in 2019. In 2019, 136 (67%) of 204 countries had a U5MR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold and 133 (65%) had

Published
2021

38. List of Contributors

Author

Albani, D., primary, Amram, S., additional, Austin, T.O., additional, Ayton, S., additional, Baas, P.W., additional, Belaidi, A.A., additional, Biella, G., additional, Bush, A.I., additional, Cascio, F.L., additional, Cowan, C.M., additional, Ezra, A., additional, Frenkel, D., additional, Gamir-Morralla, A., additional, Gerson, J.E., additional, Gozes, I., additional, Gurwitz, D., additional, Hadar, A., additional, Hjorth, E., additional, Iglesias, T., additional, Iqbal, K., additional, Kayed, R., additional, Kazim, S.F., additional, Lei, P., additional, López-Menéndez, C., additional, Medina, M., additional, Mudher, A., additional, Polito, L., additional, Qiang, L., additional, Quraishe, S., additional, Rabinovich-Nikitin, I., additional, Rabinovich-Toidman, P., additional, Schultzberg, M., additional, and Solomon, B., additional

Published
2017
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40. Biotissue stent for supraciliary outflow in open-angle glaucoma patients: surgical procedure and first clinical results of an aqueous drainage biostent

Author

Tsontcho Ianchulev, Robert N Weinreb, Gautam Kamthan, Ernesto Calvo, Ravinder Pamnani, and Iqbal K Ahmed

Subjects
Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, Sensory Systems
Abstract

Background/aimsTo report a first-in-human trial in open-angle glaucoma (OAG) subjects treated with a new microinterventional biostent-reinforced cyclodialysis technique to enhance supraciliary aqueous drainage.MethodsSubjects (N=10; 74.1±7.9 years old) with OAG and cataracts underwent combined phacoemulsification cataract surgery with implantation of a permanent endoscleral supraciliary biostent to reinforce a controlled cyclodialysis cleft. The biostent comprised decellularised scleral allograft tissue microtrephined into a polymer tubular implant intraoperative/postoperative safety, intraocular pressure (IOP) and glaucoma medications were tracked through 12 months postimplantation.ResultsBaseline medicated IOP averaged 24.2±6.9 mm Hg with subjects using 1.3±0.8 IOP-lowering medications. Successful biostent implantation was achieved in all individuals without significant complications. Immediate IOP lowering was sustained through 1 year. Twelve-month mean IOP was reduced 40% from baseline to 14.6±3.2 mm Hg (p=0.004; paired two-tailed t-test), and 80% of patients achieved >20% IOP reduction. Biostenting reduced glaucoma medication use 62%, from a baseline mean of 1.3 required medications to 0.5 medications (p=0.037) at postoperative 12 months. The biotissue implant was well tolerated and demonstrated good endothelial safety with only 11% endothelial cell loss at 12 months after combined phaco-biostenting surgery, similar to that expected after phacoemulsification alone. Mean BCVA increased from baseline 20/130 Snellen to 20/36 at postoperative 12 months (p=0.001).ConclusionSupraciliary biostenting in OAG patients is well tolerated, has a good safety profile and produces long-term IOP-lowering while reducing glaucoma medication requirements.

Published
2022

41. Global, regional, and national progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 for neonatal and child health: all-cause and cause-specific mortality findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Paulson, K. R., Kamath, A. M., Alam, T., Bienhoff, K., Abady, G. G., Abbas, J., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abd-Elsalam, S. M., Abdoli, A., Abedi, A., Abolhassani, H., Abreu, L. G., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M. E., Abushouk, A. I., Adamu, A. L., Adebayo, O. M., Adegbosin, A. E., Adekanmbi, V., Adetokunboh, O. O., Adeyinka, D. A., Adsuar, J. C., Afshari, K., Aghaali, M., Agudelo-Botero, M., Ahinkorah, B. O., Ahmad, T., Ahmadi, K., Ahmed, M. B., Aji, B., Akalu, Y., Akinyemi, O. O., Aklilu, A., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alanezi, F. M., Alanzi, T. M., Alcalde-Rabanal, J. E., Al-Eyadhy, A., Ali, T., Alicandro, G., Alif, S. M., Alipour, V., Alizade, H., Aljunid, S. M., Almasi-Hashiani, A., Almasri, N. A., Al-Mekhlafi, H. M., Alonso, J., Al-Raddadi, R. M., Altirkawi, K. A., Alumran, A. K., Alvis-Guzman, N., Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J., Ameyaw, E. K., Amini, S., Amini-Rarani, M., Amit, A. M. L., Amugsi, D. A., Ancuceanu, R., Anderlini, D., Andrei, C. 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A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Kemmer, L., Khalid, N., Khalilov, R., Khammarnia, M., Khan, E. A., Khan, G., Khan, M., Khan, M. N., Khang, Y. -H., Khatab, K., Khater, A. M., Khater, M. M., Khayamzadeh, M., Khosravi, A., Kim, D., Kim, Y. -E., Kim, Y. J., Kimokoti, R. W., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kissoon, N., Kopec, J. A., Kosen, S., Koul, P. A., Koulmane Laxminarayana, S. L., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Krishnamoorthy, V., Kuate Defo, B., Kucuk Bicer, B., Kulkarni, V., Kumar, G. A., Kumar, M., Kumar, N., Kurmi, O. P., Kusuma, D., La Vecchia, C., Lacey, B., Lalloo, R., Lami, F. H., Landires, I., Larsson, A. O., Lasrado, S., Lassi, Z. S., Lauriola, P., Lee, P. H., Lee, S. W. H., Lee, Y. H., Leigh, J., Leonardi, M., Lewycka, S., Li, B., Li, S., Liang, J., Lim, L. -L., Limenih, M. A., Lin, R. -T., Liu, X., Lodha, R., Lopez, A. D., Lozano, R., Lugo, A., Lunevicius, R., Mackay, M. T., Madhava Kunjathur, S., Magnani, F. G., Mahadeshwara Prasad, D. 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Reiner, R, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, A, Reshmi, B, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, N, Rezapour, A, Riahi, S, Ribeiro, D, Rickard, J, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Rothenbacher, D, Rubagotti, E, Rumisha, S, Ryan, P, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Saeedi Moghaddam, S, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Salahshoor, M, Salehi, S, Salem, M, Salimzadeh, H, Salomon, J, Samodra, Y, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santric-Milicevic, M, Saraswathy, S, Sarker, A, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sathish, T, Sattin, D, Saxena, S, Saya, G, Saylan, M, Schiavolin, S, Schlaich, M, Schwebel, D, Schwendicke, F, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, S, Servan-Mori, E, Sha, F, Shafaat, O, Shahabi, S, Shahbaz, M, Shaheen, A, Shahid, I, Shaikh, M, Shakiba, S, Shalash, A, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shannawaz, M, Sharafi, K, Sheikh, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shiferaw, W, Shigematsu, M, Shin, J, Shiri, R, Shiue, I, Shuval, K, Siddiqi, T, Sidemo, N, Sigfusdottir, I, Sigurvinsdottir, R, Silva, J, Silverberg, J, Simonetti, B, Singh, B, Singh, J, Singhal, D, Sinha, D, Skiadaresi, E, Skryabin, V, Skryabina, A, Sleet, D, Sobaih, B, Sobhiyeh, M, Soltani, S, Soriano, J, Spurlock, E, Sreeramareddy, C, Steiropoulos, P, Stokes, M, Stortecky, S, Sufiyan, M, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R, Sulo, G, Swope, C, Sykes, B, Szeto, M, Szocska, M, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tadesse, E, Taherkhani, A, Tamiru, A, Tareque, M, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M, Tesfay, F, Tessema, G, Tessema, Z, Thankappan, K, Thapar, R, Tolani, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Traini, E, Tran, B, Tripathy, J, Tsapparellas, G, Tsatsakis, A, Tudor Car, L, Uddin, R, Ullah, A, Umeokonkwo, C, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Usman, M, Vacante, M, Vaezi, M, Valadan Tahbaz, S, Valdez, P, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Verma, M, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Vo, B, Vu, G, Wado, Y, Waheed, Y, Wamai, R, Wang, Y, Ward, P, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Wickramasinghe, N, Wilner, L, Wiysonge, C, Wu, A, Wu, C, Xie, Y, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yamagishi, K, Yandrapalli, S, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S, Younis, M, Yousefi, Z, Yousefinezhadi, T, Yu, C, Yusuf, S, Zaidi, S, Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zastrozhin, M, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhao, X, Ziapour, A, Hay, S, Murray, C, Wang, H, Kassebaum, N, and Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKCMedicine)

Subjects
Male, Perinatal care, Newborn care, STILLBIRTHS, RJ101, UNDER-5 MORTALITY, Psychological intervention, 010501 environmental sciences, Infant mortality, Global Health, 01 natural sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, RA0421, Cause of Death, Infant Mortality, Global health, Life Tables, Healthcare improvements, 030212 general & internal medicine, 610 Medicine & health, Child, COVID-19, Humans, Infant, SARS-CoV-2, Sustainable Development, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Cause of death, Life Table, Mortality rate, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, Articles, Hälsovetenskaper, Mortality analyses, 3. Good health, Child, Preschool, SDG 1 - No Poverty, Child Mortality, Female, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Human, Child mortality, COUNTRIES, DEATHS, Infants -- Mortalitat, GBD, 03 medical and health sciences, Medicine, General & Internal, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Life tables, under-5 mortality rate, General & Internal Medicine, Health Sciences, Neonatal deaths, medicine, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Medicine [Science], Infants -- Salut, Preschool, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Science & Technology, Infants nadons -- Salut, business.industry, Infants nadons -- Mortalitat, INFORM, Infant, Newborn, Neonatal and child health, Sustainable Development Goal 3.2, GBD 2019 Under-5 Mortality Collaborators, medicine.disease, Newborn, TRENDS, Sustainable Development Goal, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Deaths, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, RG, business, Systematic Analysis, Malaria, Demography
Abstract

Background: Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 has targeted elimination of preventable child mortality, reduction of neonatal death to less than 12 per 1000 livebirths, and reduction of death of children younger than 5 years to less than 25 per 1000 livebirths, for each country by 2030. To understand current rates, recent trends, and potential trajectories of child mortality for the next decade, we present the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 findings for all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality in children younger than 5 years of age, with multiple scenarios for child mortality in 2030 that include the consideration of potential effects of COVID-19, and a novel framework for quantifying optimal child survival. Methods: We completed all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality analyses from 204 countries and territories for detailed age groups separately, with aggregated mortality probabilities per 1000 livebirths computed for neonatal mortality rate (NMR) and under-5 mortality rate (U5MR). Scenarios for 2030 represent different potential trajectories, notably including potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential impact of improvements preferentially targeting neonatal survival. Optimal child survival metrics were developed by age, sex, and cause of death across all GBD location-years. The first metric is a global optimum and is based on the lowest observed mortality, and the second is a survival potential frontier that is based on stochastic frontier analysis of observed mortality and Healthcare Access and Quality Index. Findings: Global U5MR decreased from 71·2 deaths per 1000 livebirths (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 68·3-74·0) in 2000 to 37·1 (33·2-41·7) in 2019 while global NMR correspondingly declined more slowly from 28·0 deaths per 1000 live births (26·8-29·5) in 2000 to 17·9 (16·3-19·8) in 2019. In 2019, 136 (67%) of 204 countries had a U5MR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold and 133 (65%) had an NMR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold, and the reference scenario suggests that by 2030, 154 (75%) of all countries could meet the U5MR targets, and 139 (68%) could meet the NMR targets. Deaths of children younger than 5 years totalled 9·65 million (95% UI 9·05-10·30) in 2000 and 5·05 million (4·27-6·02) in 2019, with the neonatal fraction of these deaths increasing from 39% (3·76 million [95% UI 3·53-4·02]) in 2000 to 48% (2·42 million; 2·06-2·86) in 2019. NMR and U5MR were generally higher in males than in females, although there was no statistically significant difference at the global level. Neonatal disorders remained the leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years in 2019, followed by lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, congenital birth defects, and malaria. The global optimum analysis suggests NMR could be reduced to as low as 0·80 (95% UI 0·71-0·86) deaths per 1000 livebirths and U5MR to 1·44 (95% UI 1·27-1·58) deaths per 1000 livebirths, and in 2019, there were as many as 1·87 million (95% UI 1·35-2·58; 37% [95% UI 32-43]) of 5·05 million more deaths of children younger than 5 years than the survival potential frontier. Interpretation: Global child mortality declined by almost half between 2000 and 2019, but progress remains slower in neonates and 65 (32%) of 204 countries, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, are not on track to meet either SDG 3.2 target by 2030. Focused improvements in perinatal and newborn care, continued and expanded delivery of essential interventions such as vaccination and infection prevention, an enhanced focus on equity, continued focus on poverty reduction and education, and investment in strengthening health systems across the development spectrum have the potential to substantially improve U5MR. Given the widespread effects of COVID-19, considerable effort will be required to maintain and accelerate progress. This article was supported by the European Research Council, ERC 848325. Alberto Ortiz was supported by FIS/Fondos FEDER (PI18/01366, PI19/00588, PI19/00815, DTS18/00032, ERA-PerMed-JTC2018 (KIDNEY ATTACK AC18/00064 and PERSTIGAN AC18/00071, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0009). Daniela Ribeiro acknowledges the financial support from the European Union [FEDER funds through COMPETE, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029253). Joan B Soriano acknowledges support from the Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Published
2021
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49. A Systematic Review on Nanomedicine

Author

Nawaz, Y., primary, Nazar, I., additional, Ahmad, H., additional, Khan, M. S., additional, Hakeem, L., additional, Saddiqa, A., additional, Ullah, M. K., additional, Shafiaq, H. R., additional, Iqbal, K., additional, Waijad, M., additional, and Saeed, B., additional

Published
2022
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50. Two-year outcomes of the MINIject drainage system for uncontrolled glaucoma from the STAR-I first-in-human trial

Author

Georges M. Durr, Kasu Prasad Reddy, Iqbal K. Ahmed, Philippe Denis, Anita Kamarthy, Zubair Hussain, Ernesto Calvo, and Christoph Hirneiß

Subjects
030213 general clinical medicine, Intraocular pressure, medicine.medical_specialty, genetic structures, medicine.medical_treatment, Glaucoma, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Tonometry, Ocular, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Glaucoma surgery, Humans, In patient, Prospective Studies, Adverse effect, Glaucoma Drainage Implants, Anterior chamber, Glaucoma medication, business.industry, Aqueous humour, First in human, Clinical Science, medicine.disease, Sensory Systems, eye diseases, Surgery, Endothelial cell density, Ophthalmology, Treatment Outcome, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, sense organs, business, Treatment surgery, Glaucoma, Open-Angle, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract

Background/AimsThe current study evaluates the efficacy and safety of the stand-alone implantation of the MINIject (iSTAR Medical, Wavre, Belgium) supraciliary, microinvasive glaucoma drainage device in patients with medically uncontrolled open-angle glaucoma.MethodsThis prospective, multicentre, first-in-human, single-arm interventional study evaluated stand-alone, ab interno implantation in 25 patients of a 5 mm long uveoscleral device made of STAR biocompatible material, which is a soft, microporous, flexible silicone. The primary outcome was the reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) at 6 months compared with baseline, and follow-up continued until 2 years for 21 patients. Secondary outcomes included success defined as diurnal IOP of ≤21 mmHg and >5 mmHg with an IOP reduction of 20% without (complete) or with/without (qualified) glaucoma medication.ResultsMean baseline IOP was 23.2±2.9 mmHg on 2.0±1.1 glaucoma medication ingredients and decreased to 13.8±3.5 mmHg (−40.7% reduction) on 1.0±1.3 medications 2 years after implantation. Complete success was achieved in 47.6% of patients (10/21) and qualified success in 100% of patients (21/21) at the 2-year follow-up. All patients achieved a 20% IOP reduction with 48% of patients medication-free. No serious ocular adverse events or additional glaucoma surgery were reported. Mean central endothelial cell density (ECD) mildly decreased from 2411 cells/mm2 (n=26) to 2341 cells/mm2 (n=21) at 24 months, which represents a 5% decrease for matched eyes. No patient had a ≥30% decrease in central ECD.ConclusionThis first-in-human study on the stand-alone implantation of the MINIject supraciliary drainage system shows promising IOP-lowering results and medication reduction over 24 months with few adverse events.Trial registration numberNCT03193736.

Published
2020

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