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Salt tea is the most commonly used beverage in Kashmir, India, where esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the most common cancer. Salt tea is brewed in a unique way in Kashmir, usually with addition of sodium bicarbonate, which makes salt tea alkaline. As little information about the association between salt tea drinking and ESCC was available, we conducted a large-scale case-control study to investigate this association in Kashmir. We recruited 703 histologically confirmed cases of ESCC and 1664 controls individually matched to cases for age, sex, and district of residence. Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Participants who consumed >1,250 ml day-1 showed an increased risk of ESCC (OR 5 2.60, 95% CIs 5 1.68-4.02). Samovar (a special vessel for the beverage preparation) users (OR = 1.77, 95% CIs 1.25-2.50) and those who ate cereal paste with salt tea (OR52.14, 95% CIs 5 1.55-2.94) or added bicarbonate sodium to salt tea (OR = 2.12, 95% CIs = 1.33-3.39) were at higher risk of ESCC than others. When analysis was limited to alkaline tea drinkers only, those who both consumed cereal paste with salt tea and used samovar vessel were at the highest risk (OR = 4.58, 95% CIs = 2.04-10.28). This study shows significant associations of salt tea drinking and some related habits with ESCC risk. © 2014 UICC.

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer that affects women all over the world. Early detection and treatment of breast cancer could decline the mortality rate. Some issues such as technical reasons, which related to imaging quality and human error, increase misdiagnosis of breast cancer by radiologists. Computer-aided detection systems (CADs) are developed to overcome these restrictions and have been studied in many imaging modalities for breast cancer detection in recent years. The CAD systems improve radiologists’ performance in finding and discriminat- ing between the normal and abnormal tissues. These procedures are performed only as a double reader but the absolute decisions are still made by the radiologist. In this study, the recent CAD systems for breast cancer detec- tion on different modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, MRI, and biopsy histopathological images are introduced. The foundation of CAD systems generally consist of four stages: Pre-processing, Segmentation, Fea- ture extraction, and Classification. The approaches which applied to design different stages of CAD system are summarised. Advantages and disadvantages of different segmentation, feature extraction and classification tech- niques are listed. In addition, the impact of imbalanced datasets in classification outcomes and appropriate methods to solve these issues are discussed. As well as, performance evaluation metrics for various stages of breast cancer detection CAD systems are reviewed., EXCLI Journal;Vol. 16 2017

Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) is an important vegetable having culinary, medicinal and economic significance. It belongs to family “Solanaceae” and is vulnerable to many biotic and abiotic factors. Among the biotic stresses, late blight disease is the most destructive disease causing huge losses and posing a great threat to successful tomato production. The present experimentation was carried out to test the efficacy of ten fungicides viz. Mentor 50% EC, Symbol 76% EC, Fossil 32.5% SC, Cruze 32.5% EC, Falter 70% WP, Cosmos 80% WP, Wilson 69% WDG, Clone 72% WP, Puslan 72% WP and Ridomil 72% WP against tomato late blight to find out the most effective one. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was followed with three replications. The means were compared with the help of Least Significant Difference (LSD) test.

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The ability of plant to sustain itself in limited water conditions is crucial in the world of agriculture. To breed for drought tolerance in wheat, it is essential to clearly understand drought tolerant mechanisms. Conventional breeding is time consuming and labor intensive being inefficient with low heritability traits like drought tolerance. Recent progress made in the field of genomics enabling us to access genes linked with drought tolerance has enhanced our understanding of this complex phenomenon. The purpose of this review paper was to briefly overview the accomplishments in molecular breeding for drought tolerance in wheat. Thus, by knowing the genetics of drought tolerance and identifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) linked with DNA markers will help wheat breeders to develop high yielding drought tolerant cultivars.Key words: Triticum aestivum L, drought tolerance, QTLs, marker assisted selection (MAS).

Perairan Indonesia secara umum dipengaruhi oleh angin munson, bertiup pada arah yang berlawanan secara bergantian dalam satu tahun, yang dikenal dengan munson barat dan munson timur. Kota Makassar yang merupakan salah satu kawasan dari spermonde memiliki wilayah daratan dan juga memiliki wilayah kepulauan yang dapat dilihat sepanjang garis pantai Kota Makassar. Pulau-pulau ini merupakan gugusan pulau-pulau karang sebanyak 12 pulau, bagian dari gugusan pulau-pulau Sangkarang, atau disebut juga pulau-pulau Pabbiring, atau lebih dikenal dengan nama kepulauan Spermonde. Pulau-pulau tersebut adalah Pulau Lanjukang (terjauh), Pulau Langkai, Pulau Lumu-Lumu, Pulau Bonetambung, Pulau Kodingareng Lompo, Pulau Barrang Lompo, Pulau Barrang Caddi, Pulau Kodingareng Keke, Pulau Samalona, Pulau Lae-Lae, Pulau Lae-Lae kecil (gusung) dan Pulau Kayangan (terdekat). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pola pergerakan arus permukaan pada munson barat di perairan Kota Makassar. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei-Desember 2012. Data citra yang digunakan adalah data akuisisi dari bulan Oktober 2011 sampai Oktober 2012 (2 tahun). Pengambilan data lapangan dilakukan selama 2 (dua) bulan yaitu bulan September-Oktober 2012. Pola arus yang terjadi di laut lepas baik saat pasang maupun surut menunjukkan pola yang sama yakni dari utara dan terbagi menuju ke timur dan selatan. Arus ke timur terjadi di laut utara Pulau Barrang Lompo dengan kondisi arus semakin melemah menuju daratan Sulawesi dengan kecepatan 0,10 met/det. Sedangkan arus yang mengarah ke Tenggara dan Selatan dengan kecepatan 0,2 m/s dengan kondisi kecepatan arus semakin meningkat hingga di bagian selatan Pulau Langkai dengan kecepatan mencapai 0,5 m/s.

Perairan Indonesia secara umum dipengaruhi oleh angin munson, bertiup pada arah yang berlawanan secara bergantian dalam satu tahun, yang dikenal dengan munson barat dan munson timur. Kota Makassar yang merupakan salah satu kawasan dari spermonde memiliki wilayah daratan dan juga memiliki wilayah kepulauan yang dapat dilihat sepanjang garis pantai Kota Makassar. Pulau-pulau ini merupakan gugusan pulau-pulau karang sebanyak 12 pulau, bagian dari gugusan pulau-pulau Sangkarang, atau disebut juga pulau-pulau Pabbiring, atau lebih dikenal dengan nama kepulauan Spermonde. Pulau-pulau tersebut adalah Pulau Lanjukang (terjauh), Pulau Langkai, Pulau Lumu-Lumu, Pulau Bonetambung, Pulau Kodingareng Lompo, Pulau Barrang Lompo, Pulau Barrang Caddi, Pulau Kodingareng Keke, Pulau Samalona, Pulau Lae-Lae, Pulau Lae-Lae kecil (gusung) dan Pulau Kayangan (terdekat). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pola pergerakan arus permukaan pada munson barat di perairan Kota Makassar. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei-Desember 2012. Data citra yang digunakan adalah data akuisisi dari bulan Oktober 2011 sampai Oktober 2012 (2 tahun). Pengambilan data lapangan dilakukan selama 2 (dua) bulan yaitu bulan September-Oktober 2012. Pola arus yang terjadi di laut lepas baik saat pasang maupun surut menunjukkan pola yang sama yakni dari utara dan terbagi menuju ke timur dan selatan. Arus ke timur terjadi di laut utara Pulau Barrang Lompo dengan kondisi arus semakin melemah menuju daratan Sulawesi dengan kecepatan 0,10 met/det. Sedangkan arus yang mengarah ke Tenggara dan Selatan dengan kecepatan 0,2 m/s dengan kondisi kecepatan arus semakin meningkat hingga di bagian selatan Pulau Langkai dengan kecepatan mencapai 0,5 m/s.

Background: Child Development is a process of positive change in psychomotor, cognitive, linguistic, social, emotional, and behavioural aspects in a well nourished child. The word psychomotor refers to the psychological and motor aspects of action. Psychomotor abilities have a pivotal role in the achievement of holistic development of well balanced children during the early phases of life. Many children live in the underprivileged conditions prevailing in the developing countries. About 11 million under 5 children die every year, while a large proportion of children who survive are prone to developmental delays, socio-emotional difficulties, and growth faltering. It has been estimated that at least 200 million children are developmentally delayed in the developing countries. Aims and objectives: The overall aim was to evaluate the relative contributions of socio-economic status, rural-urban neighbourhood and sensory stimulation to the psychomotor development of the child. In addition, to explore whether physical growth is in the causal pathways of the influence of these factors on psychomotor development. Methodology: A cross-sectional study involving 1244 0-3 year old children living in Sindh, Pakistan was conducted from May to November 2002. Children were assessed at home visits using: Bayley's Infant Developmental Scale for psychomotor development, the Home Observations for Measurement of the Environment inventory (HOME) to assess sensory stimulation available at home, basic anthropometry for growth status, and a questionnaire \ud covering a variety of data including socio-economic status. A socio-economic index was created based on principle component analysis and multiple linear regression techniques were applied to assess study hypotheses. Key findings: Socio-economic inequalities have an immense impact on early child growth and development. Children in rural neighbourhoods have poor psychomotor development compared with urban areas; the association is statistically very robust. In contrast, rural \ud urban differences in physical growth are mediated by socio-economic status. Physical growth is a significant determinant of psychomotor development, especially in the presence of a combination of poor anthropometric indicators. Sensory stimulation available at home is \ud strongly linked with physical growth and psychomotor development. However, its effect on psychomotor development is only marginally mediated via the nutritional status of the child. Implications: The study highlights the fact that improvement in socio-economic conditions \ud is vital to achieve optimal growth and development during early childhood. However, attention to the contextual needs, especially rural urban neighbourhood, is required in formulation and implementation in early child care and development interventions. The study also draws our attention to the fact that efforts to improve physical growth are mandatory in order to achieve optimal child development. Last but not least the study provides substantial evidence that sensory stimulation should be promoted as a strategy to make a positive difference to the growth and development status of children.

In the title compound, C17H13NOS2, the heterocyclic ring is oriented at a dihedral angle of 74.43 (5)° with respect to the anilinic benzene ring and at a dihedral angle of 17.31 (9)° with respect to phenyl ring. An intramolecular C—H...S interaction occurs, resulting in an S(6) ring. In the crystal, the packing is consolidated by C—H...π interactions and possible very weak aromatic π–π stacking [centroid–centroid separation = 4.025 (1) Å].

In the title compound, C10H7NO2S2·0.5CH3OH, the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 11.43 (11)° and a short intramolecular C—H...S contact occurs. The methanol solvent molecule is equally disordered over two sets of sites. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of N—H...O hydrogen bonds occur. The methanol solvent molecule connects the dimers through O—H...S and O—H...O intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Further stability is afforded by C—H...π and π–π interactions [centroid–centroid separation = 3.5948 (13) Å].