38 results on '"Ip JC"'
Search Results
2. Current management options for recurrent adrenocortical carcinoma
- Author
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Glover AR, Ip JCY, Zhao JT, Soon PSH, Robinson BG, and Sidhu SB
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Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens ,RC254-282 - Abstract
Anthony R Glover,1 Julian C Y Ip,1 Jing Ting Zhao,1 Patsy S H Soon,1,4 Bruce G Robinson,1,3 Stan B Sidhu1,2 1Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Cancer Genetics Laboratory, 2Endocrine Surgical Unit, 3Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St Leonards, 4Department of Surgery, Bankstown Hospital and University of New South Wales, Bankstown, NSW, Australia Abstract: Adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare cancer that poses a number of management challenges due to the limited number of effective systemic treatments. Complete surgical resection offers the best chance of long-term survival. However, despite complete resection, ACC is associated with high recurrence rates. This review will discuss the management of recurrent ACC in adults following complete surgical resection. Management should take place in a specialist center and treatment decisions must consider the individual tumor biology of each case of recurrence. Given the fact that ACC commonly recurs, management to prevent recurrence should be considered from initial diagnosis with the use of adjuvant mitotane. Close follow up with clinical examination and imaging is important for early detection of recurrent disease. Locoregional recurrence may be isolated, and repeat surgical resection should be considered along with mitotane. The use of radiotherapy in ACC remains controversial. Systemic recurrence most often involves liver, pulmonary, and bone metastasis and is usually managed with mitotane, with or without combination chemotherapy. There is a limited role for surgical resection in systemic recurrence in selected patients. In all patients with recurrent disease, control of excessive hormone production is an important part of management. Despite intensive management of recurrent ACC, treatment failure is common and the use of clinical trials and novel treatment is an important part of management. Keywords: recurrence, surgery, chemotherapy, mitotane, treatment
- Published
- 2013
3. Phylogenomics of Bivalvia Using Ultraconserved Elements (UCEs) Reveal New Topologies for Pteriomorphia and Imparidentia.
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Li YX, Ip JC, Chen C, Xu T, Zhang Q, Sun Y, Ma PZ, and Qiu JW
- Abstract
Despite significant advances in phylogenetics over the past decades, the deep relationships within Bivalvia (phylum Mollusca) remain inconclusive. Previous efforts based on morphology or several genes have failed to resolve many key nodes in the phylogeny of Bivalvia. Advances have been made recently using transcriptome data, but the phylogenetic relationships within Bivalvia historically lacked consensus, especially within Pteriomorphia and Imparidentia. Here, we inferred the relationships of key lineages within Bivalvia using matrices generated from specifically designed ultraconserved elements (UCEs) with 16 available genomic resources and 85 newly sequenced specimens from 55 families. Our new probes (Bivalve UCE 2k v.1) for target sequencing captured an average of 849 UCEs with 1085-bp in mean length from in vitro experiments. Our results introduced novel schemes from six major clades (Protobranchina, Pteriomorphia, Palaeoheterodonta, Archiheterodonta, Anomalodesmata and Imparidentia), though some inner nodes were poorly resolved, such as paraphyletic Heterodonta in some topologies potentially due to insufficient taxon sampling. The resolution increased when analyzing specific matrices for Pteriomorphia and Imparidentia. We recovered three Pteriomorphia topologies different from previously published trees, with the strongest support for ((Ostreida + (Arcida + Mytilida)) + (Pectinida + (Limida + Pectinida))). Limida were nested within Pectinida, warranting further studies. For Imparidentia, our results strongly supported the new hypothesis of (Galeommatida + (Adapedonta + Cardiida)), while the possible non-monophyly of Lucinida was inferred but poorly supported. Overall, our results provide important insights into the phylogeny of Bivalvia and show that target enrichment sequencing of UCEs can be broadly applied to study both deep and shallow phylogenetic relationships., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press, on behalf of the Society of Systematic Biologists. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)
- Published
- 2024
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4. Environmental occurrence, biological effects, and health implications of zinc pyrithione: A review.
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Wu X, Jeong CB, Huang W, Ip JC, Guo J, Lai KP, Liu W, and Mo J
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- Animals, Aquatic Organisms drug effects, Risk Assessment, Ecosystem, Environmental Monitoring, Pyridines toxicity, Organometallic Compounds toxicity, Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity
- Abstract
Due to the detrimental effects on aquatic organisms and ecosystem, tributyltin as a antifouling agent have been banned worldwide since 1990s. As a replacement for tributyltin, zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) has emerged as a new environmentally friendly antifouling agent. However, the widespread use of ZnPT unavoidably leads to the occurrence and accumulation in aquatic environments, especially in waters with limited sunlight. Despite empirical evidence demonstrating the ecotoxicity and health risks of ZnPT to different organisms, there has been no attempt to compile and interpret this data. The present review revealed that over the past 50 years, numerous studies have documented the toxicity of ZnPT in various organisms, both in vitro and in vivo. However, long-term effects and underlying mechanisms of ZnPT on biota, particularly at environmentally realistic exposure levels, remain largely unexplored. In-depth studies are thus necessary to generate detailed ecotoxicological information of ZnPT for environmental risk assessment and management., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors reported no declarations of competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
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- 2024
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5. Dynamic changes in bacterial communities in three species of corals during the 2017 bleaching event in subtropical Hong Kong waters.
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Zou Y, Ip JC, Xie JY, Yeung YH, Wei L, Guo Z, Zhang Y, and Qiu JW
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- Animals, Hong Kong, Climate, Coral Reefs, Anthozoa microbiology, Synechococcus
- Abstract
Bacteria play important roles in coral health, yet little is known about the dynamics of coral-associated bacterial communities during coral bleaching. Here, we reported the dynamic changes of bacterial communities in three scleractinian corals (Montipora peltiformis, Pavona decussata and Platygyra carnosa) during and after bleaching through amplicon sequencing. Our results revealed that the bacterial composition and dominant bacteria varied among the three coral species. The higher susceptibility of M. peltiformis to bleaching corresponded to a lower bacterial community diversity, and the dominant Synechococcus shifted in abundance during the bleaching and coral recovery phases. The resilient P. decussata and P. carnosa had higher bacterial diversity and a more similar bacterial composition between the healthy and bleached conditions. Overall, our study reveals the dynamic changes in coral-associated microbial diversity under different conditions, contributing to explaining the differential susceptibility of corals to extreme climate conditions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
- Published
- 2024
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6. Scallop-bacteria symbiosis from the deep sea reveals strong genomic coupling in the absence of cellular integration.
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Lin YT, Ip JC, He X, Gao ZM, Perez M, Xu T, Sun J, Qian PY, and Qiu JW
- Subjects
- Animals, Symbiosis, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S genetics, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S metabolism, Bacteria, Genomics, Genome, Bacterial, Phylogeny, Bivalvia microbiology, Pectinidae genetics
- Abstract
Previous studies have revealed tight metabolic complementarity between bivalves and their endosymbiotic chemosynthetic bacteria, but little is known about their interactions with ectosymbionts. Our analysis of the ectosymbiosis between a deep-sea scallop (Catillopecten margaritatus) and a gammaproteobacterium showed that bivalves could be highly interdependent with their ectosymbionts as well. Our microscopic observation revealed abundant sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) on the surfaces of the gill epithelial cells. Microbial 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of the gill tissues showed the dominance of the SOB. An analysis of the SOB genome showed that it is substantially smaller than its free-living relatives and has lost cellular components required for free-living. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses showed that this ectosymbiont relies on rhodanese-like proteins and SOX multienzyme complex for energy generation, mainly on the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle and peripherally on a phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase for carbon assimilation. Besides, the symbiont encodes an incomplete tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Observation of the scallop's digestive gland and its nitrogen metabolism pathways indicates it does not fully rely on the ectosymbiont for nutrition. Analysis of the host's gene expression provided evidence that it could offer intermediates for the ectosymbiont to complete its TCA cycle and some amino acid synthesis pathways using exosomes, and its phagosomes, endosomes, and lysosomes might be involved in harvesting nutrients from the symbionts. Overall, our study prompts us to rethink the intimacy between the hosts and ectosymbionts in Bivalvia and the evolution of chemosymbiosis in general., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Society for Microbial Ecology.)
- Published
- 2024
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7. A draft genome assembly of reef-building octocoral Heliopora coerulea.
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Ip JC, Ho MH, Chan BKK, and Qiu JW
- Subjects
- Animals, Anthropogenic Effects, Climate Change, Coral Reefs, Existentialism, Genome, Anthozoa genetics
- Abstract
Coral reefs are under existential threat from climate change and anthropogenic impacts. Genomic studies have enhanced our knowledge of resilience and responses of some coral species to environmental stress, but reference genomes are lacking for many coral species. The blue coral Heliopora is the only reef-building octocoral genus and exhibits optimal growth at a temperature close to the bleaching threshold of scleractinian corals. Local and high-latitude expansions of Heliopora coerulea were reported in the last decade, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying its thermal resistance. We generated a draft genome of H. coerulea with an assembled size of 429.9 Mb, scaffold N50 of 1.42 Mb and BUSCO completeness of 94.9%. The genome contains 239.1 Mb repetitive sequences, 27,108 protein coding genes, 6,225 lncRNAs, and 79 miRNAs. This reference genome provides a valuable resource for in-depth studies on the adaptive mechanisms of corals under climate change and the evolution of skeleton in cnidarian., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2023
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8. Phylogenetic context of a deep-sea clam (Bivalvia: Vesicomyidae) revealed by DNA from 1 500-year-old shells.
- Author
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Li YX, Zhang Y, Ip JC, Liu J, Chen C, Little CTS, Yokoyama Y, Yasuhara M, and Qiu JW
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- Animals, Phylogeny, DNA genetics, Bivalvia genetics
- Published
- 2023
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9. Interactions among deep-sea mussels and their epibiotic and endosymbiotic chemoautotrophic bacteria: Insights from multi-omics analysis.
- Author
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Lin YT, Xu T, Ip JC, Sun Y, Fang L, Luan T, Zhang Y, Qian PY, and Qiu JW
- Subjects
- Animals, Bacteria genetics, Symbiosis, Carbon metabolism, Ecosystem, Bivalvia genetics
- Abstract
Endosymbiosis with Gammaproteobacteria is fundamental for the success of bathymodioline mussels in deep-sea chemosynthesis-based ecosystems. However, the recent discovery of Campylobacteria on the gill surfaces of these mussels suggests that these host-bacterial relationships may be more complex than previously thought. Using the cold-seep mussel ( Gigantidas haimaensis ) as a model, we explored this host-bacterial system by assembling the host transcriptome and genomes of its epibiotic Campylobacteria and endosymbiotic Gammaproteobacteria and quantifying their gene and protein expression levels. We found that the epibiont applies a sulfur oxidizing (SOX) multienzyme complex with the acquisition of soxB from Gammaproteobacteria for energy production and switched from a reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycle to a Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle for carbon assimilation. The host provides metabolic intermediates, inorganic carbon, and thiosulfate to satisfy the materials and energy requirements of the epibiont, but whether the epibiont benefits the host is unclear. The endosymbiont adopts methane oxidation and the ribulose monophosphate pathway (RuMP) for energy production, providing the major source of energy for itself and the host. The host obtains most of its nutrients, such as lysine, glutamine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, histidine, and folate, from the endosymbiont. In addition, host pattern recognition receptors, including toll-like receptors, peptidoglycan recognition proteins, and C-type lectins, may participate in bacterial infection, maintenance, and population regulation. Overall, this study provides insights into the complex host-bacterial relationships that have enabled mussels and bacteria to thrive in deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems.
- Published
- 2023
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10. Stable Symbiodiniaceae composition in three coral species during the 2017 natural bleaching event in subtropical Hong Kong.
- Author
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Ip JC, Zhang Y, Xie JY, Yeung YH, and Qiu JW
- Subjects
- Animals, Coral Reefs, Hong Kong, Symbiosis, Anthozoa, Dinoflagellida
- Abstract
Adaptive changes in endosymbiotic Symbiodiniaceae communities have been reported during and after bleaching events in tropical coral species, but little is known about such shifts in subtropical species. Here we examined the Symbiodiniaceae communities in three coral species (Montipora peltiformis, Pavona decussata, and Platygyra carnosa) based on samples collected during and after the 2017 bleaching event in subtropical Hong Kong waters. In all of the collected samples, ITS2 meta-sequencing revealed that P. decussata and P. carnosa were predominantly associated with Cladocopium C1 and C1c, whereas M. peltiformis was mainly associated with two Cladocopium C21 types and C1. For each species, the predominant endosymbionts exhibited high fidelity, and the relatively low abundance ITS2-types showed minor changes between the bleached and recovered corals. Our study provided the first details of coral-algal association in Hong Kong waters, suggesting the selection of certain genotypes as a potential adaptive mechanism to the marginal environmental conditions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
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11. Comparative transcriptomics of two coral holobionts collected during the 2017 El Niño heat wave reveal differential stress response mechanisms.
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Ip JC, Zhang Y, Xie JY, Yeung YH, and Qiu JW
- Subjects
- Animals, Chlorophyll A, Coral Reefs, El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Symbiosis, Transcriptome, Anthozoa physiology
- Abstract
Although coral species exhibit differential susceptibility to stressors, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here we compared scleractinian corals Montipora peltiformis and Platygyra carnosa collected during the 2017 El Niño heat wave. Zooxanthellae density and chlorophyll a content declined and increased substantially during and after heat stress event, respective. However, the magnitude of change was larger in M. peltiformis. Transcriptome analysis showed that heat-stressed corals corresponded to metabolic depression and catabolism of amino acids in both hosts which might promote their survival. However, only M. peltiformis has developed the bleached coral phenotype with corresponding strong stress- and immune-related responses in the host and symbiont, and strong suppression of photosynthesis-related genes in the symbiont. Overall, our study reveals differences among species in the homeostatic capacity to prevent the development of the bleached phenotype under environmental stressors, eventually determining their likelihood of survival in the warming ocean., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
- Published
- 2022
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12. Host-symbiont transcriptomic changes during natural bleaching and recovery in the leaf coral Pavona decussata.
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Zhang Y, Ip JC, Xie JY, Yeung YH, Sun Y, and Qiu JW
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- Animals, Chlorophyll A, Coral Reefs, Plant Leaves, Symbiosis, Transcriptome, Anthozoa genetics
- Abstract
Coral bleaching has become a major threat to coral reefs worldwide, but for most coral species little is known about their resilience to environmental changes. We aimed to understand the gene expressional regulation underlying natural bleaching and recovery in Pavona decussata, a dominant species of scleractinian coral in the northern South China Sea. Analyzing samples collected in 2017 from the field revealed distinct zooxanthellae density, chlorophyll a concentration and transcriptomic signatures corresponding to changes in health conditions of the coral holobiont. In the host, normal-looking tissues of partially bleached colonies were frontloaded with stress responsive genes, as indicated by upregulation of immune defense, response to endoplasmic reticulum, and oxidative stress genes. Bleaching was characterized by upregulation of apoptosis-related genes which could cause a reduction in algal symbionts, and downregulation of genes involved in stress responses and metabolic processes. The transcription factors stat5b and irf1 played key roles in bleaching by regulating immune and apoptosis pathways. Recovery from bleaching was characterized by enrichment of pathways involved in mitosis, DNA replication, and recombination for tissue repairing, as well as restoration of energy and metabolism. In the symbionts, bleaching corresponded to imbalance in photosystems I and II activities which enhanced oxidative stress and limited energy production and nutrient assimilation. Overall, our study revealed distinct gene expressional profiles and regulation in the different phases of the bleaching and recovery process, and provided new insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the holobiont's resilience that may determine the species' fate in response to global and regional environmental changes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
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13. Transcriptomics reveal triphenyltin-induced molecular toxicity in the marine mussel Perna viridis.
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Ip JC, Leung PTY, Qiu JW, Lam PKS, Wong CKC, Chan LL, and Leung KMY
- Subjects
- Animals, Ecosystem, Organotin Compounds, Transcriptome, Perna genetics, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis, Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity
- Abstract
Triphenyltin (TPT) is widely used as an active ingredient in antifouling paints and fungicides, and continuous release of this highly toxic endocrine disruptor has caused serious pollution to coastal marine ecosystems and organisms worldwide. Using bioassays and transcriptome sequencing, this study comprehensively investigated the molecular toxicity of TPT chloride (TPTCl) to the marine mussel Perna viridis which is a commercially important species and a common biomonitor for marine pollution in Southeast Asia. Our results indicated that TPTCl was highly toxic to adult P. viridis, with a 96-h LC
10 and a 96-h EC10 at 18.7 μg/L and 2.7 μg/L, respectively. A 21-day chronic exposure to 2.7 μg/L TPTCl revealed a strong bioaccumulation of TPT in gills (up to 36.48 μg/g dry weight) and hepatopancreas (71.19 μg/g dry weight) of P. viridis. Transcriptome analysis indicated a time course dependent gene expression pattern in both gills and hepatopancreas. Higher numbers of differentially expressed genes were detected at Day 21 (gills: 1686 genes; hepatopancreas: 1450 genes) and at Day 28 (gills: 628 genes; hepatopancreas: 238 genes) when compared with that at Day 7 (gills: 104 genes, hepatopancreas: 112 genes). Exposure to TPT strongly impaired the endocrine system through targeting on nuclear receptors and putative steroid metabolic genes. Moreover, TPT widely disrupted cellular functions, including lipid metabolism, xenobiotic detoxification, immune response and endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation expression, which might have caused the bioaccumulation of TPT in the tissues and aggregation of peptides and proteins in cells that further activated the apoptosis process in P. viridis. Overall, this study has advanced our understanding on both ecotoxicity and molecular toxic mechanisms of TPT to marine mussels, and contributed empirical toxicity data for risk assessment and management of TPT contamination., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2021
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14. Genomic Signatures Supporting the Symbiosis and Formation of Chitinous Tube in the Deep-Sea Tubeworm Paraescarpia echinospica.
- Author
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Sun Y, Sun J, Yang Y, Lan Y, Ip JC, Wong WC, Kwan YH, Zhang Y, Han Z, Qiu JW, and Qian PY
- Subjects
- Animals, Chitin, Ecosystem, Genomics, Proteomics, Hydrothermal Vents microbiology, Symbiosis genetics
- Abstract
Vestimentiferan tubeworms are iconic animals that present as large habitat-forming chitinized tube bushes in deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems. They are gutless and depend entirely on their endosymbiotic sulfide-oxidizing chemoautotrophic bacteria for nutrition. Information on the genomes of several siboglinid endosymbionts has improved our understanding of their nutritional supplies. However, the interactions between tubeworms and their endosymbionts remain largely unclear due to a paucity of host genomes. Here, we report the chromosome-level genome of the vestimentiferan tubeworm Paraescarpia echinospica. We found that the genome has been remodeled to facilitate symbiosis through the expansion of gene families related to substrate transfer and innate immunity, suppression of apoptosis, regulation of lysosomal digestion, and protection against oxidative stress. Furthermore, the genome encodes a programmed cell death pathway that potentially controls the endosymbiont population. Our integrated genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses uncovered matrix proteins required for the formation of the chitinous tube and revealed gene family expansion and co-option as evolutionary mechanisms driving the acquisition of this unique supporting structure for deep-sea tubeworms. Overall, our study provides novel insights into the host's support system that has enabled tubeworms to establish symbiosis, thrive in deep-sea hot vents and cold seeps, and produce the unique chitinous tubes in the deep sea., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.)
- Published
- 2021
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15. Genomic insights into the sessile life and biofouling of barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia).
- Author
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Ip JC, Qiu JW, and Chan BKK
- Abstract
Members of the infraclass Cirripedia, commonly called barnacles, are unique among the subphylum Crustacea in that they exhibit a biphasic life cycle with a planktonic larval stage and a sessile adult stage. Understanding their unique sessile life and mechanisms of attachment are hampered by the lack of genomic resources. Here, we present a 746 Mb genome assembly of Lepas anserifera - the first sequenced stalked barnacle genome. We estimate that Cirripedia first arose ~495 million years ago (MYA) and further diversified since Mesozoic. A demographic analysis revealed remarkable population changes of the barnacle in relation to sea-level fluctuations in the last 2 MYA. Comparative genomic analyses revealed the expansion of a number of developmental related genes families in barnacle genomes, such as Br-C, PCP20 and Lola, which are potentially important for the evolution of metamorphosis, cuticle development and central nervous system. Phylogenetic analysis and tissue expression profiling showed the possible roles of gene duplication, functional diversification and co-option in shaping the genomic evolution of barnacles. Overall, our study provides not only a valuable draft genome for comparative genomic analysis of crustacean evolution, but also facilitates studies of biofouling control., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2021 The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2021
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16. Host-Endosymbiont Genome Integration in a Deep-Sea Chemosymbiotic Clam.
- Author
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Ip JC, Xu T, Sun J, Li R, Chen C, Lan Y, Han Z, Zhang H, Wei J, Wang H, Tao J, Cai Z, Qian PY, and Qiu JW
- Subjects
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Bivalvia physiology, Hemoglobins chemistry, Hemoglobins genetics, Immune System, Phylogeny, Piscirickettsiaceae genetics, Bivalvia microbiology, Gene Transfer, Horizontal, Genome, Hydrothermal Vents microbiology, Symbiosis
- Abstract
Endosymbiosis with chemosynthetic bacteria has enabled many deep-sea invertebrates to thrive at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, but most previous studies on this mutualism have focused on the bacteria only. Vesicomyid clams dominate global deep-sea chemosynthesis-based ecosystems. They differ from most deep-sea symbiotic animals in passing their symbionts from parent to offspring, enabling intricate coevolution between the host and the symbiont. Here, we sequenced the genomes of the clam Archivesica marissinica (Bivalvia: Vesicomyidae) and its bacterial symbiont to understand the genomic/metabolic integration behind this symbiosis. At 1.52 Gb, the clam genome encodes 28 genes horizontally transferred from bacteria, a large number of pseudogenes and transposable elements whose massive expansion corresponded to the timing of the rise and subsequent divergence of symbiont-bearing vesicomyids. The genome exhibits gene family expansion in cellular processes that likely facilitate chemoautotrophy, including gas delivery to support energy and carbon production, metabolite exchange with the symbiont, and regulation of the bacteriocyte population. Contraction in cellulase genes is likely adaptive to the shift from phytoplankton-derived to bacteria-based food. It also shows contraction in bacterial recognition gene families, indicative of suppressed immune response to the endosymbiont. The gammaproteobacterium endosymbiont has a reduced genome of 1.03 Mb but retains complete pathways for sulfur oxidation, carbon fixation, and biosynthesis of 20 common amino acids, indicating the host's high dependence on the symbiont for nutrition. Overall, the host-symbiont genomes show not only tight metabolic complementarity but also distinct signatures of coevolution allowing the vesicomyids to thrive in chemosynthesis-based ecosystems., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.)
- Published
- 2021
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17. Developmental toxicity and molecular responses of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) embryos to ciguatoxin P-CTX-1 exposure.
- Author
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Yan M, Leung PT, Ip JC, Cheng JP, Wu JJ, Gu JR, and Lam PK
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- Animals, Bone Development drug effects, Bone Development genetics, Cyclooxygenase 2 genetics, Cyclooxygenase 2 metabolism, Embryo, Nonmammalian metabolism, Gallbladder drug effects, Gene Expression Regulation drug effects, Heart drug effects, Heart embryology, Immunity drug effects, Immunity genetics, Multivariate Analysis, Stress, Physiological drug effects, Stress, Physiological genetics, Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity, Ciguatoxins toxicity, Embryo, Nonmammalian drug effects, Environmental Exposure analysis, Oryzias embryology
- Abstract
Ciguatoxins are produced by toxic benthic dinoflagellates and cause ciguatera fish poisoning worldwide, but the toxic effects on developing marine fish have not been well investigated. The Pacific ciguatoxin (P-CTX-1), is a potent sodium channel agonist, which is one of the most toxic members among all CTXs. This study evaluated the toxic effects of microinjecting purified Pacific ciguatoxin-1 (P-CTX-1) on embryonic development of marine medaka Oryzias melastigma. A lower 96h-LD
50 value was estimated for eleuthero-embryos (1.32ngg-1 ) than that for embryos (1.71ngg-1 ), indicating that P-CTX-1 is more lethal to newly hatched medaka larvae. P-CTX-1 induced detrimental effects during embryonic development, including hatching failure, abnormalities in physical development (caudal fin malformation and spinal deformities), internal damage (green coloration of the gall bladder and hemorrhaging), immune dysfunction, and altered muscle physiology (bradycardia and hyperkinetic twitching). The results of a transcriptional expression analysis of genes related to the stress/immune responses, cardiac and bone development, and apoptosis supported the observed developmental abnormalities. This study advanced the understanding of P-CTX-1 mediated toxic mechanisms in the development of early life stages of a fish, and thus contributed to the toxicity assessment of CTXs in marine ecosystems., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2017
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18. Metastasis-suppressing NID2, an epigenetically-silenced gene, in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
- Author
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Chai AW, Cheung AK, Dai W, Ko JM, Ip JC, Chan KW, Kwong DL, Ng WT, Lee AW, Ngan RK, Yau CC, Tung SY, Lee VH, Lam AK, Pillai S, Law S, and Lung ML
- Subjects
- Animals, Calcium-Binding Proteins, Carcinoma metabolism, Carcinoma secondary, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell metabolism, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell secondary, Cell Adhesion Molecules metabolism, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Movement, Cell Proliferation, ErbB Receptors metabolism, Esophageal Neoplasms metabolism, Esophageal Neoplasms pathology, Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Female, Focal Adhesion Kinase 1 metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Humans, Integrins metabolism, Liver Neoplasms genetics, Liver Neoplasms metabolism, Liver Neoplasms secondary, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Nude, Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms metabolism, Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms pathology, Neoplasm Invasiveness, Phospholipase C gamma metabolism, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt metabolism, Signal Transduction, Time Factors, Transfection, Tumor Burden, Carcinoma genetics, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell genetics, Cell Adhesion Molecules genetics, DNA Methylation, Esophageal Neoplasms genetics, Gene Silencing, Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms genetics
- Abstract
Nidogen-2 (NID2) is a key component of the basement membrane that stabilizes the extracellular matrix (ECM) network. The aim of the study is to analyze the functional roles of NID2 in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). We performed genome-wide methylation profiling of NPC and ESCC and validated our findings using the methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM) assay. Results showed that promoter methylation of NID2 was significantly higher in NPC and ESCC samples than in their adjacent non-cancer counterparts. Consistently, down-regulation of NID2 was observed in the clinical samples and cell lines of both NPC and ESCC. Re-expression of NID2 suppresses clonogenic survival and migration abilities of transduced NPC and ESCC cells. We showed that NID2 significantly inhibits liver metastasis. Mechanistic studies of signaling pathways also confirm that NID2 suppresses the EGFR/Akt and integrin/FAK/PLCγ metastasis-related pathways. This study provides novel insights into the crucial tumor metastasis suppression roles of NID2 in cancers.
- Published
- 2016
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19. De novo transcriptome assembly of the marine gastropod Reishia clavigera for supporting toxic mechanism studies.
- Author
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Ip JC, Leung PT, Ho KK, Qiu JW, and Leung KM
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Gastropoda genetics, Gene Ontology, Gonads drug effects, Male, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Organ Specificity, Ecotoxicology methods, Gastropoda drug effects, Organotin Compounds toxicity, Transcriptome drug effects, Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity
- Abstract
The intertidal whelk Reishia clavigera is commonly used as a biomonitor of chemical contamination in the marine environment along Western Pacific region, and as a model for mechanistic studies of organotin-mediated imposex development. However, limited genomic resources of R. clavigera have restricted its role for the investigation of molecular mechanisms of such endocrine disruptions. This study, therefore, aimed to establish tissue-specific transcriptomes of the digestive gland, gonad, head ganglia, penis and the remaining body part of the male and female R. clavigera. By combining the results, a global transcriptome was obtained. A total of 578,134,720 high-quality filtered reads were obtained using Illumina sequencing. The R. clavigera transcriptome comprised of 38,466 transcripts and 32,798 unigenes with predicted open reading frames. The average length of transcripts was 1,709bp with N50 of 2,236bp. Based on sequence similarity searches against public databases, 28,657 transcripts and 24,403 unigenes had at least one BLAST hit. There were 17,530 transcripts and 14,897 unigenes annotated with at least one Gene Ontology (GO) term. Moreover, 5,776 transcripts and 5,137 unigenes were associated with 333 Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. The numbers of unigenes were similar among the five target tissues and between sexes, but tissue-specific expression profiles were revealed by multivariate analyses. Based on the functional annotation, putative steroid hormone-associated unigenes were identified. In particular, we highlighted the presence of steroid hormone receptor homologues that could be the targets for mechanistic studies of the organotin-mediated imposex development in marine gastropods. This newly generated transcriptome assembly of R. clavigera provides a valuable molecular resource for ecotoxicological and environmental genomic studies., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
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- 2016
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20. DESC1, a novel tumor suppressor, sensitizes cells to apoptosis by downregulating the EGFR/AKT pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Ng HY, Ko JM, Yu VZ, Ip JC, Dai W, Cal S, and Lung ML
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- Animals, Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic pharmacology, Apoptosis, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell drug therapy, Cell Line, Tumor, Down-Regulation, Drug Resistance, Neoplasm, Esophageal Neoplasms drug therapy, Fluorouracil pharmacology, Humans, Mice, Nude, Neoplasm Transplantation, Phosphorylation, Protein Processing, Post-Translational, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt metabolism, Signal Transduction, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell enzymology, ErbB Receptors metabolism, Esophageal Neoplasms enzymology, Membrane Proteins metabolism, Serine Endopeptidases metabolism
- Abstract
Esophageal cancer is ranked as the eighth most common cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. To identify candidate tumor suppressor genes related to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) development, a cDNA microarray analysis was performed using paired tumor and nontumor tissue samples from ESCC patients. Differentially expressed in squamous cell carcinoma 1 (DESC1), which belongs to the Type II transmembrane serine protease family, was frequently downregulated in ESCC. This study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanism for the tumor suppressive function of DESC1 in ESCC. We show that DESC1 reduced cell viability and sensitized cells to apoptosis, when cells were under apoptotic stimuli. The proapoptotic effect of DESC1 was mediated through downregulating AKT1 activation and the restoration of AKT activation by the introduction of the constitutively active AKT, myr-AKT, abolished the apoptosis-sensitizing effect of DESC1. DESC1 also reduced EGFR protein level, which was abrogated when the proteolytic function of DESC1 was lost, suggesting that DESC1 cleaved EGFR and downregulated the EGFR/AKT pathway to favor apoptosis. The transmembrane localization and the structural domains provide an opportunity for DESC1 to interact with the extracellular environment. The importance of such interaction was highlighted by the finding that DESC1 reduced cell colony formation ability in three-dimensional culture. In line with this, DESC1 reduced tumor growth kinetics in the in vivo orthotopic tumorigenesis assay. Taken together, our novel findings suggest how DESC1 may suppress ESCC development by sensitizing cells to apoptosis under an apoptotic stimulus through downregulating the EGFR/AKT signaling pathway., (© 2016 UICC.)
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- 2016
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21. Adrenal crisis secondary to bilateral adrenal haemorrhage after hemicolectomy.
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Logaraj A, Tsang VH, Kabir S, and Ip JC
- Abstract
Adrenal haemorrhage is a rare cause of adrenal crisis, which requires rapid diagnosis, prompt initiation of parenteral hydrocortisone and haemodynamic monitoring to avoid hypotensive crises. We herein describe a case of bilateral adrenal haemorrhage after hemicolectomy in a 93-year-old female with high-grade colonic adenocarcinoma. This patient's post-operative recovery was complicated by an acute hypotensive episode, hypoglycaemia and syncope, and subsequent computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen revealed bilateral adrenal haemorrhage. Given her labile blood pressure, intravenous hydrocortisone was commenced with rapid improvement of blood pressure, which had incompletely responded with fluids. A provisional diagnosis of hypocortisolism was made. Initial heparin-induced thrombocytopenic screen (HITTS) was positive, but platelet count and coagulation profile were both normal. The patient suffered a concurrent transient ischaemic attack with no neurological deficits. She was discharged on a reducing dose of oral steroids with normal serum cortisol levels at the time of discharge. She and her family were educated about lifelong steroids and the use of parenteral steroids should a hypoadrenal crisis eventuate., Learning Points: Adrenal haemorrhage is a rare cause of hypoadrenalism, and thus requires prompt diagnosis and management to prevent death from primary adrenocortical insufficiency.Mechanisms of adrenal haemorrhage include reduced adrenal vascular bed capillary resistance, adrenal vein thrombosis, catecholamine-related increased adrenal blood flow and adrenal vein spasm.Standard diagnostic assessment is a non-contrast CT abdomen.Intravenous hydrocortisone and intravenous substitution of fluids are the initial management.A formal diagnosis of primary adrenal insufficiency should never delay treatment, but should be made afterwards.
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- 2016
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22. Corrigendum to "A Versatile Orthotopic Nude Mouse Model for Study of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma".
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Ip JC, Ko JM, Yu VZ, Chan KW, Lam AK, Law S, Tong DK, and Lung ML
- Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2015/910715.].
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- 2016
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23. MicroRNA-7 as a tumor suppressor and novel therapeutic for adrenocortical carcinoma.
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Glover AR, Zhao JT, Gill AJ, Weiss J, Mugridge N, Kim E, Feeney AL, Ip JC, Reid G, Clarke S, Soon PS, Robinson BG, Brahmbhatt H, MacDiarmid JA, and Sidhu SB
- Subjects
- Animals, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Proliferation, Female, Genetic Therapy methods, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Mice, Mice, Nude, MicroRNAs administration & dosage, Prognosis, Proto-Oncogene Mas, RNA, Untranslated genetics, Random Allocation, Transfection methods, Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays, Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms genetics, Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms therapy, Adrenocortical Carcinoma genetics, Adrenocortical Carcinoma therapy, MicroRNAs genetics
- Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) has a poor prognosis with significant unmet clinical need due to late diagnosis, high rates of recurrence/metastasis and poor response to conventional treatment. Replacing tumor suppressor microRNAs (miRNAs) offer a novel therapy, however systemic delivery remains challenging. A number of miRNAs have been described to be under-expressed in ACC however it is not known if they form a part of ACC pathogenesis. Here we report that microRNA-7-5p (miR-7) reduces cell proliferation in vitro and induces G1 cell cycle arrest. Systemic miR-7 administration in a targeted, clinically safe delivery vesicle (EGFREDVTM nanocells) reduces ACC xenograft growth originating from both ACC cell lines and primary ACC cells. Mechanistically, miR-7 targets Raf-1 proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase (RAF1) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR). Additionally, miR-7 therapy in vivo leads to inhibition of cyclin dependent kinase 1 (CDK1). In patient ACC samples, CDK1 is overexpressed and miR-7 expression inversely related. In summary, miR-7 inhibits multiple oncogenic pathways and reduces ACC growth when systemically delivered using EDVTM nanoparticles. This data is the first study in ACC investigating the possibility of miRNAs replacement as a novel therapy.
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- 2015
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24. Improving Outcomes in Adrenocortical Cancer: An Australian Perspective.
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Ip JC, Pang TC, Glover AR, Soon P, Clarke S, Richardson A, Campbell P, Robinson BG, and Sidhu SB
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- Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms pathology, Australia, Cohort Studies, Combined Modality Therapy, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Lymphatic Metastasis, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Invasiveness, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local pathology, Neoplasm Staging, Prognosis, Survival Rate, Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms mortality, Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms therapy, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local mortality, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local therapy
- Abstract
Background: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy that carries a poor prognosis. There has yet to be a large Australian series that documents the characteristics of ACC and there are a paucity of data on management and the long-term outcomes. We sought to provide a unique insight into the management of ACC in Australia as well as to identify factors associated with prognosis and survival., Methods: A multivariate analysis of a cohort of patients identified with ACC between 1998 and 2013 was undertaken. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were assessed as the main outcome measures and correlated with multiple clinical variables in order to identify prognostic markers., Results: Of the 104 patients identified, a total of 98 patients with complete clinical and outcome data were included in the study. Median OS was 56 months, with the 5-year survival being 48 % (95 % confidence interval 36-59). On multivariate analysis, age ≥50 years, metastases at presentation, and evidence of extra-adrenal invasion were found to be statistically associated with reduced OS. RFS was analyzed in patients without metastases. On multivariate analysis, extra-adrenal invasion and no preoperative endocrine investigations were found to be statistically significant poor prognostic factors, with a non-significant trend for higher individual surgeon volume to be associated with improved resection margins and RFS., Conclusions: We present clinical outcomes and prognostic factors for patients with ACC in a landmark Australian series. We suggest that management in a specialized tertiary endocrine and/or surgical oncology unit is more likely to lead to improved outcomes.
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- 2015
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25. Wnt-C59 arrests stemness and suppresses growth of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in mice by inhibiting the Wnt pathway in the tumor microenvironment.
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Cheng Y, Phoon YP, Jin X, Chong SY, Ip JC, Wong BW, and Lung ML
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- Animals, Carcinoma, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Proliferation, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Mice, Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Neoplastic Stem Cells pathology, Tumor Microenvironment, Genes, Tumor Suppressor drug effects, Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms genetics, Neoplastic Stem Cells metabolism, Wnt Signaling Pathway genetics
- Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling is responsible for the generation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in many human tumors, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Recent studies demonstrate that Wnt or PORCN inhibitor, Wnt-C59, inhibits tumor growth in MMTV-WNT1 transgenic mice. The effect of Wnt-C59 in human tumors is not clear. In this study, the NPC cell lines investigated manifest heterogeneous responses to Wnt-C59 treatment. Wnt-C59 decreased tumor growth of SUNE1 cells in mice immediately following the administration of Wnt-C59. Mice injected with HNE1 cells did not develop visible tumors after the treatment of Wnt-C59, while control mice developed 100% tumors. Wnt-C59 inhibited stemness properties of NPC cells in a dosage-dependent manner by arresting sphere formation in both HNE1 and SUNE1 cells. Thus, Wnt-C59 has the potential to eradicate CSCs in human tumors. Active β-catenin and Axin2 proteins were strongly expressed in stromal cells surrounding growing tumors, confirming the importance of Wnt signaling activities in the microenvironment being driving forces for cell growth. These novel findings confirm the ability of Wnt-C59 to suppress Wnt-driven undifferentiated cell growth in NPC. Both anti-Wnt signaling and anti-CSC approaches are feasible strategies in cancer therapy.
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- 2015
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26. PTPRG suppresses tumor growth and invasion via inhibition of Akt signaling in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Cheung AK, Ip JC, Chu AC, Cheng Y, Leong MM, Ko JM, Shuen WH, Lung HL, and Lung ML
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- Animals, Carcinogenesis, Carcinoma, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Proliferation, Genes, Tumor Suppressor, Heterografts, Humans, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Nude, Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms genetics, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt genetics, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt metabolism, Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 5 genetics, Signal Transduction, Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms enzymology, Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms pathology, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt antagonists & inhibitors, Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 5 metabolism
- Abstract
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type G (PTPRG) was identified as a candidate tumor suppressor gene in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). PTPRG induces significant in vivo tumor suppression in NPC. We identified EGFR as a PTPRG potential interacting partner and examined this interaction. Dephosphorylation of EGFR at EGFR-Y1068 and -Y1086 sites inactivated the PI3K/Akt signaling cascade and subsequent down-regulation of downstream pro-angiogenic and -invasive proteins (VEGF, IL6, and IL8) and suppressed tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasion. The effect of Akt inhibition in NPC cells was further validated by Akt knockdown experiments in the PTPRG-down-regulated NPC cell lines. Our results suggested that inhibition of Akt in NPC cells induces tumor suppression at both the in vitro and in vivo levels, and also importantly, in vivo metastasis. In conclusion, we confirmed the vital role of PTPRG in inhibiting Akt signaling with the resultant suppression of in vivo tumorigenesis and metastasis.
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- 2015
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27. Therapeutic targeting of CBP/β-catenin signaling reduces cancer stem-like population and synergistically suppresses growth of EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells with cisplatin.
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Chan KC, Chan LS, Ip JC, Lo C, Yip TT, Ngan RK, Wong RN, Lo KW, Ng WT, Lee AW, Tsao GS, Kahn M, Lung ML, and Mak NK
- Subjects
- Animals, Antineoplastic Agents therapeutic use, Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic therapeutic use, Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic toxicity, Carcinoma, Cell Line, Tumor, Cisplatin therapeutic use, Drug Synergism, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition drug effects, Herpesvirus 4, Human isolation & purification, Humans, Hyaluronan Receptors metabolism, Mice, Mice, Nude, MicroRNAs metabolism, Microscopy, Confocal, Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms drug therapy, Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms pathology, Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms virology, Neoplastic Stem Cells cytology, Neoplastic Stem Cells drug effects, Neoplastic Stem Cells metabolism, Pyrimidinones therapeutic use, Pyrimidinones toxicity, RNA Interference, RNA, Small Interfering metabolism, SOXB1 Transcription Factors antagonists & inhibitors, SOXB1 Transcription Factors genetics, SOXB1 Transcription Factors metabolism, Transplantation, Heterologous, p300-CBP Transcription Factors antagonists & inhibitors, Antineoplastic Agents toxicity, Cell Proliferation drug effects, Cisplatin toxicity, Signal Transduction drug effects, beta Catenin metabolism, p300-CBP Transcription Factors metabolism
- Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an EBV-associated epithelial malignancy prevalent in southern China. Presence of treatment-resistant cancer stem cells (CSC) may associate with tumor relapse and metastasis in NPC. ICG-001 is a specific CBP/β-catenin antagonist that can block CBP/β-catenin-mediated transcription of stem cell associated genes and enhance p300/β-catenin-mediated transcription, thereby reducing the CSC-like population via forced differentiation. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of ICG-001 on the CSC-like population, and the combination effect of ICG-001 with cisplatin in the C666-1 EBV-positive NPC cells. Results showed that ICG-001 inhibited C666-1 cell growth and reduced expression of CSC-associated proteins with altered expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. ICG-001 also inhibited C666-1 tumor sphere formation, accompanied with reduced SOX2(hi)/CD44(hi) CSC-like population. ICG-001 was also found to restore the expression of a tumor suppressive microRNA-145 (miR-145). Ectopic expression of miR-145 effectively repressed SOX2 protein expression and inhibited tumor sphere formation. Combination of ICG-001 with cisplatin synergistically suppressed in vitro growth of C666-1 cells and significantly suppressed growth of NPC xenografts. These results suggested that therapeutically targeting of the CBP/β-catenin signaling pathway with ICG-001 can effectively reduce the CSC-like population and combination with cisplatin can effectively suppress the growth of NPC.
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- 2015
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28. Mutations in KCNJ5 determines presentation and likelihood of cure in primary hyperaldosteronism.
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Ip JC, Pang TC, Pon CK, Zhao JT, Sywak MS, Gill AJ, Soon PS, and Sidhu SB
- Subjects
- Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms genetics, Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms surgery, Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital genetics, Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital surgery, Adrenocortical Adenoma genetics, Adrenocortical Adenoma surgery, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Australia, Cohort Studies, Female, Genetic Markers, Heterozygote, Humans, Hyperaldosteronism diagnosis, Hyperaldosteronism etiology, Hyperaldosteronism surgery, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Treatment Outcome, Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms complications, Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital complications, Adrenalectomy, Adrenocortical Adenoma complications, G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels genetics, Hyperaldosteronism genetics, Mutation
- Abstract
Introduction: Primary hyperaldosteronism (PA) is a common cause of secondary hypertension. Two recurrent mutations (G151R and L168R) in the potassium channel gene KCNJ5 have been identified that affect the Kir3.4 potassium channel found in the cells of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of KCNJ5 mutations in an Australian cohort of patients and to correlate these findings with clinical outcome data, in order to describe the clinical impact on patients who harbour this mutation., Methods: Direct Sanger sequencing for KCNJ5 on DNA from adrenal tumour tissue of 83 patients with PA in a cohort study was undertaken and mutation status correlated with clinical outcome data., Results: Seventy-one of 83 patients (86%) had adrenocortical adenomas and 12 patients (14%) had bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. A total of 34 (41%) patients were found to have heterozygous somatic mutations in KCNJ5, G151R and L168R. No germ line mutations were identified. Patients with mutations were predominately female (68% versus 49%) and significantly younger at presentation (48 versus 55 years). When correlated with clinical data, our results demonstrated that patients with KCNJ5 mutations were more likely to be cured following surgery without the requirement for ongoing medications., Conclusions: Our findings in a large Australian cohort show that patients with mutations in KCNJ5 present earlier with the signs and symptoms of PA benefit from surgical intervention. Moreover, our results highlight the importance of a thorough workup and management plan for younger patients who present with hypertension., (© 2013 Royal Australasian College of Surgeons.)
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- 2015
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29. Sclerosing mesenteritis: a diagnosis worth considering.
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Gundara JS, Ip JC, Glover AR, and Samra JS
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- Aged, Humans, Male, Panniculitis, Peritoneal diagnosis
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- 2015
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30. Immunohistochemical validation of overexpressed genes identified by global expression microarrays in adrenocortical carcinoma reveals potential predictive and prognostic biomarkers.
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Ip JC, Pang TC, Glover AR, Soon P, Zhao JT, Clarke S, Robinson BG, Gill AJ, and Sidhu SB
- Subjects
- Antigens, Neoplasm genetics, DNA Topoisomerases, Type II genetics, DNA-Binding Proteins genetics, Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein, Female, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Ki-67 Antigen genetics, Male, Middle Aged, Poly-ADP-Ribose Binding Proteins, Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 genetics, Predictive Value of Tests, Prognosis, Registries, Survival Rate, Tissue Array Analysis, Tumor Suppressor Proteins genetics, Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases genetics, Adrenocortical Carcinoma genetics, Biomarkers, Tumor genetics, Gene Expression Profiling
- Abstract
Background: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to identify novel protein signatures that would predict clinical outcomes in a large cohort of patients with ACC based on data from previous gene expression microarray studies., Materials and Methods: A tissue microarray was generated from the paraffin tissue blocks of 61 patients with clinical outcomes data. Selected protein biomarkers based on previous gene expression microarray profiling studies were selected, and immunohistochemistry staining was performed. Staining patterns were correlated with clinical outcomes, and a multivariate analysis was undertaken to identify potential biomarkers of prognosis., Results: Median overall survival was 45 months, with a 5-year overall survival rate of 44%. Median disease-free survival was 58 months, with a 5-year disease-free survival rate of 44%. The proliferation marker Ki-67 and DNA topoisomerase TOP2A were associated with significantly poorer overall and disease-free survival. The results also showed strong correlation between the transcriptional repressor EZH2 and TOP2A expression, suggesting a novel role for EZH2 as an additional marker of prognosis. In contrast, increased expression of the BARD1 protein, with its ubiquitin ligase function, was associated with significantly improved overall and disease-free survival, which has yet to be documented for ACC., Conclusion: We present novel biomarkers that assist in determining prognosis for patients with ACC. Ki-67, TOP2A, and EZH2 were all significantly associated with poorer outcomes, whereas BARD1 was associated with improved overall survival. It is hoped that these biomarkers may help tailor additional therapy and be potential targets for directed therapy., (©AlphaMed Press.)
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- 2015
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31. Long noncoding RNA profiles of adrenocortical cancer can be used to predict recurrence.
- Author
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Glover AR, Zhao JT, Ip JC, Lee JC, Robinson BG, Gill AJ, Soon PS, and Sidhu SB
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- Adolescent, Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms metabolism, Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms pathology, Adult, Aged, Epigenomics, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Metastasis, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local metabolism, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local pathology, RNA, Long Noncoding metabolism, Tissue Array Analysis, Young Adult, Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms genetics, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local genetics, RNA, Long Noncoding genetics
- Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive malignancy with high rates of recurrence following surgical resection. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in cancer development. Pathogenesis of adrenal tumours have been characterised by mRNA, microRNA and methylation expression signatures, but it is unknown if this extends to lncRNAs. This study describes lncRNA expression signatures in ACC, adrenal cortical adenoma (ACA) and normal adrenal cortex (NAC) and presents lncRNAs associated with ACC recurrence to identify novel prognostic and therapeutic targets. RNA was extracted from freshly frozen tissue with confirmation of diagnosis by histopathology. Focused lncRNA and mRNA transcriptome analysis was performed using the ArrayStar Human LncRNA V3.0 microarray. Differentially expressed lncRNAs were validated using quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR and correlated with clinical outcomes. Microarray of 21 samples (ten ACCs, five ACAs and six NACs) showed distinct patterns of lncRNA expression between each group. A total of 956 lncRNAs were differentially expressed between ACC and NAC, including known carcinogenesis-related lncRNAs such as H19, GAS5, MALAT1 and PRINS (P≤0.05); 85 lncRNAs were differentially expressed between ACC and ACA (P≤0.05). Hierarchical clustering and heat mapping showed ACC samples correctly grouped compared with NAC and ACA. Sixty-six differentially expressed lncRNAs were found to be associated with ACC recurrence (P≤0.05), one of which, PRINS, was validated in a group of 20 ACCs and also found to be associated with metastatic disease on presentation. The pathogenesis of adrenal tumours extends to lncRNA dysregulation and low expression of the lncRNA PRINS is associated with ACC recurrence., (© 2015 Society for Endocrinology.)
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- 2015
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32. A versatile orthotopic nude mouse model for study of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
- Author
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Ip JC, Ko JM, Yu VZ, Chan KW, Lam AK, Law S, Tong DK, and Lung ML
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- Animals, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell metabolism, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell pathology, Disease Models, Animal, Esophageal Neoplasms metabolism, Esophageal Neoplasms pathology, Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Humans, Mice, Mice, Nude, Oncogene Protein v-akt antagonists & inhibitors, RNA, Small Interfering, Signal Transduction genetics, Stromal Cells metabolism, Stromal Cells pathology, Tumor Microenvironment, Carcinogenesis genetics, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell genetics, Cell Proliferation genetics, Esophageal Neoplasms genetics, Oncogene Protein v-akt genetics
- Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates tumor-stromal interactions play a crucial role in cancer. An in vivo esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) orthotopic animal model was developed with bioluminescence imaging established with a real-time monitoring platform for functional and signaling investigation of tumor-stromal interactions. The model was produced by injection of luciferase-labelled ESCC cells into the intraesophageal wall of nude mice. Histological examination indicates this orthotopic model is highly reproducible with 100% tumorigenesis among the four ESCC cell lines tested. This new model recapitulates many clinical and pathological properties of human ESCC, including esophageal luminal stricture by squamous cell carcinoma with nodular tumor growth, adventitia invasion, lymphovascular invasion, and perineural infiltration. It was tested using an AKT shRNA knockdown of ESCC cell lines and the in vivo tumor suppressive effects of AKT knockdown were observed. In conclusion, this ESCC orthotopic mouse model allows investigation of gene functions of cancer cells in a more natural tumor microenvironment and has advantages over previous established models. It provides a versatile platform with potential application for metastasis and therapeutic regimen testing.
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- 2015
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33. De novo transcriptome analysis of Perna viridis highlights tissue-specific patterns for environmental studies.
- Author
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Leung PT, Ip JC, Mak SS, Qiu JW, Lam PK, Wong CK, Chan LL, and Leung KM
- Subjects
- Animals, Cluster Analysis, Contig Mapping, Databases, Genetic, Female, Gene Expression Profiling, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Male, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Muscles metabolism, Principal Component Analysis, Sequence Analysis, RNA, Stress, Physiological, Transcriptome, Genome, Perna genetics
- Abstract
Background: The tropical green-lipped mussel Perna viridis is a common biomonitor throughout the Indo-Pacific region that is used for environmental monitoring and ecotoxicological investigations. However, there is limited molecular data available regarding this species. We sought to establish a global transcriptome database from the tissues of adductor muscle, gills and the hepatopancreas of P. viridis in an effort to advance our understanding of the molecular aspects involved during specific toxicity responses in this sentinel species., Results: Illumina sequencing results yielded 544,272,542 high-quality filtered reads. After de novo assembly using Trinity, 233,257 contigs were generated with an average length of 1,264 bp and an N50 length of 2,868 bp; 192,879 assembled transcripts and 150,111 assembled unigenes were obtained after clustering. A total of 93,668 assembled transcripts (66,692 assembled genes) with putative functions for protein domains were predicted based on InterProScan analysis. Based on similarity searches, 44,713 assembled transcripts and 25,319 assembled unigenes were annotated with at least one BLAST hit. A total of 21,262 assembled transcripts (11,947 assembled genes) were annotated with at least one well-defined Gene Ontology (GO) and 5,131 assembled transcripts (3,181 assembled unigenes) were assigned to 329 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. The quantity of assembled unigenes and transcripts obtained from male and female mussels were similar but varied among the three studied tissues, with the highest numbers recorded in the gills, followed by the hepatopancreas, and then the adductor muscle. Multivariate analyses revealed strong tissue-specific patterns among the three different tissues, but not between sexes in terms of expression profiles for annotated genes in various GO terms, and genes associated with stress responses and degradation of xenobiotics. The expression profiles of certain selected genes in each tissue type were further validated using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays and a similar tissue-specific trend was seen., Conclusions: The extensive sequence data generated from this study will provide a valuable molecular resource for facilitating environmental studies with P. viridis, and highlight the importance of tissue-specific approaches in the future.
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- 2014
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34. De novo transcriptomic profile in the gonadal tissues of the intertidal whelk Reishia clavigera.
- Author
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Ho KK, Leung PT, Ip JC, Qiu JW, and Leung KM
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Gastropoda metabolism, Gonads metabolism, Male, Gastropoda genetics, Gonads drug effects, Organotin Compounds toxicity, Transcriptome, Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity
- Abstract
The intertidal whelk Reishia clavigera (formerly named as Thais clavigera) is one of the most sensitive species to organotin-associated imposex. However, the limited information on mRNA transcriptome of the species has restricted the molecular investigation on such endocrine disruption. By means of Illumina sequencing, we obtained a global de novo transcriptome from the gonadal tissues of both male and female R. clavigera, with 197,324 assembled transcripts and 151,684 condensed non-redundant transcripts. Blast hit results from the NCBI's non-redundant molluscan database showed that 28,948 transcripts were successfully annotated with significant matches at an e-value of ⩽1e(-6). Among them, 1108 transcripts were assigned a well-defined gene ontology term. As the first transcriptomic study on the gonadal tissues of R. clavigera, this study has enhanced the information of mRNA transcriptome on this species and will thus facilitate mechanistic studies of chemical contaminants (e.g., organotins) on this common biomonitor species., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2014
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35. Best practice for the management of pediatric thyroid cancer.
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Norlen O, Glover AR, Gundara JS, Ip JC, and Sidhu SB
- Abstract
The presentation of differentiated thyroid cancer in children often includes dissemination to lymph nodes. Despite this, the long-term prognosis is excellent with appropriate treatment. A few known hereditary syndromes are associated with paediatric thyroid cancer, although most tumours are sporadic. Ultrasound and cytology is used to evaluate suspect thyroid nodules, and treatment consists of surgery, radioactive iodine and thyroxine suppression therapy. Follow-up includes serum thyroglobulin measurements, serial ultrasounds of the neck, radioiodine whole body scans and occasionally other cross-sectional imaging or positron emission tomography. This review focuses on paediatric well differentiated follicular and papillary thyroid cancer, diagnosis and preoperative evaluation, underlying genetic mechanisms, surgery, other treatment options and follow-up.
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- 2014
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36. MicroRNA-222 and microRNA-146b are tissue and circulating biomarkers of recurrent papillary thyroid cancer.
- Author
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Lee JC, Zhao JT, Clifton-Bligh RJ, Gill A, Gundara JS, Ip JC, Glover A, Sywak MS, Delbridge LW, Robinson BG, and Sidhu SB
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Biomarkers, Tumor blood, Carcinoma blood, Carcinoma pathology, Carcinoma, Papillary, Case-Control Studies, Female, Humans, Male, MicroRNAs blood, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local blood, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local pathology, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, Thyroglobulin blood, Thyroid Cancer, Papillary, Thyroid Neoplasms blood, Thyroid Neoplasms pathology, Thyroidectomy methods, Biomarkers, Tumor genetics, Carcinoma genetics, MicroRNAs genetics, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local genetics, Thyroid Neoplasms genetics
- Abstract
Background: Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) persistence or recurrence and the need for long-term surveillance can cause significant inconvenience and morbidity in patients. Currently, recurrence risk stratification is accomplished by using clinicopathologic factors, and serum thyroglobulin is the only commercially available marker for persistent or recurrent disease. The objective of this study was to determine microRNA (miRNA) expression in PTC and determine whether 1 or more miRNAs could be measured in plasma as a biomarker for recurrence., Methods: Patients with recurrent PTC (Rc-PTC) and those without recurrence (NR-PTC) were retrospectively recruited for a comparison of their tumor miRNA profiles. Patients with either newly diagnosed PTC or multinodular goiter who were undergoing total thyroidectomy were prospectively recruited for an analysis of preoperative and postoperative circulating miRNA levels. Healthy volunteers were recruited as the control group., Results: MicroRNA-222 and miR-146b were over-expressed 10.8-fold and 8.9-fold, respectively, in Rc-PTC tumors compared with NR-PTC tumors (P = .014 and P = .038, respectively). In plasma from preoperative PTC patients, levels of miR-222 and miR-146b were higher compared with the levels in plasma from healthy volunteers (P < .01 for both). Reductions of 2.7-fold and 5.1-fold were observed in the plasma levels of miR-222 and miR-146b, respectively, after total thyroidectomy (P = .03 for both)., Conclusions: This study demonstrated that tumor levels of miR-222 and miR-146b are associated with PTC recurrence and that miR-222 and miR-146b levels in the circulation correspond to the presence of PTC. The potential of these miRNAs as tumor biomarkers to improve patient stratification according to the risk of recurrence and as circulating biomarkers for PTC surveillance warrants further study., (© 2013 American Cancer Society.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Polo-like kinase inhibitor Ro5203280 has potent antitumor activity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
- Author
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Cheung AK, Ip JC, Lung HL, Wu JZ, Tsao SW, and Lung ML
- Subjects
- Animals, Antineoplastic Agents administration & dosage, Antineoplastic Agents chemistry, Apoptosis drug effects, Benzamides administration & dosage, Benzamides chemistry, Carcinoma, Cell Cycle Checkpoints drug effects, Cell Cycle Proteins metabolism, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Proliferation drug effects, Disease Models, Animal, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring administration & dosage, Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring chemistry, Humans, Mice, Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms drug therapy, Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms pathology, Protein Kinase Inhibitors administration & dosage, Protein Kinase Inhibitors chemistry, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases metabolism, Proto-Oncogene Proteins metabolism, Spindle Apparatus drug effects, Tumor Burden drug effects, Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays, Polo-Like Kinase 1, Antineoplastic Agents pharmacology, Benzamides pharmacology, Cell Cycle Proteins antagonists & inhibitors, Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring pharmacology, Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms metabolism, Protein Kinase Inhibitors pharmacology, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases antagonists & inhibitors, Proto-Oncogene Proteins antagonists & inhibitors
- Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a cancer with its highest prevalence among the southern Chinese and is rare elsewhere in the world. The main treatment modalities include chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, tumor chemoresistance often limits the efficacy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma treatment and reduces survival rates. Thus, identifying new selective chemotherapeutic drugs for nasopharyngeal carcinoma treatment is needed. In this current study, the antitumor efficacy of a polo-like kinase inhibitor, Ro5203280, was investigated. Ro5203280 induces tumor suppression both in vitro and in vivo. An inhibitory effect was observed with the highly proliferating cancer cell lines tested, but not with the nontumorigenic cell line. Real-time cell proliferation and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, together with immunohistochemical (IHC), immunofluorescence, and Annexin V staining assays, were used to evaluate the impact of drug treatment on cell cycle and apoptosis. Ro5203280 induces G2-M cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. Western blotting shows it inhibits PLK1 phosphorylation and downregulates the downstream signaling molecule, Cdc25c, and upregulates two important mitosis regulators, Wee1 and Securin, as well as the DNA damage-related factor Chk2 in vitro and in vivo. In vivo tumorigenicity assays with Ro5203280 intravenous injection showed its potent ability to inhibit tumor growth in mice, with no observable signs of toxicity. These findings suggest the potential usefulness of Ro5203280 as a chemotherapeutic targeting drug for nasopharyngeal carcinoma treatment.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Unusually complicated chest infection: colon containing intercostal hernia.
- Author
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Gundara JS, Ip JC, and Lee JC
- Subjects
- Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Colonic Diseases etiology, Hernia etiology, Respiratory Tract Infections complications, Ribs
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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