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Renewable energy is the energy produced from renewable resources replenished naturally on a human scale from sources: sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, geothermal heat, etc. Renewable energy induces a negligible ecological footprint that is quite limited in the area of operation, while at the same time providing obvious ecological benefits and contributing to the sustainable development of human societies. Today in 2022, renewable energy sources are considered alternatives to fossil fuels because they contribute a lot to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, but especially to the diversification of the energy supply and to the reduction of dependence on the market-s increasingly expensive fossil fuels (especially oil and gas). Romania produces energy from renewable sources with a much higher weight than the average of the EU, concomitantly it occupies a leading place among the countries dependent on coal to generate electricity. From 2020 the electricity supplied in Romania to final customers comes in a percentage of 54.53% from conventional sources and in the percentage of 45.47% from renewable sources. In other words, we believe that the European Green Pact will contribute in an important way to achieving climate neutrality by reducing carbon emissions produced by the energy sector because the EU's goal for the year 2050 is to achieve neutrality in the emission of greenhouse gases.

By product is broadly understood as a product obtained in a usually industrial or biological process in addition to the main product for which the process is carried out. The main challenge addressed to humanity as well as productive ecosystems, regardless of the form of terrestrial or aquatic substrate, is to cope with the rapid rate of growth of the planet's population. The demographic growth of the planet must be in balance with the maintenance of the environment and also with climatic shifts. By-products are often considered agricultural waste or residues, it contains valuable cellulosic nutrients that due to their organic origin can be successfully used in many other agricultural or industrial subfields. It can be appreciated that at the level of Romania, the agricultural sector has as a land heritage about 18 million hectares, of which 10 are arable, 5 million are permanent meadows and about 3 million hectares are forests, with very favorable geographical conditions for the growth of plants and animals. This report illustrates the fact that each inhabitant of Romania has an area of approximately 0.41 ha of arable land. This value is far above the average of several countries in the European Union and at the same time, it is double the EU average, which is at the level of 0.212 ha/inhabitant. The huge quantities of by-products, of vegetable residues from agriculture, can be estimated quantitatively at 15 million tons, and when converting this secondary production into money, the current value of 2.5 billion dollars is exceeded.

The productivity of the grasslands is determined by the biodiversity of the plant species present in the vegetation, their quality, but also their exploitation. For their inventory, a series of determination methods are used, methods that are difficult to manage and that require a good knowledge of the plant species. For an agronomic characterization of the plots, it is sufficient to consider only the main species that dominate the plant biomass. A more simplified method is that of botanical surveys which focus only on recognizing the dominant grasses in grasslands. This method allows for an agronomic diagnosis of a grassland without modifying the variables studied, namely, the percentage of biomass participation and the percentage of each functional type of grasses. The method allows the application of a functional typology that can estimate the value of use (forage quality, productivity, precocity or lateness) of a grassland. The purpose of this work is to classify the species by plant families, establish the pastoral value and inventory the grass species, as well as classify them from a morphofunctional point of view, in order to implement some management strategies aimed at ensuring an optimal exploitation of the grasslands taken into study. The measurements were made on three grasslands belonging to the town of Sasca Montana, Romania, located in the south of the Western Carpathians (44�53'13"N 21�42'33"E), at an altitude of 237 m. In this area, the average annual temperatures is between 9 - 10�C, and the precipitation level is between 700 and 800 mm. The three studied grasslands have a similar floristic composition, but with a different participation percentage of species. The dominant grass species, from a morpho-functional point of view, are species of type C (Festuca valesiaca being the dominant species), which shows that these grasslands are weak and do not adapt to mowing practices, although the species included in this morpho-functional type are species with a fairly good fodder value in the vegetative phase.

The current paper presents the way of carrying out the topographical works combined with the design of the redevelopment of a recreation park in a crowded urban area of the municipality of Timisoara. The aim of the work was to create a topographical plan using the AutoCad, and Autodesk Map programs in order to draw up the architectural landscape redevelopment plan. The multitude of the block of flats located in the Calea Girocului neighborhood, makes the lack of green spaces acutely felt by the residents. For this reason, the park is very important, it is practically a green island in a sea of concrete. To identify the limits and points in the field, of the leveling, which is the subject of this documentation, a topographic survey of the area was carried out, using the Leica TCR- 407 Total Station and the SOUTH S82V GPS in RTK mode. Also, the method and stages of deployment, in the field and in the office, with the help of specialized computer programs, were presented in detail. Thus, at the completion of the work, the most relevant data were made available to the beneficiary, in order to redevelop and modernize the objective proposed by the "Strategy for the development of green spaces of the Municipality of Timisoara" by the Timisoara City Hall.

The theme of the work aimed to present a model of drawing up and carrying out a drawing work for collective constructions in order to build a building with a ground floor + 1st floor + attic. This project has been approved by the City Hall of Timisoara, Romania. The purpose of the work was to identify and execute a topographic elevation, to draw and track the horizontality and verticality of the building for each level (ground floor, floor, attic). The work was completed with the preparation of a cadastral documentation that includes the tabulation of the construction and the division into apartments of the building, being a collective dwelling with several beneficiaries. It was designed to be a construction type with a height regime GF+1F+A included in the land book 441649 from the database of the municipality of Timisoara. The building will have 4 housing units per level: ground floor, 1st floor and attic, each with 4 apartments. The structure of the building is made of 25 cm brick, with an exterior insulation of 10 cm, and the roof will be made on a wooden structure covered with metal tile. Due to the small tolerances admitted by the builder in drawing the axes and bolts, it was absolutely necessary to perform specialized works to identify the land, to execute the topographic elevations in order to draw up the situation plan and, subsequently, to place the future construction according to the distances approved by the urbanism certificate and building permit. This type of works requires a large volume of work both in the preliminary phase and in the execution phase: measuring large areas of land and raising all the details of planimetry and relief.

The purpose of the paper is to perform a topographic lifting and traction of an architectural project for the execution of a Tyrolean that is arranged on various relief forms, in a hilly area, halfway between Timisoara and Lugoj, Timis County, Romania. The development of an adventure park in an area so close to urban settlements has a great impact on the public of all age categories. Children are the main beneficiaries of such objectives because they test their minds and, at the same time, implement an active and healthy life rate. After the execution of this Tyrolean, the investment made will lead to the development of the area and its transformation into a tourist and leisure attraction point and the localities in the area will be an alternative for private investors or for the locals living in the city and wanting to settle in these localities. By building new opportunities for recreation, creating competitions and events, the development is acquired from many points of view: growing and establishing the population, bringing new investments and investors for the development of the area. The proposed Tyrolean is made up of 4-5 routes established according to the degree of difficulty proposed for different children�s age categories, at the same time ensuring the safety of the user and avoiding accidents, the routes being established only on the trees of certain ages and dimensions. In order to execute the topographic elevations, in order to achieve the situation plan, the state-of-the-art topographic, devices and methods adapted to the conditions of the field (covered with forest vegetation on most routes) were used.

The soils potential is the result of interdependence between the characteristics of the vegetation and the natural environment, also the level of production is the result of the influence of determining factors: natural environmental factors and technological factors. The influence of biotope relief factors on the above-ground vegetation is a direct consequence of the altitudinal differentiation of climatic conditions, a vegetation layer and implicitly a rather varied and complex area soil cover. It is unanimously appreciated that in order to have a rich and quality harvest must be ensured the quantities of fertilizers and the necessary amendments to improve the nutritional conditions of the crop species or grassland areas. In this study we use a qualitative-productive evaluation (QPE) of grasslands soils represents according to the degree of favorability (suitability) using as a comparison tool technical indices or rating notes. Based on this study a soil map and legend were developed depending on the specific properties for each soil and land unit following each group of soils limitations. The results showed in the studied area the reaction of the soil (pH) is generally weakly acidic, the weighted average pH value being 6.68, with phosphorus supply generally medium, the weighted average phosphorus content being 22.67 ppm. The supply of potassium to the soils is very good, the weighted average potassium content being 208 ppm K. Compared to those results, depending on the specific properties for each soil and land unit was identified the soils limitations and a specific fertilization to comply with the European Code of Good Agricultural Practice so as to ensure good future production potential.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are solutions that cover a wide range of fields, from the management of urban resources, the introduction of satellite tracking and coordination of roads routes, tourism, civil protection, logistical support in case of natural disasters, land records, management of agricultural farms and forest fund, etc. At present there are many uses of science applied in society and which provide decision support for many beneficiaries - companies, public authorities. Thus, GIS with urban applicability is unique in terms of efficiency in terms of data accuracy, security, performance and price. Our study focuses on the hypothesis of using an application that jointly manages information and at the same time streamlines internal activity to reduce dependence on specialized institutions for obtaining information because they are already available locally. The present study quantified the urban impact of the elaboration of the Local Register of Green Spaces regarding the following aspects: the management of the green spaces located on the lands belonging to the public / private domain within the locality; the degraded lands within the built-up area of the locality may be rehabilitated and redeveloped as green spaces; isolated trees planted near traffic arteries, on the lands of educational institutions, housing estates; protected trees, regardless of their health and size. In the urban management, depending on the data obtained, the following solutions were proposed: creation of databases, collection and registration of initial data that define the health of trees with specialized equipment. The end result is the elimination of the risk of accidents and the control of the health of the urban forest resource by periodic evaluation with specialized equipment. In conclusion, the urban GIS of green spaces will lead to a good management of them in order to ensure the quality of environmental factors and the health of the population.

In the case of meadows, it is very important to correlate the productive capacity (given by the rating notes) and the correct animal load. Thus, the rating notes indicate the average potential in the current state of exploitation and conservation of soils, potential that can be improved considering the fact that some indicators such as reaction, humus reserve, and porosity are properties that in case of applying measures that widen the area. Manifestation of them as well as of other properties of the environmental factors taken in the calculation of the rating notes. The detailed knowledge of the factors that contribute to the increase or decrease of the production capacity of each part of the territory can ensure for the decision maker an effective tool for choosing working procedures that favor an efficient use of land resources. Nutrient-rich grasslands are dominated by fast-growing species, and nutrient-poor grasslands are dominated by slow-growing conservative species. Traditionally managed grasslands have been widely used in mowing and grazing and have hardly received artificial fertilizers, providing a wide range of habitats that support high biological diversity. But due to the intensive management of pastures, the high intake of nutrients and the increased frequency of defoliation, on the one hand, and the abandonment of marginal pastures, on the other hand, the biodiversity of grasslands has suffered a dramatic decline in recent years. Human activities have significantly altered the availability of nitrogen (N) in most terrestrial ecosystems, with consequences for community composition and ecosystem functioning.

In the last decade, in Romania, the management of large and very diverse agricultural areas from the point of view of the relief has been imposed especially the for the case of permanent grasslands. These ecosystems that are in balance due to the interdependence between the biotic and abiotic factors should be exploited according to correct management practices, supervised so that their level of production and quality should not be damaged. With the help of computer systems, the management and exploitation plan was established for 10-year periods corresponding to the period of renting these areas to livestock breeders. The present study aims at using the aerial monitoring with drone systems, the aerial surveillance of the correct implementation of management practices contractually assumed by the users and the breeders respectively. Thus, it is analyzed the quadratic processing of the surfaces, the compliance with the limits of rented areas, the observance of the load with animals per hectare (livestock unit LU) as well as of other management elements imported for maintaining and improving the condition of the permanent grasslands of Romania.

Thymoquinone (TQ) is a secondary metabolite found in abundance in very few plant species including Nigella sativa L., Monarda fistulosa L., Thymus vulgaris L. and Satureja montana L. Preclinical pharmacological studies have shown that TQ has many biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments have shown that TQ acts as an antitumor agent by altering cell cycle progression, inhibiting cell proliferation, stimulating apoptosis, inhibiting angiogenesis, reducing metastasis and affecting autophagy. In this comprehensive study, the evidence on the pharmacological potential of TQ on pancreatic cancer is reviewed. The positive results of preclinical studies support the view that TQ can be considered as an additional therapeutic agent against pancreatic cancer. The possibilities of success for this compound in human medicine should be further explored through clinical trials. © 2022 The Authors

The nanostructure pharmaceutical formulations (NPF) which contains testosterone undecanoate (TU) been used in life science as parent compound delivery systems for therapeutic, but and been used to enhance the performance in sport, so it is a significant substance for public health and nutritional supplements. In most Pharmacopoeias testosterone is described as an ester of some lower acids (often propionate). The aim of this study is to determine purity of the parent compound by chromatography and absorption spectrum in the frame of middle infrared. Chemical structure of undecanoate was prepared and used in order to achieve a better absorption. This is explained by increased lipophilicity of undecanoate. Due to its lipophilic character, TU is soluble in non–polar solvents but shows a satisfactory solubility in absolute ethanol. Based on the molecular structure, a moderate absorption in the frame of UV with a maximum absorption at a not too high wave-length can be predicted. Maximum absorption occurs in a spectral region in which usual ingredients do not present significant interference.

This paper aims at analysing the perception of agricultural sciences pre-service teachers regarding the relationship between didactic competencies and learning motivation. According to specialists, there are four components of didactic competence: scientific competence, psycho-social competence, managing competence and psycho-pedagogical competence. In our study, we primarily intend to determine the students’ perception concerning the impact of those four didactic competences over the learning motivation. Secondly, we aim at analysing the relationship between the competences students consider to be relevant for the learning motivation and didactic competences they wish to acquire by the end of the psychopedagogical program. The study was accomplished during the university year 2014-2015 over a batch of 65 participants, students attending the second year of study at the Faculty of Agriculture. The collected data was obtained by the method of enquiry and using a questionnaire of opinion as a tool, which contained 24 closed, pre-coded questions. The obtained results have revealed that agricultural sciences pre-service teachers consider that among the didactic competences, the most powerful impact over learning motivation belongs to the psycho-pedagogical competence (M=4.47), followed by the scientific competence (M=4.40) and the psychosocial competence (M=3.74). Also, the scores reflecting the importance of those competences regarding the motivational factor positively and significantly correlates with the scores reflecting the level at which students wish to develop those competences (e.g. psycho-pedagogical competence r=0.71; p

This paper is a study concerning the motivation and importance of fish and fish product consumption. The study was carried out on a sample of 112 students (from two high-schools in the Caras-Severin County and from the BUASVM in Timisoara, Timis County) aged 18-25. The main goal of this study was to assess briefly the future fish consumer in the context of the increasing world fish and fish product consumption. The subjects has to fill in a questionnaire containing 15 open-answer questions and close questions concerning the frequency of fish consumption, their preferences, choice criteria, and consumer rights. The results were relevant from the point of view of fish consumption, of the species preferred, and of the awareness concerning the importance of fish in the healthy diet; but it supplied les satisfactory conclusions concerning the preferred type of fish and fish products (frozen) and consumption frequency.

Soil salinization is one of the limiting factors in horticultural production. Microorganisms can confer tolerance to various stress factors, including salinity, and also improve mineral nutrition of host plants. Our researches aim to assess the effect of some salt tolerant bacteria on germination of tomato seeds in saline stress conditions. Seeds from three tomato local landraces were germinated in different concentrations of saline solutions. A part of seeds was not inoculated with any bacterium, meanwhile the rest of seeds were inoculated with three different strains of edaphic bacteria isolated from a saline soil of Timis county, Romania. From a collection of bacterial strains the three most salt resistant were used for inoculation. After 16 days the germination rate and the development of roots were assessed. In terms of germination rate, the most recommended combination in our study proved to be tomato landrace Tarnova 673-bacterial strain Rh1, which presented maximum germination rate, even at 130mM NaCl saline solution. The length of roots was different depending on the combination of tomato-bacterium genotypes. In some cases, the same bacteria couldn’t alleviate the impact of salinity on root development, meanwhile in case of the same combination, tomato landrace Tarnova 673-bacterial strain Rh1, the root length was the same in 100 mM and 130 mM saline solutions as in water. The influence of microorganisms on germination of tomato seeds depends on the type of plant landrace, bacterial strain and degree of salinity so there is no general pattern in each case. Though successful plant landrace-bacterium strain combinations can be identified.

The effects of the sorption of environmental applications by various source materials of natural organic matter, i.e., bone powder, was examined. Sorption capacities and subsequent rare earth element retention characteristics of all metals tested were markedly increased by ionic task-specific. In this study, the abilities of three models’ isotherms widely were used for the equilibrium sorption data: Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson. For all studied metal ions the maximum adsorption capacity is close to those experimentally determined. The characteristic parameters for each isotherm and related coefficients of determination have been determined. The experimental data achieved excellent fits within the following isotherms in the order: Langmuir &gt, Redlich-Peterson &gt, Freundlich, based on their coefficient of determination values. The bone powder has developed higher adsorption performance in the removal process of Nd(III), Eu(III), La(III) from aqueous solutions than in the case of the removal process of Cs(I), Sr(II) and Tl(I) from aqueous solutions. The described relationships provide direct experimental evidence that the sorption-desorption properties of bone powder are closely related to their degree of the type of the metal. The results suggest a potential for obtaining efficient and cost-effective engineered natural organic sorbents for environmental applications.

2SO2+O2→2SO3 SO3+H2O→H2SO4 The second reaction occurs rapidly, and therefore formation of sulphur trioxide in a humidified atmosphere leads to formation of sulphuric acid. However, first reaction is very slow in absence of a catalyst, although it does not have a significant contribution. There are several other potential reactions that prove insignificant but for different reasons. Although each of these reactions can make a minor contribution to oxidation of sulphur dioxide, there is only one response significant. The reaction is as follows

The aim of the paper is to assess the influence of the altitudinal gradient on the quality and biodiversity of grasslands in the mountainous area Muntele Mic. We studied various types of grasslands found at different altitudes as 613, 1342 and 1562 m. For each of them, we studied: the type of grassland, structure of vegetation, pastoral value (VP), Shannon biodiversity index, as well as autecological vegetation index. We determined the climatic factors through the average values of temperature and precipitations, and the edaphic characteristics of the substratum: pH value, clay content, humus content and phosphorus content. The main results indicate that the structural parameters of the ecosystems of mountain grasslands under study are strongly influenced by the altitudinal gradient. Studies such as this will allow of future modellation of the dynamics in the evolution of the quality and biodiversity in mountain grasslands in relation to the altitude. In its turn, this modellation will serve as an element of orientation for correct management of mountain grasslands.

The study of the grassland type  Agrostis tenuis - Festuca rupicola from Valea Bistrei - Otelul Rosu has been necessary due to the great surfaces covered with grasslands from the studied area and due to the social and economic climate characterised by the orientation of the rural community from the adjacent area to agriculture after the failure of the former intensive industry.There have been studied two grassland plots of about 500 hectares, res  pectively Gai and ScAƒrisoara. The purpose of this research is to assess the state of the biodiversity and pastoral value of four  Agrostis tenuis - Festuca rupicola   grasslands from the hill area. Also, there has been analysed the floristic composition and a series of ecological indexes, respectively humidity, soil reaction, temperature, light, and nitrogen. Other aspects taken in account were the life-forms spectres. The analysed grasslands are placed on Bistrei Valey, in the perimeter of the locality OA£elul Roșu, Caraș  -Severin County. The researches have been developed during 2010-2012 period. The average elevation level in the studied area is 268 square meters. The soil from the studied area is brown type, with a pH comprised between 4.79 and 5.31. The rainfall amount is about 700 mm and the average temperature is 10 Celsius degrees. The management mode of these grasslands is extensive, the grazing period being 150 days per year. The analysed surfaces are characterised by the lack of the maintenance works, there being present erosion phenomena. The method used for the vegetation analysis is the linear point quadrate method (Daget  et Poissonet, 1971), the data being used for the calculation of different ecological indexes and pastoral value. The pastoral value of the species is low in both plots due to the great contribution of the low economical values of the most of the species from the analysed grasslands.

Background Extensive research has been performed worldwide and important evidences were collected to show the immense potential of plants used in various traditional therapeutic systems. The aim of this work is to investigate the different extracting solvents in terms of the influence of their polarity on the extracting ability of bioactive molecules (phenolic compounds) from the M. sativa flowers. Results The total phenolic content of samples was determined using the Folin Ciocalteu (FC) procedure and their antioxidant activity was assayed through in vitro radical decomposing activity using the radical DPPH° assay (IUPAC name for DPPH is (phenyl)–(2,4,6–trinitrophenyl) iminoazanium). The results showed that water was better than methanol and acetic acid for extracting bioactive compounds, in particular for total phenolic compounds from the flowers of alfalfa. The average content of bioactive molecules in methanol extract was 263.5±1.02 mg GAE/100g of dry weight lyophilized extract. The total phenolic content of the tested plant extracts was highly correlated with the radical decomposing activity. However, all extracts were free–radical inhibitors, but the water extract was more potent than the acetic and the methanol ones. The order of inhibitor effectiveness (expressed by IC50) proved to be: water extract (0.924mg/mL) > acetic acid extract (0.154mg/mL) > methanol (0.079mg/mL). The profiles of each extract (fingerprint) were characterized by FT–MIR spectroscopy. Conclusions The present study compares the fingerprint of different extracts of the M. sativa flowers, collected from the wild flora of Romania. The total phenolic content of the tested plant extracts was highly correlated with the radical decomposing activity. The dependence of the extract composition on the solvent polarity (acetic acid vs. methanol vs. water) was revealed by UV–VIS spectrometry and Infrared fingerprint.

Renate Mayer, Claudia Plank, Bettina Plank, Andreas Bohner, Veronica Saraţeanu, Ionel Samfira, Alexandru Moisuc, Hanns Kirchmeir, Tobias Kostl, Denise Zak, Zoltan Argay, Henrietta Dosa, Attila Gazda, Bertalan Balczo, Ditta Greguss, Botond Bako, Andras Schmidt, Peter Szinai, Imre Petroczi, Robert Benedek Sallai, Zsofia Fabian, Daniel Kreiner, Petra Sterl, Massimiliano Costa, Radojica Gavrilovic, Danka Randjic, Viorica Bisca, Georgeta Ivanov and Fanica Bascau

Significant parameters of permanent grasslands are represented by the pastoral value and Shannon and Simpson biodiversity indices. The dynamics of these parameters has been studied in several plant associations in Banat Plain, Romania. From the point of view of their typology, these permanent grasslands belong to the steppe area, series Festuca pseudovina, type Festuca pseudovina-Achilea millefolium, subtype Lolium perenne. The methods used for the purpose of this research included plant cover analysis (double meter method, calculation of Shannon and Simpson indices), and statistical methods of regression and correlation. The results show that, in the permanent grasslands in the plain region, when the pastoral value is average to low, the level of interspecific biodiversity is on the increase.