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This study aims to analyse the development of the balneological phenomenon in Bihor County generated by its administration, consequent of which, a classification of rural settlements and new tourist resorts has been made. The objective is to identify the current trend in the exploitation of the balneological potential of the localities in Bihor County. A comparative analysis has also been carried out between the influence of the political regimes on the exploitation of geothermal water sources at the level of rural settlements and new tourist resorts during the last five decades. The comparative analysis has revealed that the development of the balneological phenomenon has been carried out sequentially. This sequence has been influenced by the political environment and the administrative factor from the period before and after the Revolution. In the period before the Revolution, all balneological sources were managed by the public administrative factor; they were maintained and kept functional, until the Revolution of 1989, against the background of a stable political environment. In the post-Revolution period, when the decision and involvement was sometimes undertaken on a small scale (private administration), and where the interest in development was focused exclusively on the valorisation of the balneological resources, it can be said that capitalist policy favourably influenced the evolution of the balneological phenomenon at the level of rural settlements and new tourist resorts. We have concluded that the capitalist period has been favourable because, when the thermal baths were found to be unanimously managed by the public administration, they were functional in greater numbers at the rural level as compared to the post-revolutionary period. We have not analysed any “policy” documents in order to make this statement.

This case study investigates the magnitude and nature of the spatial effect generated by the anti-COVID measures on land surface temperature (LST) in the city of Târgu Mureș (Marosvásárhely), Romania. The measures were taken by the Romanian government during the state of emergency (March 16 – May 14, 2020) due to the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic. The study shows that – contrary to previous studies carried out on cities in China and India – in most of the urban areas of Marosvásárhely LST has increased in the period of health emergency in 2020 concerning the large average of the years 2000–2019. Remote sensing data from the MODIS and the Landsat satellites show, that MODIS data, having a moderate spatial (approximately 1 km) but good temporal resolution (daily measurements), show a temperature increase of +0.78 °C, while Landsat data, having better spatial (30 m) but lower temporal resolution, show an even greater increase, +2.36 °C in the built-up areas. The difference in temperature increase is mainly due to the spatial resolution difference between the two TIR band sensors. The LST anomaly analysis performed with MODIS data also shows a positive anomaly increase of 1 °C. However, despite this increase, with the help of the hotspot-coldspot analysis of the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic we were able to identify 46 significant coldspots that showed a 1–2 °C decrease of LST in April 2020 compared to the average of the previous years in April. Most of these coldspots correspond to factory areas, public transport epicenters, shopping centers, industrial polygons, and non-residential areas. This shows that anti-COVID measures in the medium-sized city of Marosvásárhely had many effects on LST in particular areas that have links to the local economy, trade, and transport. Paired sample t-test for areas identified with LST decrease shows that there is a statistically significant difference in the average LST observed before and after anti-COVID measures were applied. MODIS-based LST is satisfactory for recognizing patterns and trends at large or moderate geographical scales. However, for a hotspot-coldspot analysis of the urban heat islands, it is more suitable to use Landsat data.

Due to the existence of important thermal water resources, in Bihor County there are many locations where thermo-mineral waters are used for bathing or for leisure. In this study, we focus on the spas in Bihor County (Băile Felix, Băile 1 Mai, Băile Tinca, Stâna de Vale, to which we add the village of Sarcău), where these waters have been used for a long time and which have the necessary infrastructure for therapy. Thus, we aim to highlight the particularities of these waters, the presentation of the balneotherapy procedures used and the emphasis on the beneficial effects of balneotherapy on osteoarthritis (most of the pathologies treated here are osteoarthritis). In the spa treatment bases, along with thermal water, other procedures are used that enhance the effect of these waters (physiotherapy, TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation), TCARE (capacitive and resistive electrical transfer), therapeutic massage, lymphatic drainage massage, ultrasound, electrotherapy, low frequency electromagnetic pulse therapy, galvanic baths, paraffin wraps, laser therapy). The main pathologies treated by the mentioned procedures are inflammatory rheumatic diseases, neuromuscular diseases.

This study aims to investigate the effect of transportation infrastructure on the decrease of NO

Homogenized high-spatial resolution ofactual evapotranspiration, water availability and effective precipitation data grids over Europe.&nbsp

Unlike the contiguous windthrows, the scattered windthrows occurring as a result of wind gusts of lower speed (100-140 km/h) than in the first case (>140 km/h) are much more difficult to detect due to their much smaller areas and due to their very large number (several hundred in the wooded Vosges Mountains). The objective of this research is to present a rapid procedure for the detection of the scattered windthrows based on low cost, Landsat type images, knowing that certain sensors cannot be accessed without significant investments. Our application is based on the study of effects caused by the Storm Xynthia in the Vosges Mountains in the North-East of France, on 28 February 2010. Thus, based on two sets of Landsat satellite images, we used the “dark object” approach and the Disturbance Index, as well as the image classification before and after the storm, resulting in a map of changes. Following the detection process, 257 scattered polygons were detected, totalling 229 ha. For validation purposes, high-resolution images and orthophotoplans taken before and after storm were used. The error matrix was calculated, achieving an overall accuracy of 86%, which confirmed the quality of our analysis and supported this procedure for detecting scattered windthrow based on low cost resources.

International audience; Territorial sustainability is often related to the land cover and local resources. Land cover data are used more than other remote sensing and digital photography methods for determining and analysing the information collected from a certain region. However, having the dynamic evolution of urban areas in developed countries, such methods and indicators should be considered in order to assess their development directions and sustainability. Between 1990 and 2012, Paris Metropolitan Area (PMA) recorded increases in urban land due to the continuous expansion of the built-up area. In this study, we proposed to calculate the Metropolitan Area Sustainability Index (MASI) by using a GIS procedure, incorporating the land cover of PMA for two reference years (1990 and 2012). Six indicators were selected for the PMA territory based on which the City Index was calculated. Two correction factors, namely the Environmental Capacity of Development and the Land Restriction for Development, were defined in order to develop the MASI of PMA. High MASI values were found in the north-central, southern, and western parts of the PMA, while lower values were identified in the peripheral areas. This study suggests that the proposed method is reliable for the territorial sustainability assessment. The methodology and original maps represent useful tools for future urban planning in large cities.

International audience; Romania is among the European countries which are still susceptible to flood disasters. Climate change, the lack of a sustainable land management and floods approach are the most important driving factors of flood risk. Accordingly, additional research to improve or develop various methods for predicting the flash flood events, especially within densely populated watersheds, is required. This paper aims to provide a further assessment of the reliability of a distributed hydrological model developed within a GIS framework The model was developed for use in small river basins and so forth, another objective is to provide insight into whether it is acceptable for use in larger-sized watersheds than the ones it was created for. The methodology is presented by computing the discharges at the entrance of six human settlements located within the Bistra river watershed, a left-bank tributary of Barcău river (Bihor department, Romania). The chosen study area is frequently impacted by flooding, endangering the socioeconomic activities, human settlements and infrastructure. A distributed hydrological modeling approach and the SCS-CN method are used in this research. The results revealed a good correlation between the estimated and measured hydrographs at the gauging points of Pădurea Neagră (upstream) and Chiribiș (located at the downstream end of the drainage basin).

International audience; Using Sentinel-5P data, this study investigated the magnitude of change in the concentration of air pollutants (NO2, HCHO, SO2, O3, CO, and aerosol index) in the air of ten cities and urban areas of the French region of Grand Est as a result of the first lockdown imposed between March 17, 2020 and May 11, 2020. The results showed that the air quality in the urban environments of Grand Est improved significantly compared to the same period in 2019 without lockdown. NO2, O3, aerosol index and CO were the pollutants that exhibited maximum reductions by an average of -33.98%, -5.94%, -26.82% and -0.66%, respectively (the observed maximum decreases were -54.7%, -7.7%, -13.1%, and -5.3%, respectively). The largest decrease occurred in the Public Establishments of Inter-municipal Cooperation (EPCI, in French: Établissement public de coopération intercommunale) areas of Eurométropole de Strasbourg, CA Colmar, and CA Mulhouse Alsace. The maximum decrease in air pollution first occurred in land cover classes close to cities, followed by built-up urban areas. In this study, a global depollution index known as the atmospheric clearance index (ACI) was developed, which involved several air pollution parameters, and quantitatively analyzed the decrease in contamination levels of the atmosphere in this region. In addition, the correlation between the novel ACI and other population and economic development indices was studied. The results indicated that there was a negative and statistically significant correlation between ACI and population density, gross domestic product, gross value added (GVA) at basic prices, number of employees, and active enterprises.

International audience; Hydrologic modelling studies usually involve data series with a large temporal scale, especially in Romania, focusing on a long-term impact analysis. Nevertheless, event-based runoff models are essential tools for short-term purposes such as flash flood forecasting. Suitable methods or models must be considered in order to ensure the validity of such research based on parameter calibration to a particular area. Therefore, a comparative analysis of methods must be conducted first, in order to determine the optimal ones that can be used for future data prediction. The aim of the present study is to apply and validate the MIKE HYDRO River modeling system-the UHM module, through a comparative analysis of the SCS, Generalized SCS and Proportional Loss methods available, to a small-sized mountainous watershed, where no research has been conducted in this field. To this end, three spring rainfall events were chosen, but with different antecedent moisture conditions, in order to examine how well the chosen methods can reproduce the available observations in such circumstances. The SCS method yielded the highest quality performance, but the Proportional Loss method has also proven effective under these conditions.

Water resources and environment quality are nowadays under high pressure because of climate change, land use practices, as well as human actions. A comprehensive gridded dataset becomes a necessary instrument to assess the risk level at regional scale, and also for territorial planning, the defining strategies to address future natural and anthropological challenges. In order to obtain a complete database with the most important parameters at spatial scale, this study is constructed as a preparation of layers used for various environmental risks, but mostly with the climate change effect on the water resources from the Grand Est region, France. In addition, geological formations, terrain data, and land cover were harmonized as grid format for the study area. Thus, the temperature and precipitation parameters, related to the 1961&ndash, 1990 (1990s), 2011&ndash, 2040 (2020s), and 2041&ndash, 2070 (2050s), become useful data for evapotranspiration, water availability, and effective precipitation calculations. The geology layer indicates the composition and types of aquifers and it contributes to the potential infiltration map (PIM). The morphology of the terrain contributes to the slope angle and PIM. Through the typology of land cover, the pollution load index (PLI) was estimated. The findings indicate intense aridization and the depletion of the effective precipitation (below 650 mm) during the present and future periods. With respect to these concerns, the surface waters and groundwater resources from the Grand Est region are experiencing the negative effects of climate change on runoff and aquifers recharge respectively. In addition, the high PLI in the industrial and agricultural areas contribute to the possibility of the increasing water resources vulnerability. The affected areas extend mainly in the western, north-central, and north-eastern parts of the region, mainly in the Rhine, Aube, and Marne Valleys. Considered as a precious resource in the region, the water management should follow best practices for vulnerability and risk assessment, and further to delineate the protection areas. As a comprehensive gridded dataset, the calculations and original maps presented in this paper represent a complex product with main environmental parameters processed at spatial scale of 1 km2 in ArcGIS. This product has the purpose to integrate the geospatial data for the Grand Est region of France.

International audience; On August 1, 2019, the atmospheric instability was very pronounced in the hydrographic basin related to the Călinești-Oaș Reservoir, the main phenomenon being the local rainstorms, of very high intensity. The successive radar images, observed in real time, predicted the outbreak of a hydrometeorological event with a strong impact in the catchment basin of the Huta Certeze hydrometric station, on Valea Rea river (the upper hydrographic basin of the Tur river, Oașului Mountains, Satu-Mare district). In a very short time of only 4 hours, a total of 132.5 mm precipitation was measured, which generated a flash flood with a single peak, exceeding the flooding stages, with a maximum discharge of 46.6 m 3 /s. Being an extreme hydrometeorological phenomenon, the question arises to verify whether it is possible to modeling a flash flood of an almost unprecedented magnitude. For modelling purpose MIKE HYDRO River-UHM (Unit Hydrograph) has been selected, being the most suitable for the unit hydrograph method, when the inputs are generated by a single storm event. A GIS based application; ArcMap was used to delimit the affected catchment area. The simulated discharge hydrographs were compared with the observed one at the Huta Certeze hydrometric station, which represent the closing point of the studied basin. The obtained results confirm the modeling's veracity. Therefor MIKE HYDRO River can be used for forecasting water flows to rivers or lakes, for estimating water resources, as well as for river basin management.

International audience; Windstorms are among the main factors causing damages to forest ecosystems. These meteorological phenomena cannot be predicted, prevented or controlled. They are occurring rapidly and take place in a meteorological context characterized by high velocities of the air currents. This paper analyses the characteristics of the severe meteorological events on 20 July 2011 which have led to windthrows on extended areas within the Apuseni Mountains in the Romanian Carpathians. The study highlights the evolution of the synoptic processes both at regional scale and at mesoscale. The meteorological analysis is carried out based on synoptic maps and by means of the data coming from the doppler WSR-98D radar in Bobohalma. The main results indicate the occurrence of the severe meteorological phenomena against the background of alternating atmospheric circulation types. The main cause is the transition of the zonal circulation into maritime tropical circulation. This contributed to the destabilizing of the warm and moist air masses that have generated strong storms at national level

International audience; This paper verifies the sampling conditions of discharge and net precipitation series, subjects of integral transforms. The time step influence on the discrete numerical integration of the hydrological system input and output signals was analysed. Our approach is based on the sampling theorem and on the basic properties of the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and of the Fourier integral transform. Arguments from conceptual models of river basin rainfall-runoff are considered to underlie our time series sampling. The application of the integral transform methods like DCT in the Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (IUH) parameters computation needs to fix the summing limits before designing the numerical procedure.

Strong winds may uproot and break trees and represent one of the major natural disturbances for European forests. Wind disturbances have intensified over the last decades globally and are expected to further rise in view of the climate change effects. Despite the importance of such natural disturbances, there are currently no spatially-explicit databases of wind-related impact at Pan-European scale. Here, we present a new database of wind disturbances in European forests (FORWIND). FORWIND comprises more than 80,000 spatially delineated areas in Europe that were disturbed by wind in the period 2000–2018, and describes them in a harmonized and consistent geographical vector format. Correlation analyses performed between the areas in FORWIND and land cover changes retrieved from the Landsat-based Global Forest Change dataset and the MODIS Global Disturbance Index corroborate the robustness of FORWIND. Spearman rank coefficients range between 0.27 and 0.48 (p-valuehttps://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.9555008 (Forzieri et al., 2019).

International audience; Groundwater represents the most important freshwater resource. In this paper, we applied a spatial approach based on the Geographical Information Systems (GIS) technology to assess the groundwater vulnerability in the Grand Est region from northeastern France. Aquifers media (AM), potential infiltration map (PIM), pollution load index (PLI), and effective precipitation (EP) were the main parameters used in the calculation of groundwater vulnerability. This study proposes a spatial-temporal analysis including past (1961–1990), near future (2011–2040), and more distant future (2041–2070), thereafter called the 1990s, the 2020s, and the 2050s. To validate the results, groundwater monitoring stations data of Nitrate (NO3−), dated from 2005 to 2012, was used as reference datasets. The validation of the groundwater vulnerability map was based on pixel pair comparison (PPC) method and it indicates 42.85% perfect confidence and 50% good confidence for the groundwater vulnerability map in 2020s period. The high groundwater vulnerability was found in the Rhine, Marne, and Aube Valleys, while the low and very low vulnerability was depicted in the Vosges, Ardennes Mountains, and some territories form the central region for all three periods. Application of the proposed framework indicates increases of vulnerability up to 60% between 1990s and 2020s and up to 80% between 1990s and 2050s scenarios. The output maps and findings could be useful for the future environmental plans of the region and, in addition, could help mitigate the problems related to water resources, considering the climate expectations.

International audience; Groundwater recharge depends generally on precipitation. In this study, a geographical information system (GIS) procedure was applied to assess the climate change effect on groundwater recharge in the Grand Est region of France. The analysis comprises high-resolution climate models that reflect the long-term climato-logical regime. The hydrological properties include aquifers, land-cover and terrain morphology data, which were used to develop the potential infiltration map of the study area. Two parameters, the De Martonne aridity index and effective precipitation , were combined into a 5 × 5 matrix to assess the climate change effect on groundwater recharge during the past (1990s), present (2020s) and future (2050s) periods. The present and future intense aridization and the depletion of the effective precipitation (< 650 mm) reveal the negative effects of climate change on aquifers' recharge in the Grand Est region. The areas with high and very high climate effects will increase in the 2020s and 2050s. These areas extend mainly in the western, north-central and northeastern parts of the region occupying the Rhine, Aube and Marne valleys. The medium effect could be found in the central, southern and northwestern parts, while the low impact on groundwater recharge was verified in the northwestern and southeastern parts of the region. The area with low effects of climate change extends mostly in the Vosges and Ardennes mountains. These findings contribute to the long-term hydrogeological studies in the Grand Est region. K E Y W O R D S actual crop evapotranspiration, aquifers, De Martonne aridity index, effective precipitation

International audience; Certain rural settlements situated in the floodplain area are exposed to a high risk of flash-floods, in case a sudden damage appeared in the supply water system network. The purpose of the present research is the anticipation of hydrological risk in this type of areas in case of a simultaneous occurrence of two types of hazard: torrential rain and damages to the supply water system network. Therefore we will use an ArcGIS procedure of building flash-floods scenarios generated by extreme events, namely the high level of soil saturation, damages to the supply water system network and a high intensity torrential rain. The article presents different scenarios according to the return period (T) of the torrential rain: T= 20 years, T=100 years and T=1000 years. The results will highlight the several vulnerability categories of the terrain and households related to combined risk. The flash-floods scenarios in the rural settlements that benefit from a supply water system network will be of great use to the local administrative authorities for the management of combined risk emergencies.

International audience; The paper presents some old geological maps from the nineteenth century (1850–1884) related to the Anina (Steierdorf) coal mining district – stored in the Library of the Geological Survey of Austria (Geologische Bundesanstalt): the manuscript map Stei-erdorf Banat(~1850); Spezialkarte des mittleren Theiles des Banater Gebirgszuges(1857); Banater Domäne: enthaltend den vormaligen k.k.aerarischenMontan-ComplexnebstdenStaats.HerrschaftenOraviczaundBokschan:GeognostischeKarte(1860);GeologischeKarte von Steierdorf im Banat(1867[?]); Geognostische Übersichtskarte des Kohlenbergbau Terrains von Steierdorf(1872[?]). The aim of this study is on the one hand, to offer a brief survey on the historical cartographic overview of the maps with special respect to the geological mapping activity concerning Anina (Steierdorf) region (or in a wider sense, the Banat Mountains) in the mid-nineteenth century. On the other hand, the paper summarizes the cartographic analysis of the maps, which has been made using MapAnalyst software application in order to test their cartographic accuracy, as well as to make possible (or easier) the geo-refe-rencing process. This analysis, together with the study of the geological content of the maps is necessary when the goal is to test their reliability for the present researches. We have distinguished two phases in the geological mapping of the Anina (Steierdorf) rdndregion before the 3Military Survey (1884). The first phase contains the maps plotted before the 2Military Survey (1864), which ndrepresent a larger area on an approximate scale of 1:100,000. The second phase contains the maps compiled between the 2and rdthe 3Military Survey (1864–1884) which represent a smaller area (only the Anina Anticline) on a scale of 1:10,000. We have ob-served a progress in the representation methods and nomenclature of geological content in time, as well as a significant improve-ment in the cartographic accuracy of the maps belonging to these two phases (improvement in the precision of their scale and orientation, as well as a decrease in the displacement errors).Die Publikation behandelt einige alte geologische Karten aus dem neunzehnten Jahrhundert über die Kohlebergbauregion Anina (Steierdorf). Folgende Karten befinden sich an der Geologischen Bundesanstalt (Österreich): die Manuskriptkarte Steierdorf Banat(~1850); Spezialkarte des mittleren Theiles des Banater Gebirgszuges(1857); Banater Domäne: enthaltend den vormaligen k. k. aerari-schenMontan-ComplexnebstdenStaats.HerrschaftenOraviczaundBokschan:GeognostischeKarte(1860);GeologischeKartevonSteierdorf im Banat(1867[?]); Geognostische Übersichtskarte des Kohlenbergbau Terrains von Steierdorf(1872[?]). Das Ziel dieser Stu-die ist einerseits eine kurze Übersicht über die kartographische Geschichte dieser Karten zu geben, insbesondere die geologische Landesaufnahme der Region Anina (Steierdorf) (oder im allgemeinen Sinne der Gebirgregion Banat) betreffend. Andererseits fasst diese Publikation eine kartographische Analyse dieser Karten zusammen. Die Karten wurden mit der Software MapAnalyst auf ihre kartographische Genauigkeit analysiert womit eine Georeferenzierung ermöglicht wird. Diese Analyse, zusammen mit der Un-tersuchung des geologischen Inhaltes dieser Karten, wird benötigt um eine Aussage zu deren Zuverlässigkeit für aktuelle Analysen machen zu können. Wir konnten zwei Phasen in der geologischen Landesaufnahme der Region Anina (Steierdorf) vor der dritten topographischen (Franzisko–Josephinische) Landesaufnahme (1884) erkennen. Die erste Phase beinhaltet Karten, die vor der zwei-ten topographischen (Franziszeischen) Landesaufnahme (1864) ausgearbeitet worden. Diese umfassen eine größere Region auf einer Skala von ungefähr 1:100.000. Die Karten der zweiten Phase wurden zwischen der zweiten und der dritten topographischen Landesaufnahme (1864–1884) erstellt. Diese Karten umfassen ein kleineres Gebiet (nur die Anina Antiklinale) auf einer Skala von 1:10.000. Eine zeitliche Entwicklung der Darstellungsmethoden und der Nomenklatur der geologischen Inhalte ist festzustellen. Ebenfalls hat sich in dieser Zeit die kartographische Genauigkeit (Skalen- und Dislokationsgenauigkeit) erheblich verbessert.

Unlike the contiguous windthrows, the diffuse windthrows occurred as a result of wind gusts of lower speed (100-140 km/h) than in the first case (>140 km/h) are much more difficult to detect due to their much lower areas and due to their very large number, of several hundreds in the wooded mountain massifs. The objective of this research is to present a rapid procedure for the detection of the diffuse windthrows based on low cost, Landsat type images, knowing that certain sensors cannot be accessed without significant investments. Our application is based on the study of effects caused by the Xynthia storm in the Vosges Mountains in the North-East of France, on 28 February 2010. Thus, based on two sets of Landsat satellite images, we used the “dark object” approach and the Disturbance Index, as well as a classification of the images before and after the storm, resulting in a change map. Following the detection process, 257 scattered polygons were detected, totalling 229 ha. For validation purposes, high-resolution images and orthophotoplans taken before and after storm were used. The error matrix was calculated, achieving an overall accuracy of 86%, which confirms the quality of our analysis and supports this procedure for detecting diffuse windthrow based on low cost resources.

International audience; This study aimed to identify trends change in natural pathways of urban runoff and of the water volumes into a highly urbanized area of city Bordeaux, France. The identification of the city's flow paths on urbanized terrain and natural land surface based on Digital Terrain Model and Digital Surface Model, highlighted how the natural pathways of the runoff were been modified by successive buildings and other barriers of the urbanized ground surface. On the base of Landsat images, the Total Impervious Area for 1984, 1991, 2002 and 2014 were extracted and the Effective Impervious Areas were calculated. The tendency of the runoff for the period 1984-2014, for a sub-watershed of Bordeaux, was demonstrated through the HEC-HSM hydrologic modeling. The results highlighted the modification of natural paths in the studied area, and a tendency to increase the volume of water runoff. These trends are the result of urbanization and industrialization and require the implementation of mitigation measures in the future.; Cette étude a visé l'identification des tendances de modification des cheminements naturels des eaux et du volume d'eau ruisselé en surface urbaine. L'identification des réseaux d'écoulement en surface couverte, respective-ment non couverte, sur la base des Modèle Numérique de Terrain-MNT et des Modèle Numérique de Surface-MNS, a mis en évidence la manière dont le cheminement naturel de l'eau a été modifié par les obstacles existants à la surface du terrain. Les Surfaces Totales Imperméables-STI pour les années 1984, 1991, 2002 et 2014 ont été extraites sur la base des images Landsat. La tendance du ruissellement de l'eau pour la période 1984-2014, pour un sous-bassin ver-sant de Bordeaux, a été démontrée à travers la modélisation hydrologique HEC-HSM sur la base des pourcentages des Surfaces Effectives Imperméables-SEI calculés. Les résultats ont mis en évidence la modification des cheminements naturels dans l'aire étudiée et une tendance à l'augmentation du volume d'eau ruisselé. Ces tendances sont le résultat de l'urbanisation et de l'industrialisation et requièrent la mise en place de mesures pour leur atténuation à l'avenir. Mots-clés : hydrologie urbaine, Landsat, modèle numérique de surface, surfaces effectives imperméables, crue urbaine Urban runoff pathways and surface water volumes evolution. ABSTRACT.-This study aimed to identify trends change in natural pathways of urban runoff and of the water volumes into a highly urbanized area of city Bordeaux, France. The identification of the city's flow paths on urbanized terrain and natural land surface based on Digital Terrain Model and Digital Surface Model, highlighted how the natural pathways of the runoff were been modified by successive buildings and other barriers of the urbanized ground surface. On the base of Landsat images, the Total Impervious Area for 1984, 1991, 2002 and 2014 were extracted and the Effective Impervious Areas were calculated. The tendency of the runoff for the period 1984-2014, for a sub-watershed of Bordeaux, was demonstrated through the HEC-HSM hydrologic modeling. The results highlighted the modification of natural paths in the studied area, and a tendency to increase the volume of water runoff. These trends are the result of urbanization and industrialization and require the implementation of mitigation measures in the future.

International audience; Hydraulic modelling makes possible the identification of floodplain areas for flash floods with discharge of different return periods. High resolution DEMs allow river bed geometry identification, while prior hydrologic modeling results can serve as input data for the hydraulic model. Once the river bed and floodplain roughness coefficient are set, the floodplains can be delineated on the base of MIKE11 model. For the present study the authors have used three gauged small rivers situated in the Zărandului Mountains (Romania). The article shows the procedure to calculate the maximum discharges for high probability exceedance at the entrance and exit of seven villages and to draw the corresponding floodplains, for the benefit of population's protection.

International audience; Urbanization and industrialization have led to the increase in impervious surfaces, the reduction of water seepage into soil and the increase of runoff discharges in urban areas. The overland flow may be carried over long distances along the streets and sidewalks depending on the land slope and morphology, while in lowland, water tends to accumulate in ponds. In this research, we aim to identify these ponds in the floodplain, slope and urbanized interfluves in Cluj-Napoca. The ponds outline the locations that are most prone to urban floods. The preferential flowpathways were identified based on the flow direction and flow accumulation determined using the D8 method, while the ponds were automatically extracted using an algorithm developed based on the Contour Polygon Screening method. Based on four digital elevation models (DEM) of different resolutions (DEM 5 m, DEM 20 m, ASTER DEM 30 m and STRTM 90 m) and one Digital Surface Model (DSM) incorporating urban buildings, we highlighted the effect of the spatial resolution and buildings on the water flow delineation in urban areas. Our results revealed an increase in the number of flow pathways and ponds with the increase in DEM resolution and a more realistic outline of flow pathways and ponds delineated based on the DSM. In the urbanized floodplain, the ponds have distinctive features, while on the urbanized slope and interfluves these are temporary. The identification of ponds in a varied and urbanized relief provides useful information to support local authorities in the overland flow management and flash flooding in urban areas.

International audience; This paper focuses on the testing and comparison of the sensitivity of vegetation indices to determine the changes occurred in forest areas of the Cluj Forest District during the post-socialist period, between 1986 and 2009. Concurrently, the paper pursues to assess the way in which the socioeconomic and social changes have caused alterations of the forest areas. These have been significantly affected by the changes occurred over the past decades, as well as by the increase of the anthropization degree of the natural areas. Remote sensing applications are very efficient tools in detecting and assessing the changes both in space and over time. Two vegetation indices were used-NDVI and SAVI. The results show the spatio-temporal dynamics of the vegetation cover for approximately one third of the area, as the used indices presented decreasing values of up to 35% (NDVI 27%, SAVI 32%). The accuracy of classifying indices in decreasing, increasing and no-change areas is 88.20%, while the Kappa coefficient is 0.82. In addition, user's and producer's accuracy was calculated for each class.

International audience; In this letter I try to outline a definition of Technical Geography as an emerging new branch of Geography. The first part presents personal views based on two fundamental concepts: spatial and temporal AUTOCORRELATION and FREQUENCY. In the second part I present viewpoints from literature, as Technical Geography, which relies on spatial techniques, statistical techniques and modern technologies, is seen as a branch serving the geo-informational management and the decision-making system. I anticipate that in the not-too-distant future, the thorough research and constant increase in the number of Technical Geography applications will make all fields of Geography become technical and will remain so in the future.

International audience

Besides other non-behavioural factors, low-light conditions significantly influence the frequency of traffic accidents in an urban environment. This paper intends to identify the impact of low-light conditions on traffic accidents in the city of Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The dependence degree between light and the number of traffic accidents was analysed using the Pearson correlation, and the relation between the spatial distribution of traffic accidents and the light conditions was determined by the frequency ratio model. The vulnerable areas within the city were identified based on the calculation of the injury rate for the 0.5 km2 areas uniformly distributed within the study area. The results show a strong linear correlation between the low-light conditions and the number of traffic accidents in terms of three seasonal variations and a high probability of traffic accident occurrence under the above-mentioned conditions at the city entrances/exits, which represent vulnerable areas within the study area. Knowing the linear dependence and the spatial relation between the low light and the number of traffic accidents, as well as the consequences induced by their occurrence, enabled us to identify the areas of high traffic accident risk in Cluj-Napoca.

Old geological maps are extremely important sources of information about the state of geological knowledge of a specific period. Using GIS techniques, the old geological data and concepts can be compared and analyzed together with modern ones. Thus, the aim of this work is to present some old Transylvanian geological maps from the second half of the nineteenth century, with special respect to their legend and topographic basis, as well as to discuss the georeferencing methods and results in order to incorporate them into a unified GIS database. The geological maps of this study are the followings: the geognostic map of the Habsburg Empire by Haidinger (Geognostische Uibersichts-Karte der Oesterreichischen Monarchie 1845); the geological map of Transylvania by Hauer et al. (General-Karte des Grossfurstenthums Siebenburgen und der im Jahre 1861 mit dem Konigreiche Ungarn vereinigten Theile 1863); the geological map of the Habsburg Empire by Hauer (Geologische Ubersichts-Karte der Osterreichisch−Ungarischen Monarchie nach den Aufnahmen der k. k. geologischen Reichsanstalt 1867–1871); the geological map of the Seklerland by Herbich (A Szekelyfold foldtani terkepe 1878a). These maps were compiled using as topographic basis the map sheets of the 1st and 2nd Military Survey of the Habsburg Empire (later Austro–Hungarian Monarchy).

International audience; Traffic emergencies represent events that pose a great threat for the life of individuals and the development of human societies. The frequency of road accidents is related to the behavior of people, density of people, behavior of the machines as well as the arrangement of the infrastructure. At any accident three different types of vehicles can respond: ordinary vehicles, ambulances and police or fire fighters. There is a great need for the response time to be as low as possible. This response time depends on the condition of the emergency response vehicle and the possible obstructions or prohibition along the road network. The present study is an attempt to model shortest path and closest facility problems in order for an ambulance to travel trough a road network, by creating a system based on GIS technology and application on the city of Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

International audience; As a consequence of the global warming we assist in the last decades at the intensification of extreme weather or hydrological events, such as droughts, hail storm or flash floods. This paper examines some spatial and temporal manifestations of maximum intensity of rainfall in the warm season, in Northwestern Romania. Diurnal variation, duration, and intensity of the maximum rainfall intensity as well as the return periods of the absolute values, the statistical probability of recording higher values and trends have been detected. Annual maximum intensity values of precipitation recorded in 14 weather stations over a period of 35 years (1975-2009) have been considered. HYFRAN and MAKESENS software have been employed for statistical analysis. The data sets were tested to check if they were identical and independent distributed at the 95% of significance level. The main findings are: maximum intensity extreme values varies between 5.0 and 10.) mm/min; the highest frequency of rainfa ll maximum intensity is specitic in the afternoon and in the evening; the frequency of events with certain maximum intensity duration dramatically decreases from 45 .5 % for 1 minute period to 0.6 % in the case of those events lasting more than 8 minute; the return periods of absolute maximum intensities are generally ranging between 30 and 80 years, wh,jJe the absolute minimum intensities have the return periods between 1.002 and 1.06 years; almost 80 % of the locations indicated increasing trends in the maximum intensity of rainfall. All these findings are very important for modeling the flash flood parameters.

International audience

International audience; Deriving flash floods in the case of simulated precipitations. The present study sets to determine the historical flash-floods on the Petriş watershed making use of the implemented mathematical models in a Hydrological Modeling System. In order to simulate the 1%, 2% and 10% exceedance probability flash-floods, the Intensity-Frequency-Duration (IDF) curves have been built on the basis of 22 years of precipitation records (1988-2009). They serve as input data together with the hydrological parameters identified by the means of a Geographic Information Systems. The results, computed mainly on the basis of the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) method, consist of hyetographs and hydrographs at the outlet of the main watershed, as well as to that of the ungauged tributaries of the Petriş River.

International audience; GIS utility for hydrological impact evaluation caused by damages of water supply network in rural areas. Applications in Baia Mare Depression. Occurrence of a failure within the water supply network is an element of risk with important hydrological implications. Although at first glance you might think that a pipe diameter of only 20 cm can generate large effects, however, in case of significant damage or even burst pipe, a good part of high water flow in the pipe (approx. 25 m 3 /h on average in the Baia Mare) associated with a long duration of failure (several hours) may be in the drain area, impact on the local community. Regarding rural settlements, surface drainage allow a quantity of water retention tank underground infiltration but in many cases lack of a sewage system effectively contribute to increased negative consequences related to such damage (flooding farms, roads, crops compromise of flooding or drought in the event of damage to the hot water supply pipe and so on). This paper focuses on the role of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to assess the impact of runoff induced by damages in rural areas. The study therefore spatial aspect, through GIS, on the one hand runoff along the flow path with the start point of the network fault location and view previous hydrological conditions of the terrain, and on the other hand the impact of runoff the rural community. Study area Dumbrăviţa settlement located in Baia Mare Depression. This village is part of water supply system to the south and southeast of Baia Mare.

International audience; This paper is describing the development and application of a methodology that can be used to obtain spatial and statistical data which can allow the deforestation assessment, and not least it can provide the necessary support in assessing the deforestation influence upon runoff. Remote sensing and cartography, used to develop a method for obtaining spatial data regarding the land cover and especially regarding forest surfaces, allows better analysis of the processes involving forest removal, namely deforestation. The methodology is involving the usage of multitemporal-multispectral Landsat imagery and forestry data for an area represented by three catchments located in the Apuseni Mountains, Romania. By using the data sources, a unique spectral library has been constructed with unique land cover classes. This library was used for all considered project imagery. The obtained data was processed after that in a GIS environment in order to obtain the spatial distribution and numerical data that could highlight the deforestation process. The results were then used to indicate the magnitude of forest cover changes which occurred on almost 22% from one of the catchments area.

International audience; The present study focuses on the runoff calculation in the Monoroştia Basin, Arad County, Romania, during the historical flash flood in august 2010. On the basis of the collected geospatial data, the hydrologic parameters are computed in a GIS environment, which are subsequently used as input for the rainfall-runoff model. The SCS loss method and the SCS transform method were used for the runoff calculation by the means of a Hydrological Modelling System and the gage weights precipitation method so as to reflect the spatial characteristics of precipitation. The results consist of unit hydrographs for each subwatershed outlet, where monitoring activity doesn't exist.