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We present the case of a woman with a 2-month history of exertional dyspnoea and fatigue in which echocardiography revealed a cavity-obliterating right ventricular mass. Further imaging evaluation using cardiac magnetic resonance showed a thrombotic mass as well as diffuse myocardial oedema and endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) that involved both ventricles. In the absence of any other cause (including peripheral eosinophilia), the diagnosis of idiopathic EMF was established. This case highlights this uncommon disease in non-tropical areas.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common conditions worldwide that targets the liver parenchyma. NAFLD represents an intrahepatic triglyceride accumulation in the absence of excessive alcohol consumption and other diseases that affect the liver parenchyma. The current “gold standard” for evaluating the amount of intrahepatic fat is represented by liver biopsy, but many patients are reluctant and hardly accept undergoing this procedure due to its invasive nature. The current study addresses this aspect by evaluating the reliability of liver magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in diagnosing NAFLD, compared to the traditional invasive liver biopsy. The present study included a total of 38 patients based on several well-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. We used the same NAFLD grading system for both liver MRS and liver biopsy: grade 0: 66% hepatocytes are affected. Regarding the NAFLD grade, over three-quarters of patients were classified as grade I and grade II, with a strong predilection for men. The current results indicated a significant association between the NAFLD grade indicated by liver MRS and the NAFLD grade indicated by liver biopsy. At the end of our study, we recommend using liver MRS for evaluating and grading NAFLD in association with other parameters like serum triglycerides and body mass index grade as this protocol can enhance early detection and provide an accurate grading that will lead to a proper management of this disease.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most frequently encountered mesenchymal tumors that develop anywhere along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but they account for less than 1% of all GI tumors. However, GISTs can also develop outside the GI tract. They are referred to as extragastrointestinal stromal tumors (EGISTs) and represent around 5-10% of all GISTs. In this latter case, the tumor itself is not connected to the GI tract and can affect the omentum, mesentery, and retroperitoneum. EGISTs can also originate from the pancreas, but they are extremely uncommon. It is estimated that pancreatic EGISTs account for about 5% of all EGISTs, with around 30 cases being reported in the literature so far. The current report presents an extremely rare case of pancreatic EGIST encountered in a 53-year-old woman with no remarkable personal or family medical history. Surgical resection of the pancreatic head tumor through pancreaticoduodenectomy using Whipple procedure combined with negative resection margins and adjuvant Imatinib mesylate treatment led to a favorable postoperative evolution. The follow-up at six months after surgery did not reveal any malignant changes.

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted medical care systems, by decreasing patient addressability to outpatient care. The main objective of this study was to compare the patient's addressability to breast imaging techniques for diagnosis, and follow-up in the Clinical Emergency County Hospital of Craiova, Romania. We selected the mammographies performed over a period of 4 years (2018-2021) in our clinic. We divided the patients into four groups, one for each year (2018, 2019, 2020, 2021). Furtherly, we merged the data into two groups, one group for the pre-pandemic years (2018 and 2019) and one for the pandemic years (2020 and 2021). In our clinic, the number of mammographies plummeted to 0 during the month of April 2020 due to the lockdown and closure of non-urgent outpatient services in hospitals treating COVID-19 patients, and slowly creeped to 11 in the month of May and peaked to 160 in July (for the rest of the year). There was a huge difference regarding the patient's addressability to mammography immediately after the lockdown, with a 95.2% less addressability compared to the pre-pandemic period (May 2020 compared to May 2018). As an overall, by comparing both pre-pandemic years included in the study with the pandemic years, we obtained an addressability reduced with 37.3% suggesting the possible future delays in diagnosing breast tumors.

The 2016 Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines define sepsis as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. This study had the objective of assessing the efficacy of presepsin in the prognosis of sepsis. This was a single-center prospective study, performed in Craiova Emergency Hospital, that included 114 patients admitted in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) department between 2018 and 2019 fulfilling the sepsis criteria. Including criteria were: age &ge, 18, sepsis diagnosed by the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score of pulmonary, abdominal, urinary, surgical or unknown origin, as well as lactate levels &ge, 2 mmol/l and need of vasopressors for mean arterial pressure (MAP) &ge, 65 mmHg, despite adequate volume resuscitations for patients with septic shock. Patients younger than 18, pregnant, immunocompromised, or with terminal illnesses were excluded. Based on disease severity, patients were distributed into two study groups: sepsis&mdash, 76 patients and septic shock&mdash, 38 patients. As expected, SOFA score and most of its components (PaO2/FiO2, platelets, and Glasgow Coma Score (GCS)) were significantly modified for patients with septic shock compared to those in the sepsis group and for survivors versus non-survivors. Overall death rate was 34.2%, with a significantly higher value for patients with septic shock (55.3% vs. 23.7%, p = 0.035). Sepsis marker presepsin was significantly elevated in all patients (2047 ng/mL) and significantly increased for the septic shock patients (2538 ng/mL, p &lt, 0.001) and non-survivors (3138 ng/mL, p &lt, 0.001). A significant correlation was identified between the SOFA score and presepsin (r = 0.883, p &lt, 0.001). The receiver operating characteristics (ROC)-Area Under Curve (AUC) analysis showed significant prognostic values for presepsin regarding both sepsis severity (AUC = 0.726, 95% confidence interval CI = 0.635&ndash, 0.806) and mortality risk (AUC = 0.861, 95%CI = 0.784&ndash, 0.919). In conclusion, under the revised definition of sepsis, presepsin could be a useful marker for prognosis of sepsis severity and mortality risk. Additional data are required to confirm the value of presepsin in sepsis prognosis.

Although medicine is constantly evolving, hepatocellular carcinoma remains a pathology with a poor prognosis due to the frequent delayed diagnosis and the aggressiveness of the disease. Aim: Our objective was to evaluate liver function and stage of disease of newly diagnosed HCC patients. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study between July 2016 and January 2021 and we included hospitalized patients within the Department of Gastroenterology of the Emergency County Hospital of Craiova. We identified 119 newly diagnosed patients and we collected data from patient history, contrast-enhanced imaging and laboratory analysis. Results: 81 patients were diagnosed in BCLC Stage A and B. Liver function was not significantly modified, despite 91.5% of the patients presented with elevated AST levels. Because of the cirrhotic liver already affected, 73 patients had thrombocytopenia. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound was performed in 79 patients, as a complementary imaging exploration. Alfa-fetoprotein values could not be correlated with the severity of disease. Conclusions: Early diagnosis was mostly established. It is mandatory for treatment management and overall survival to follow a rigorous surveillance of patients at risk for HCC.

Primary liver and pancreatic malignancies still make up for an increasing number of deaths worldwide. Diagnostic procedures are constantly evolving, with variable availability depending on referral center. Integrating and transmitting relevant medical data is becoming more necessary, for both medical learning and patient management.We selected a sample cohort from our larger study involving patients with liver and pancreatic primary malignancies. All patients provided informed consent and procedures were performed in accordance with usual regulations. Clinical and laboratory data of the selected patients were used to populate a database that also contained multimedia files presenting an interactive three-dimensional (3D) model of liver or pancreatic tumors.The on-line interface developed to access the database had two levels of access. The public webpage only allowed interaction with the reconstructed model. The secured module allowed viewing of medical data, interaction with the complete tumor model as well as the ability to download the anonymized digital file containing the tumor reconstruction. This allowed fast printing, with a standard 3D printer, of the complete model with different levels of stiffness, for complete interaction for both teaching purposes and pre-operatory planning.This is the first attempt to implement a full-scale on-line solution for 3D tumor representation and manipulation, corroborated with clinical and laboratory data. This technology may bring important additional information for pre-operatory evaluation, treatment planning or medical training.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an ailment affecting and increasing a number of people worldwide diagnosed via non-invasive imaging techniques, at a time when a minimum harm caused by medical procedures is rightfully emphasized, more sought after, than ever before. Liver steatosis should not be taken lightly even if its evolution is largely benign as it has the potential to develop into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or even more concerning, hepatic cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Traditionally, liver biopsy has been the standard for diagnosing this particular liver disease, but nowadays, a consistent number of imagistic methods are available for diagnosing hepatosteatosis and choosing the one appropriate to the clinical context is the key. Although different in sensitivity and specificity when it comes to determining the hepatic fat fraction (FF), these imaging techniques possessing a diverse availability, operating difficulty, cost, and reproducibility are invaluable to any modern physician. Ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), elastography, and spectroscopy will be discussed in order to lay out the advantages and disadvantages of their diagnostic potential and application. Although imagistics has given physicians a valuable insight into the means of managing NAFLD, the current methods are far from perfect, but given the time, they will surely be improved and the use of liver biopsy will be completely removed.

The spectacular evolution of the ultrasound equipment and techniques has allowed the assessment of the fetal heart increasingly earlier during the gestation, as well as the diagnosis of the fetal abnormalities in the first trimester of pregnancy. Transvaginal ultrasound and transabdominal ultrasound are used in early fetal echocardigraphy. Studies have shown that the heart defects diagnosed early in gestation are more complex and have a high degree of association with chromosomal abnormalities, compared to those diagnosed in the second trimester of pregnancy. There are many studies on the correlation between the increase in the nuchal translucency (NT) and congenital heart defects, NT being one of the most frequently studied and efficient screening parameters in maternal-fetal medicine. The morphology of the umbilical cord can be assessed in the first trimester of pregnancy by colour Doppler examination. Numerous anomalies associated with single umbilical artery are described. The principles of fetal echocardiography in the first trimester are similar to those of the morphological examination in the second trimester of pregnancy, with certain peculiarities and differences. The complete examination of the fetal heart, with minimal false results, can be done under the conditions of a trained and experienced examiner within the range of 12-13 gestational weeks. The examination route must be adapted to the particularities of the case. Early fetal echocardigraphy should be recommended only in the presence of a precise medical indication.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) currently represents a major health concern, mainly for its shifting pre-existing conditions that in turn lead to late diagnosis, thus increasing the mortality rate. An improved training of medical personnel involved in diagnosis, staging and the management of treatment is required.We thus aimed to transition tumor view from two-dimensional, on-screen, methods to real, palpatory three-dimensional (3D) representations that can be printed using generally available tools, thus approachable in virtually any medical setting worldwide.After obtaining ethical clearance, we included imaging contrast-enhanced data from 10 confirmed cases of HCC that we translated into a 3D computer render of the tumor with as much morphological data as possible. In addition, we simulated the inner structure of each tumor, simulating different stiffness levels across their respective surfaces, in order to better gauge possible necrosis or vascular particularities. This translated into 3D printed models that were obtained by using commercially available materials, experimenting with different filling methods in order to better simulate the stiffness of the lesion.We administered a structured questionnaire to 43 students and 12 resident doctors (gastroenterologists and surgeons) that manage HCC cases. We assessed tumor morphology and the usefulness of the proposed model in everyday practice and evaluated their use in an academic environment.The proposed method provides a cheap alternative to costly medical simulators, providing both curricular advantages as well as integrating well into normal HCC medical management.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the primary malignant tumor of the liver that is directly derived from parenchymal cells. It is usually encountered in patients already suffering from a long-established liver disease that has evolved past the stage of liver cirrhosis. It is usually associated with viral liver infections, alcohol consumption or other dietary habits that lead to liver damage. Metastases are not rare and are usually found incidentally after a period of monitoring the main liver disease. We present here a rare case of HCC metastasis found in the right gluteal region, in a hepatitis C virus-infected patient also displaying lung tumor lesions. Diagnosis of both the metastasis and of the primary tumor were found during the same hospital visit, employing contrast-enhanced computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound (US), with positive biopsy of the metastatic lesion, performed under US guidance. The patient received oncological treatment, with good prognosis and stable evolution during the next eight months since diagnosis.

Cholangiocarcinoma is an extremely rare and highly aggressive primary malignancy of the biliary tract. The current report illustrates a rare case of distal common bile duct adenocarcinoma encountered in a 65-year-old male patient who was thoroughly investigated after presenting with a two weeks history of pain in the right hypochondrium, jaundice and unintentional weight loss (6 kg in two weeks). The medical team opted for a pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure) managing to obtain negative resection margins of the tumor with a favorable immediate postoperative evolution. However, the surgical team was forced to reintervene twice due to complications caused mainly by the patient's disregard.

Multiple malignancies are an increasing combination in the recent years in cancer patients, due to prolonged survival rate and to the advances in diagnostic techniques and therapeutic management. We present the case of a patient diagnosed with prostate cancer and metachronous in one year with basal cell carcinoma of the skin and small lung cell carcinoma with lymph nodes and pararectal metastasis. To our best knowledge, this is the only case presented in the medical literature with these three different types of primary malignancy. In conclusion, multiple malignancies in the same patients are a real challenge to the physician, because an early diagnosis and specific treatment modalities are essential for successful patient management and increasing life expectancy.

Background: The new developments in imaging technology, including contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), allow a better diagnosis of both malignant and benign liver lesions. Material and methods: A retrospective trial of 126 patients was conducted in the Gastroenterology and Imaging Departments of the University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Romania. CEUS and MRI were the imaging techniques used for diagnosis of focal liver lesions (FLL), especially for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Histopathology was used only in 15 cases. For each method of investigation we calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), positive and negative likelihood ratio (+LR, -LR), accuracy and we compared the ROC curves. Statistical analysis also included the Chi-square and Kappa tests. Results: Seventy six cases were diagnosed as HCC, with average size of 5.2±3.3 cm in diameter. The sensitivity and specificity were 71.4% and 95.6% for CEUS and 91.4%, 98.9% respectively, for MRI. When comparing the ROC curves, we found a higher area under curve for MRI (0.952) then for CEUS (0.835) (p=0.005), and 95% confidence interval of 0.0343 to 0.199. No statistically significant difference in diagnosis of FLL was found between CEUS and MRI (p > 0.05) and the agreement between the two imaging techniques was good (k = 0.78). Conclusions: CEUS can be used as the first step in the diagnosis of liver lesions, but MRI remains the gold standard diagnostic method for liver tumors.

Vulvar malignant melanomas are extremely rare neoplasms, representing less than 3% of all cancers in women, 9% of all external genital tract malignancies and 9% of all primary vulvar malignancies. We present the case of a 60-year-old Caucasian patient, who has been admitted in the Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology with polymorphic, vulvar local, pelvic-abdominal, genitourinary and general symptoms, being diagnosed with nodular and superficial spreading vulvar melanoma and multiple voluminous uterine leiomyoma with various degenerations. Our study presents the approach of this case in terms of surgical pathology, management, prognosis and outcome. Surgical treatment is the central element of therapeutic management. Vulva melanomas are in general a relatively unpredictable unfavorable prognosis. The sizes of the tumor, the thickness and micro-staging are essential factors for prognosis.

Primary lung cancer is an increasing health issue worldwide, with an ever-growing incidence due to various risk factors dispersed in all settings of modern society. Late discovery and poor survival rates for patients that do not qualify for surgical treatments greatly decrease overall mortality. Imaging methods remain powerful tools for early detection; however, molecular profiling is currently required for better understanding treatment options and for developing novel agents. Most procedures that are associated with tissue collection are invasive and, if performed in suboptimal conditions, may lead to morbidity and mortality. The need for better optical biopsy tools has thus arisen, directing further tissue collection and minimizing the chance of misdiagnosis. A series of methods have been proposed, including optical coherence tomography, narrow band imaging or autofluorescence. Lately, a novel in vivo tool for rapid and non-invasive microscopy gained traction - probe based confocal laser endomicroscopy became available in an increased number of referral centers worldwide. Miniaturization and the use of optical fibers allowed for the development of a dedicated device for pulmonary applications; lung cancer diagnosis and characterization are key issues targeted by this novel technology. We present here recent advancements in the field of optical biopsy of lung tissue, with a focus on emerging technologies and their involvement in cancer diagnostics and future therapeutic options.

Endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinomas (EECs) are frequent genital tumors for which the clinical, imaging and histopathological integrated analysis is the basis of differential diagnosis and therapeutic attitude. This research represents a tertiary multicenter study including 58 cases examined histopathologically and immunohistochemically, surgically treated, on a five years period. The main characteristics of the patients in the study group are represented by the average age of 66 years, associated with obesity, hypertension, diabetes, history of infertility, early menopause, nulliparity or long-time oral contraception. The most important clinical sign was the menopausal or postmenopausal vaginal bleeding. The golden standard in the diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma is the dilation and curettage of the uterine cavity, followed by histopathological assessment. The association between transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS) and endometrial biopsy increases to 100% the diagnostic sensitivity. The use of an antibodies panel that includes CK, ER, PR, vimentin can guide the diagnosis to EEC and the analysis of Ki67, p16, p53 and CEA immunoreactions can be useful both for EEC differential diagnosis and to assess the tumor aggressiveness. The interrelation between the accurate histopathological diagnosis and the adequate surgical staging is the cornerstone of curative therapy in the EEC.

Gastric cancer (GC) is an important health problem despite the advances in surgery and chemotherapy and although the incidence is decreasing, GC is still considered the second most common cause of deceases produced by cancer. Survival rates in gastric cancer are low, mainly because most patients are often diagnosed in late stages. The current interest in the diagnostic of GC is the detection of early gastric cancer. Advances in high-resolution endoscopic techniques such as narrow band imaging (NBI) allow the detection of early precancerous lesions like polyps or metaplastic mucosa. Performing only white light imaging endoscopy in order to detect gastric cancer can lead to omission or misdiagnose of a considerable number of early gastric cancers. NBI endoscopy associated with other high-resolution examinations is viable in detecting early gastric cancer, though few studies also indicate that the endoscopist's expertise plays an important factor as well.

Conventional white light endoscopy is far from being an ideal tool to detect, characterize, and confirm the nature of colorectal lesions in order to indicate targeted biopsies or polyp resections only when necessary. Minimally invasive imaging techniques have gradually emerged to reveal previously unseen abnormalities to the operator during endoscopic examination. In this respect, technology and applications of narrow band imaging (NBI) are rapidly evolving. Magnification using NBI with near-focus mode has been introduced recently to enable closer examination under the control of a single button. The aim of this article is to offer an in-depth overview of this topic with emphasis on colorectal polyps through a literature review by using PubMed search tools including full-text articles, up-to-date guidelines and recent abstracts with obvious conclusions.

The existence of a simultaneous cancer of the esophagus and colon is a rare situation that recognizes an increased incidence in recent years in the world, probably as a result of the improved measures of diagnosis and treatment, as well as the development of screening programs. The aim of this work is to present a case of synchronous esophageal squamous carcinoma with mucinous adenocarcinoma of the hepatic angle of the colon. The patient was hospitalized to our Surgical Clinic with the thoracic squamous esophageal carcinoma diagnosis. On admission, symptoms were dominated by overall dysphagia, patient showing a weight loss of 10 kg for the last 30 days. Preoperative imaging tests did not revealed regional or distant metastatic disease. Preoperative colonoscopy was incomplete (only until the splenic angle of the left colon) due to the insufficient mechanical preparation. On laparotomy, a carcinoma of the hepatic angle of the colon, partially stenosing was discovered. An upper pole esogastrectomy with intrathoracic esogastrostomy and a right colectomy with ileotransversostomy were practiced, at the same operative session. Postoperative evolution was poor and the patient died on the ninth day from the surgery during an alcohol withdrawal crisis.

The transperineal ultrasound (TPU) value of the angle of progression (AOP) during fetal head engagement, at station 0, is a critical cut-off for current obstetrical practice, especially when intrapartum instrumental interventions are required. Still, controversial measurements were reported in previous high resolution imagistic studies. Our TPU and direct “gold-standard” magnetic resonance (MRI) measurements confirm that station 0 corresponds to a 120° AOP, concordantly. Based on these findings, the fact that an AOP of 120° or greater was previously strongly associated with vaginal delivery may be due to the achievement of head engagement in labor.

The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been constantly increasing over the last years mainly due to hepatitis C infection and cirrhosis. The new developments in imaging technology, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT), allow a better diagnosis of HCC. Cirrhosis is characterized by formation of nodules from regenerative nodules to dysplastic nodules, followed by HCC. Thus, the differential diagnosis of hypervascular hepatic lesions is important, especially in the nodules smaller than 2 cm, although their characterization may be difficult even when histopathology is used. A multistep approach with the comparison of clinical data, pathological findings and imaging features is useful for a more accurate diagnosis. MRI has the ability to assess the same lesions features as CT and to better characterize the enhancement patterns of nodules combined with the lack of irradiation. Moreover, new liver specific contrast agents and imaging techniques as diffusion-weighted (DWI) sequences are available. Regenerative and low-grade dysplastic nodules demonstrate contrast enhancement similar to that of surrounding liver parenchyma, compare to high-grade dysplastic nodules, which may show arterial enhancement similar to that seen in HCC. We present a review of the MR imaging and histopathological features of hypervascular nodules in the cirrhotic liver, with reference to the transition from dysplasia to HCC.

Our study aimed to quantify serum VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) and its inter-relation with the severity of microvascular damage, assessed by nailfold capillaroscopy (NC), and to establish the possible relationship with disease activity score. We included 18 patients, diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 17 gender and age-matched control subjects. For determining serum VEGF, we used a Human VEGF Assay kit-IBL. NC was performed, according to the standard method, using a video-capillaroscope Videocap 3.0, DS Medica, by the same examiner, blinded to clinical and laboratory data. Serum VEGF registered a mean value of 68.99±71.06 pg/mL for SLE patients and 31.84±11.74 pg/mL for controls, differences statistically significant; depending on disease activity, we found a mean value of 60.11±57.74 pg/mL, for patients with moderate disease activity vs. 30.96±11.51 pg/mL for the ones with a low activity (p=0.014). We found a moderately positive correlation, statistically significant (p=0.015), between serum level of VEGF and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). Performing NC, we found changes in 88.88% of the patients; the most frequent were increased tortuosity, dilated capillaries, an increased length and a prominent subpapillary plexus. The presence of nailfold capillaroscopy changes and serum level of VEGF, correlated moderately, positive. Since serum levels of VEGF are higher in SLE patients, compared to controls, significantly different according to disease activity degree, and directly inter-related to abnormal NC patterns and a more active disease, we can include these accessible parameters in the routine evaluation, in order to better quantify the systemic damage, individualize the treatment, improve the outcome and life quality for these patients.

Real time elastography has very good results in differentiating tumors of the breast, thyroid, prostate, pancreas and lymph nodes. Because liver biopsy is invasive and has complications, the method has been tried in diffuse or localized liver pathology in the hope of similar results. However, the published studies are isolated and performed on small groups of patients and the working methodology differs from author to author, without a consensus regarding the establishing of the area of interest, the recording and data analysis. The appearance of the elastography software on the convex probe with high penetration, the possibility for elastography to visualize the liver entirely and the development of elastography measurement information programs opened new perspectives in the noninvasive assessment of liver pathology.

Aims: Pancreatic cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma are two of the most aggressive types of cancer with limited therapeutic options in stages of advanced disease. Our objective is to assess the safety and feasibility of injecting iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) via endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guidance, both systemically and locally in the liver and pancreas in order to study new potential therapies for liver and pancreatic tumors. Material and methods: Six domestic pigs were used for our study design, and divided into three groups: two were injected in the portal vein, and other four were subjected to local exposure of IONs in the liver and pancreas, two each. The pigs were on a 7 days follow-up and necropsy was performed with their organs harvested. A 3T MRI scan was also performed. Results: All animals underwent an endoscopic ultrasound fine needle injection (EUS-FNI) procedure without any complications. EUS-FNI procedure had an average time of 5 minutes and 21 seconds and consisted of 2 ml of ION injection. No perforations and no risk of potential bleeding were recorded. Macroscopic changes were observed only after pancreatic EUS-FNI. A significant amount of IONs was observed in the liver after local injection and after vascular EUS-FNI. The imaging results were confirmed by pathological examination with most of the IONs accumulated in Ito-like cells, Kupfer cells, and sinusoids. Conclusions: IONs have been widely studied for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Their injection through EUS-guidance may develop new diagnosis strategies as well as curative or palliative therapies in pancreatic and liver tumors.

Elastography is an imaging technique, which displays the hardness of soft tissue, by showing the behavior of tissue when subjected to mechanical stress. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of ultrasound elastography in differential diagnosis of breast lesions.A prospective study was conducted in our Research Centre, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova. We introduced in this prospective study 215 patients diagnosed with breast lesions between January 2009 and January 2011. The patients were examined in the supine position and a ductal exploration was made over the breast. The final diagnose was cytology (FNA - fine needle aspiration), histology after excision or follow-up for six months. For obtaining the elastography images, we used a EUS Hitachi EUB 8500 and Siemens ultrasound systems with elastography modules incorporated. For assessment of ultrasound elastography role in differential diagnosis of breast lesions, we performed ROC analysis.The elasticity score for benign lesions was on average 1.95±1.1, and for malignant lesions was 4.21±0.9. The mean diameter of malignant lesions was 27.3 mm, which was higher than the average diameter of benign lesions (19.9 mm). The most common histology of the benign nodules was fibroadenomas, cysts, and fibrocystic change. Of the malignant nodules, the most common lesion was infiltrative ductal carcinoma. We obtained a sensitivity of 85.3%, and a specificity of 90% (area under the ROC curve=0.908, 95%CI=0.856-0.945 and p=0.0001) when a cut-off point of 3 was used.Elastography is a method which can complement conventional ultrasound by improving the diagnostic performance. The introduction of ductal ultrasound combined with elastography increased the sensitivity and specificity, the radial technique allowing the precise localization of lesions regarding the breast gland.