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The qualitative trials were conducted by exposing earthworms to diverse contaminants sources using standard earthworms’ avoidance tests (considered useful ab initio indicators). For two years, we observed the Jiu River pollution points. We observed soil traits in 15 sampling points from two neighboring Romanian counties where Jiu River flows, by evaluating the risk of pollution on Eisenia fetida earthworms. The ISO: 11268-2:2015 acute static test was used, following the ethological and bodily features of E. fetida earthworms for 14 days, and then the results obtained for clean soils vs. those presumed polluted were statistically analyzed. Results disclosed statistically significant values (p < 0.05) for the two-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparisons tests used for the soil samples thought to be polluted. The mortality percentages by location/replica/year/county find out a high statistical correlation documenting observations related to soil samples gathered from 10 m (p < 0.01) and 30 m (p < 0.001). Compared with the control, the statistical analysis of Relative Growth Rate (RGR) (p < 0.05) and Specific Growth Rate (SGR) (p < 0.01) confirmed that, in the case of soil samples collected from 10 and 30 m from the Jiu River’s axis, the earthworms did not gain weight, qualitatively attesting the pollution suspicion/presence of chemical factors potentially pernicious for earthworms.

The aim of the current study was to describe possible histopathological lesions induced by EDTA using as chelating agent in prussian carp (Carassius Gibelio) species. 80 healthy prussian carp specimens were collected from a local pond and acclimated for two weeks in laboratory conditions. Acclimated fish were housed in a 60 l capacity glass aquariums (20 fishes/aquarium) and divided into four groups: control group was maintained in EDTA-free freshwater, EDTA1 group receiving 0.05 g EDTA/l in water, EDTA2 group receiving 0.1g EDTA/l in water and EDTA3 group receiving 0.15 g EDTA/l in water. After a 21 days exposure to doses of EDTA above mentioned, some fish tissues were sampled and processed for microscopical examination. Compared to the control specimens, severe structural and functional alterations were identified in gills, liver and kidneys of fish exposed, including totally disorganized aspect of gill lamella with detached and dystrophic epithelium, intense fibrosis in the walls of arterioles, venules and gallbladder channels, denudation and necrosis processes of renal corpuscles respectively.

Abstract Heavy metals are one of the most toxic chemical pollutants of the environment. Their hazards not restricted to human but extend to animal productivity and reproductively. The present study aimed to assess the impact of grazing around industrial areas on the levels of copper (Cu) and aluminum (Al) residues in milk samples collected from dromedary she-camels and studying their effects on some ovarian hormones. In addition, the study aimed to investigate methods of removal of the toxic concentrations of these heavy metals in milk by applying different technological processes. Blood and milk samples were collected from 30 dromedary she-camels, 15 grazing in non-industrial areas (group A) and 15 grazing in industrial areas (group B). Detection of the levels of these heavy metals in milk was done. Ovarian hormones investigation on the blood was performed. Different technological processes such as boiling, skimming and fermentation were applied to all contaminated samples to reduce the toxic concentrations of these heavy metals. Results revealed that all examined milk samples in both groups contained Cu, while 40% of group A and 100 % of group B contained Al residues with different concentrations. The levels of Cu and Al residues in samples of group A not exceeded the maximum residual limit (MRL) set by World Health Organization (WHO) while 60% and 100% of milk samples in group B contained Cu and Al residues exceeded MRL, respectively. Technological processes induce variant changes in the levels of these metals in milk. Heat treatment of milk in Al vats leads to leaching of Al from containers to the milk causing significant increase in Al load, while Cu level was not significantly affected. Boiling in stainless-steel containers decreased the levels of Al and Cu but in non-significant levels. Regarding skimming process, small amount of Cu and Al escaped into the skimmed milk while greater amount were recovered in the cream. Fermentation by probiotic bacteria showed that milk fermentation has non-significant effect on Cu and Al levels. Investigation of ovarian hormones (estrogen and progesterone) revealed presence of a signification reduction in the levels of these hormones in group B compared to group A. In addition, a negative correlation was found between these heavy metals and ovarian hormones concentrations in the blood. It is concluded that grazing of dromedary camels around industrial areas induce heavy metals toxicity represented by excretion of these metals in milk and significant reduction on ovarian function showed by reduction of estrogen and progesterone levels. Technological processes such as skimming decreased the levels of Al and Cu residues in milk.

Determining the gene expression and serum profile of the indicators linked to clinical endometritis susceptibility in Egyptian buffalo cows was the aim of this investigation. The buffalo cows that were enrolled were divided into two groups: forty infected buffalo cows with clinical endometritis and forty seemingly healthy buffalo cows that served as the control group. For the purposes of gene expression and biochemical analysis, ten milliliters of blood was obtained via jugular venipuncture from each buffalo cow. TLR4, IL-8, IL-17, NFKB, SLCA11A1, NCF4, Keap1, HMOX1, OXSR1, ST1P1, and SERP1 were manifestly expressed at much higher levels in the buffaloes with endometritis. On the other hand, the genes that encode SOD, CAT, NDUFS6, Nrf2, and PRDX2 were down-regulated. There was a significant (p < 0.05) elevation of the serum levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), beta hydroxy butyric acid (BHBA), triglycerides (TGs), globulin, creatinine, and cortisol, along with a reduction in the serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, total protein albumin, urea, estrogen (E2), progesterone (P4), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroxine (T4), prostaglandin F2 α (PGF2α), calcium, iron, and selenium, in the endometritis group in comparison with the control. However, no significant change was observed in the values of phosphorus, magnesium, copper, or zinc in either group. Within the selective breeding of naturally resistant animals, the variation in the genes under study and the changes in the serum profiles of the indicators under investigation may serve as a reference guide for reducing endometritis in Egyptian buffalo cows.

Background: Although TRAIL is a potent propapoptotic factor, its role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains unclear. This pilot exploratory study investigated serum TRAIL changes along the CVD continuum. We focused on two successive phases of this spectrum (systemic arterial hypertension and heart failure), with emphasis on acute cardiac events due to their immediate clinical significance. Methods: The study population included 90 age- and sex-matched patients hospitalized with hypertensive urgencies (HTUs) or acute decompensation episodes (ADHF). Key echocardiographic, endothelial, cardiometabolic, renal, and liver markers were assessed alongside TRAIL levels. Results: ADHF patients showed significantly elevated TRAIL concentrations, suggesting a progressive rise in TRAIL levels along the CVD continuum. They exhibited worse cardiac, hematologic, and renal profiles, with longer hospital stays and the cachexic phenotype. TRAIL correlated directly with asymmetric dimethylarginine, C-reactive protein, and admission potassium in ADHF patients. In hypertensive subjects, it correlated directly with asymmetric dimethylarginine and inversely with erythrocyte size variability. TRAIL may, thus, serve as a compensatory mechanism in HF, with potential as a biomarker for acute cardiovascular events. Conclusions: TRAIL dynamics provide valuable insights into CVD pathophysiology, particularly in acute settings, warranting further investigation to clarify its role in the broader context of apoptosis and cardiovascular health.

The role of DNA methylation in mollusks is just beginning to be understood. This review synthesizes current knowledge on this potent molecular hallmark of epigenetic control in gastropods—the largest class of mollusks and ubiquitous inhabitants of diverse habitats. Their DNA methylation machinery shows a high degree of conservation in CG maintenance methylation mechanisms, driven mainly by DNMT1 homologues, and the presence of MBD2 and MBD2/3 proteins as DNA methylation readers. The mosaic-like DNA methylation landscape occurs mainly in a CG context and is primarily confined to gene bodies and housekeeping genes. DNA methylation emerges as a critical regulator of reproduction, development, and adaptation, with tissue-specific patterns being observed in gonadal structures. Its dynamics also serve as an important regulatory mechanism underlying learning and memory processes. DNA methylation can be affected by various environmental stimuli, including as pathogens and abiotic stresses, potentially impacting phenotypic variation and population diversity. Overall, the features of DNA methylation in gastropods are complex, being an essential part of their epigenome. However, comprehensive studies integrating developmental stages, tissues, and environmental conditions, functional annotation of methylated regions, and integrated genomic-epigenomic analyses are lacking. Addressing these knowledge gaps will advance our understanding of gastropod biology, ecology, and evolution.

IntroductionCurcumin has highly antimicrobial and antioxidant activities but has poor bioavailability and low solubility in water. The current study aimed to assess curcumin nanoparticles (Curcumin-NPs) antibacterial and antioxidant efficacy against some pathogens in chicken fingers at 4 °C/27 days.MethodsCurcumin-NPs with particle sizes of 80 ± 2 nm were synthesized using a planetary ball-mill and chitosan-gelatin nanoparticle (CS-G-NPs) solution and then placed into chicken fingers at three concentrations, (2, 5, and 10 μg g−1). The physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial capacity were evaluated.Results and discussionCurcumin-NPs showed high phenolic content (67.48 mg GAE g−1) and antioxidant activity (22.47 μg ml−1) at 10 μg g−1 compared to other concentrations and curcumin bulk. Curcumin-NPs showed noticeably greater antibacterial ability (in vitro) against S. aureus (18 mm), E. coli (15 mm), and B. cereus (13 mm). In challenge studies, Curcumin-NPs effectively inhibited the three inoculated pathogens ~3–4 log CFU g−1; in vivo; in chicken fingers kept for up to 27 days, compared to the control. In curcumin-NPs chicken samples, the contents of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) compared to the control were substantially lower (27 days). TEM analysis provided an estimate of the antibacterial mechanism of Curcumin-NPs. The findings demonstrated that Curcumin-NPs at 10 μg g−1 were more successful in reducing microbial load in chicken fingers as well as improving quality parameters, enhancing shelf life, and reducing lipid oxidation in poultry meat products.

IntroductionOptic neuropathy is an affection of the optic neurons, which ends with blindness and occurs either primarily due to direct affection of the optic nerve or secondarily as a complication of chronic diseases and/or adverse effects of their therapy. The search for novel therapeutic tools is crucial in addressing the limited therapeutic approaches for optic neuropathy. Therefore, the present study was developed to investigate the possible ameliorative effect of tempol against cisplatin-induced optic neuropathy and its underlying mechanism.MethodsForty-eight adult male albino Wistar rats were divided into four equal groups—control, tempol (TEM), cisplatin (CIS), and tempol and cisplatin combined (TEM+CIS). Optic nerve oxidative stress (MDA, SOD, and GPx), gene expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ATF-6, XBP-1, BIP, CHOP, and JNK), autophagy 6 (LC3, Beclin-1, and p62) markers, nerve growth factor-1, immunohistochemical expression of (LC3 and p62), histopathological, and electron microscopic examination were performed.ResultsHistopathological and ultrastructure examination validated that cisplatin caused optic neuropathy by inducing oxidative stress, upregulating ER stress markers, and downregulating autophagy markers, and NGF-1 expression. TEM + CIS showed improvement in optic nerve structure and ultrastructure along with oxidative stress, ER stress mRNA, autophagy (immunohistochemical proteins and mRNA) markers, and nerve growth factor mRNA expression.ConclusionsBased on previous findings, tempol represents a valid aid in cisplatin-induced optic neuropathy by implicating new molecular drug targets (ER stress and autophagy) for optic neuropathy therapy.

Introduction: Glucagon-like peptide -1 (GLP-1) is released by intestinal cells to stimulate glucose-dependent insulin release from the pancreas. GLP-1 has been linked to ameliorating obesity and/or diabetic complications as well as controlling reproductive function. Liraglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) with 97% homology with GLP-1. The main objective of this study was to investigate the ameliorative role of liraglutide in diabetic-induced reproductive dysfunction in male rats.Methods: Rats were randomly allocated into 3 groups; a control group, a diabetic group, and a liraglutide-treated diabetic group.Results: In the diabetic group, a significant increase in BMI, FBG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, TC, TAG, LDL, IL6, TNFα, and MDA, as well as decreased serum insulin, HDL, GSH, total testosterone, LH, and FSH, were shown compared to the control group. Furthermore, A significant downregulation in relative hypothalamic gene expression of GLP-1R, PPAR-α, PGC-1α, kiss, kiss1R, leptin, leptin R, GnRH GLP-1R, testicular PGC-1α, PPARα, kiss1, kiss1R, STAR, CYP17A1, HSD17B3, CYP19A, CYP11A1, and Smad7, as well as upregulation in hypothalamic GnIH and testicular TGF- β and Smad2 expression, were noticed compared to the control group. Liraglutide treatment significantly improved such functional and structural reproductive disturbance in diabetic rats.Conclusion: GLP-1RAs ameliorated the deleterious effects of diabetes on reproductive function by targeting GLP-1/leptin/kiss1/GnRH, steroidogenesis, and TGF- β/Smad pathways.

Dietary ingestion is the main route of exposure to hazardous contaminants in land animals. Cadmium, a high-profile toxic metal, affects living systems at different organismal levels, including major storage organs (liver, kidneys), key organs for species survival (gonads), and epigenetic networks regulating gene expression. 5-methylcytosine (5mC) is the most common and best-characterized epigenetic mark among different modified nucleosides in DNA. This important player in methylation-driven gene expression is impacted by cadmium in sentinel terrestrial vertebrates. However, limited information exists regarding its impact on macroinvertebrates, especially land snails commonly used as (eco)toxicological models. We first investigate the methylomic effects of dietary cadmium given as cadmium nitrate on terrestrial mollusks. Mature specimens of the common brown garden snail, Cornu aspersum, were continuously exposed for four weeks to environmentally-relevant cadmium levels. We determined global genomic DNA methylation in hepatopancreas and ovotestis, as well as changes in the methylation status of CG pairs at the 5′ region close to the transcription site of gene encoding the Cd-selective metallothionein (Cd-MT). Weight gain/loss, hypometabolism tendency, and survival rates were also assessed. Although this exposure event did not adversely affect survival, gastropods exposed to the highest Cd dose revealed a significant reduction in body weight and a significant increase in hypometabolic behavior. The hepatopancreas, but not the ovotestis, displayed significant hypermethylation, but only for the aforementioned specimens. We also found that the 5′ end of the Cd-MT gene was unmethylated in both organs and its methylation status was insensitive to cadmium exposure. Our results are important since they provide scientists, for the first time, with quantitative data on DNA methylation in gastropod ovotestis and refine our understanding of Cd epigenetic effects on terrestrial mollusks.

In the Dognecea Lake, near town Bocsa in Caras-Severin county a strong bivalve population has been discovered from the duck mussel specie (Anodonta anatina). Harvested individuals were transported to the Aquaculture laboratory where measurements and correct identification was made. This specie is considered endangered but in Banat area, especially in the Dognecea Lake it is well represented, having an ecological importance, but the bivalve can have an economical importance too, due to the high percentage of edible part of 56.5%.

The studies on coypu behaviour are applied in the development of knowledge regarding ethology, in the coypu-breeding technology, animal welfare and, at the moment, they present great importance for animal protection. The biological material studied was consisted of health adult coypus, belonging to the variety Golden Standard with a similar body mass. The indices supervised were: feeding behaviour duration if coypus are fed with barley and carrots according to gender and time slot, the duration of one feeding sequence according to forage consumed and gender and the number of feeding sequences according to forage consumed and gender. For realising the purposed aim, each coypu was monitorized (video), individually, 24 hours a day. The duration of feeding behaviour when coypus are fed with barley and carrots was 4507.88±38.99 seconds for males (5.21% of the behavioural manifestations), and for coypu females, the duration of feeding behaviour was 4576.63±26.01 seconds (5.29% of the behavioural manifestations). The most intense manifestations of the feeding behaviour took place in the time slots 08:00-14:00 and 14:00-20:00, and the lowest intensity of the feeding behaviour manifestations took place in the time slot 02:00-08:00.

Knowing the behaviour of one species, with interest in animal husbandry science represent a compulsory necessity for the development and improvement of the breeding and exploiting technology for this species. The studies on coypus behaviour are applied in the development of knowledge regarding ethology, coypu breeding technology, animal welfare and, at the moment, this present great importance for animal protection. The biological material studied was consisted of adult coypus, belonging to the variety Golden Standard. The supervised indices were: feeding behaviour duration if coypus are fed with maize grain and fodder beet according to gender and time slot, the duration of one feeding sequence according to forage consumed, gender and time slot and the number of feeding sequences according to forage consumed, gender and time slot. For realising the purposed aim, each coypu was monitorized (video), individually, 24 hours a day. The duration of feeding behaviour when coypus are fed with maize grain and fodder beet was 4921.63±472.64 seconds for males (5.69% of the behaviour al manifestations), and for coypu females, the duration of feeding behaviour was 5450.00±297.94 seconds (6.30% of the behaviour al manifestations). The most intense manifestations of the feeding behaviour occurred in the time slot 08:00-14:00, and the lowest intensity of the feeding behaviour manifestations occurred in the time slot 02:00-08:00. The average total number of males feeding sequences if coypus are fed with maize grain and fodder beet was 51.63 ± 5.54 sequences and the average total number of females feeding sequences was 56.38 ± 2.48 sequences.

The pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) is one of the most valuable carnivorous fish species in Europe, and in Romania as well. In the literature there are no relevant data on growth dynamic and correlation among the main body measurements in pikeperch larvae obtained out-of-season and reared in recirculated aquaculture system (RAS). The aim of this study was to bring information for clarifying some of these aspects. Our results emphasized that correlation coefficient between maximum body high (H) and total length (TL) together with standard length (SL) decrease linear from 10 to 25 DPH. The correlation coefficients between the main length measurements (TL and SL) reveal a very high correlation between the two traits in pikeperch larvae. High correlations between body weight (BW) and the other length measurements were observed.

The purpose of this work was to assess reference values of serum biochemical indices (enzymes, metabolites and minerals) in some representative fish species belonging to Acipenseridae, Cyprinidae, Esocidae and Salmonidae family in order to establish a baseline data which will serve to monitoring nutritional-metabolic balance and healthy condition of these species from aquatic biocenosis or intensive exploitations. Serum samples were analyzed for glucose, total proteins, albumine, urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, triglycerides, cholesterol, ALT, AST, GGT, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, total bilirubin, Ca, P, Mg, Fe, using a FullyVet automated chemical analyser. The obtained results were compared with those from other papers regarding serum biochemical profile of fresh water fish species. Serum biochemical reference intervals were as follows: glucose, 28.41±0.80–64.00±1.41 mgdL-1; total proteins, 2.78±0.21-4.05±0.20 gdL-1; albumine, 0.67±0.12–1.59±0.11 gdL-1; urea nitrogen, 12.16±0.78–18.30±0.27 mgdL-1; creatinine, 0.06±0.01–0.27±0.00 mgdL-1; uric acid, 1.00±0.00–1.66±0.09 mgdL-1; triglycerides, 46.00±1.29– 351.3±12.3 mgdL-1; cholesterol, 123.00±2.12–198.00±0.91±mgdL-1; ALT, 15.00±0.91–32.00±1.29 IU L-1; AST, 30.00±0.91–92.00±1.47 IU L-1; GGT, 4.00±0.00–6.33±0.46 IU L-1; alkaline phosphatase, 60.33±1.20–109.50±3.05 IU L-1; amylase, 28.08±0.93 – 36.00±0.91 IU L-1; total bilirubin, 0.00±0.00–0.03±0.00 mgdL-1; Ca, 7.63±0.40–12.36±0.50 mgdL-1; P, 11.83±0.35-30.48±0.26 mgdL-1; Mg, 1.80±0.14–3.88±0.21mgdL-1; Fe, 57.60±3.48–120.00± 1.08 mgdL-1. The wide intra- and interspecific variability of our data requires subsequent studies of the endo- and exogenous factors (living condition, season, age, gender, origin, breeding system, physiological and nutritional status, genetic of each individual, etc.) that can induce variations of the propound parameter.

The body measurements was made on 20 males of river lobsters (Astacus fluviatilis or Astacus astacus). The lobsters on witch the study was made had an average total length of body of 12.72 cm ±0.19 cm (formed from: 6.07±0.10cm the length of cefalothorax, 4.73 ±0.10 cm the length of abdomen and 1.91 ±0.07 cm length of telson), and a body weight of 55.70±3.07 g. the males present a length of feelers of 8.53±0.34 cm, a antennas of 2.20±0.05 cm, and the stem of the eyes of 0.51±0.02 cm. The body of male present a average width of 3.35±0.07 cm at level of cefalothorax, and 2.40±0.05 cm at abdomen level. Average deepness of cefalothorax was 2.85±0.07cm, and abdomen deepness of 1.34±0.03cm. The 5 pairs of periopode had an average length of 10.91±0.42 cm, 6.06±0.22 cm, 7.21±0.21 cm, 6.57±0.16 cm and 5.85±0.15cm. The average length of pleopods was at first pear of 2.00±0.06 cm, at second pair of 2.11±0.05 cm, at third of 1.85±0.05 cm, at fourth of 1.73±0.04 cm and at fifth pair of 1.55±0.04 cm.

The aim of the study was to assess the spawning latency period in the hormonal induced reproduction of pikeperch. Spawners were injected with human chorionic gonadotropine - hCG (Pregnyl. Prior to the intraperitoneal injection, eggs were sampled to establish the maturation stage of oocytes. Females were stimulated with a single hormone dose of hcG (600 IU kg–1) and males were stimulated with a dose of 300 IU kg–1. There is a large variance in the spawning latency time of pikeperch.

Melamine (ML) is a common environmental contaminant, commonly used in food fraud, representing a serious health hazard and jeopardizing human and animal health. Recently, nootkatone (NK), a naturally occurring sesquiterpenoid, has garnered considerable attention due to its potential therapeutic advantages. We investigated the potential mechanisms underlying the protective effects of NK against ML-induced liver injury in rats. Five groups were utilized: control, ML, NK10, ML-NK5, and ML-NK10. ML induced substantial hepatotoxicity, including considerable alterations in biochemical parameters and histology. The oxidative distress triggered by ML increased the generation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) and decreased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. In addition, decreased expression of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and increased nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) expression levels were observed in hepatocytes, which indicated the occurrence of inflammatory changes following ML exposure. These alterations were alleviated by NK supplementation in a dose-dependent manner. The data revealed that the favorable effects of NK were attributed, at least in part, to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, our results were supported by molecular docking studies that revealed a good fit and interactions between NK and antioxidant enzymes. Thus, the current study demonstrated that NK is a potential new food additive for the prevention or treatment of ML-induced toxicity.

Colon cancer is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide, and its incidence is increasing. Despite advances in medical science, the treatment of colon cancer still poses a significant challenge. This study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of Adiantum pedatum (AP) extract and/or piceatannol on colon cancer induced via phenylhydrazine (PHZ) in terms of the antioxidant and apoptotic pathways and histopathologic changes in the colons of male albino rats. The rats were randomly divided into eight groups: control, AP extract, piceatannol (P), PHZ, PHZ and AP treatments, PHZ and P treatments, PHZ and both AP and P, and PHZ and prophylaxis with both AP and P. The results demonstrated that PHZ induced oxidative damage, apoptosis, and histopathological changes compared to the control group. However, the administration of AP or P or AP + P as therapy or prophylaxis significantly ameliorated these changes and upregulated the colonic mir-145 and mRNA expression of P53 and PDCD-4 while downregulating the colonic mRNA expression of PI3K, AKT, c-Myc, CK-20, SOX-2, OCT-4, and NanoG compared to the PHZ group. These findings suggest that the candidate drugs may exert their anti-cancer effects through multiple mechanisms, including antioxidant and apoptotic activities.

This study looked at genetic polymorphisms and transcript levels of immune, antioxidant, and erythritol-related markers for postparturient endometritis prediction and tracking in Holstein dairy cows. One hundred and thirty female dairy cows (65 endometritis affected and 65 apparently healthy) were used. Nucleotide sequence variations between healthy and endometritis-affected cows were revealed using PCR-DNA sequencing for immune (TLR4, TLR7, TNF-α, IL10, NCF4, and LITAF), antioxidant (ATOX1, GST, and OXSR1), and erythritol-related (TKT, RPIA, and AMPD1) genes. Chi-square investigation exposed a noteworthy variance amongst cow groups with and without endometritis in likelihood of dispersal of all distinguished nucleotide variants (p < 0.05). The IL10, ATOX1, and GST genes were expressed at substantially lower levels in endometritis-affected cows. Gene expression levels were considerably higher in endometritis-affected cows than in resistant ones for the genes TLR4, TLR7, TNF-α, NCF4, LITAF, OXSR1, TKT, RPIA, and AMPD1. The sort of marker and vulnerability or resistance to endometritis had a significant impact on the transcript levels of the studied indicators. The outcomes might confirm the importance of nucleotide variants along with gene expression patterns as markers of postparturient endometritis susceptibility/resistance and provide a workable control plan for Holstein dairy cows.

This paper presents the effects of acidifying substances (lactic acid or acetic acid), Enterobiotics products (Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-14 and Bifidobacterium lactis BI-04) and Enterolactis Plus (Lactobacillus casei) on the wax glands of worker bees. The research was conducted in Timis County, Romania, between March 25 and April 20, 2011, on 110 colonies of bees (Apis mellifera carpatica), allocated to 11 experimental treatment groups. Colonies in the experimental groups were given three weekly feeds of sugar syrup supplemented with acidifying substances (lactic acid or cider vinegar) and/or probiotic products (Enterobiotics or Enterolactis Plus). Three weeks after the administration of the experimental diets, 10 worker bees from each treatment group were sampled for histological examination of their wax glands. Gland development was shown to be influenced by administration of prebiotic and/or probiotic supplements. Wax gland cell sizes ranged from 25.1 microns for the control group to between 27.8 and 31.8 microns in the group fed with acidifying substances and between 26.9 and 29.2 microns in bees fed with probiotic products. Bees supplemented with both lactic acid and probiotic product (group LE9 and LE10) showed mean wax cell sizes of 31.8 microns.

No detailed histological study of the segments of the digestive tract and of the post-diaphragmatic annex glands of Chinchilla laniger is available in the literature, to our knowledge. The study presented draws attention to the morphological characteristics of the digestive tract and their involvement in the digestive process, with important implications for the composition of formula diets. Histological study of the digestive tract and annex glands (liver and pancreas) of Chinchilla laniger shows no major differences from other mammals. The walls of the oesophagus, stomach and intestine are composed of four layers: the mucosa, sub-mucosa, muscularis mucosa and serosa (the fourth layer of the oesophagus being called the adventitia). A noteworthy feature of the species is the generous development of the caecum in proportion to body size, a characteristic shared with other rodent species.

The histological studies of the male genital apparatus of the Chinchilla Laniger are scares and incomplete. Due to the studies done on the male genital apparatus of Chinchilla Laniger it has been determined that the seminiferous tubes are separated by large conjunctive septum; the seminiferous epithelium varies from one tissue to another, aspect that suggests different stages in the spermatogenesis process. The epididymis channel is made up of pseudo-layered epithelium, a reduced lamina propria and a delicate muscular layer. The deferent channel wall is made up of three tunics: mucous, muscular and adventitia. The muscular tunic is the most developed part and is made up of three super posed layers of even smooth muscle cell. The histological sections done on the pelvic urethra reveals the following components: mucous, vascular layer, muscular and adventitia. The transversal sections done on the free extremity of the penis reveal the presence of the foreskin made up of three layers: tegument or external, parietal or visceral. The vesicular glands (seminal) have an intestine shaped aspect and are sustained by their own ligament, richly vascularised. The transversal section reveals a tubular aspect, the wall of these tubes is made up of: mucous, muscular and adventitia. The prostate is made up of an external part and an internal part, and is covered in a thick conjunctive-muscular capsule.